中国黄土高原区域性暴雨时空变化及碎形特征

利用黄土高原51个测站40年日降水资料,采用REOF分析、小波分析和分维分析等方法,研究了该地区区域性暴雨的时空特征。结果表明:黄土高原区域性暴雨事件趋于减少,过程雨量加大;区域性暴雨频数演变存在4年和7~8年的振荡,以4年周期为主;在1977年区域性暴雨事件出现突变性减少,相应的短周期减弱、长周期加强。分析表明,区域性暴雨事件骤减与500 hPa高度、副热带高压和青藏高压位置关系密切;与区域性暴雨事件伴随的全区降水量存在6个空间型,各型暴雨雨量异常具有客观碎形(分形)特点,其中黄土高原西北部和东南部暴雨雨量异常偏多的分维数值较小,在黄土高原中部分维数值较大,反映出黄土高原中部暴雨异常偏多的非线性机制最为复杂,而西北部和东南部地区相对简单。     

Universal inverse power-law distribution for temperature and rainfall in the UK region

Meteorological parameters, such as temperature, rainfall, pressure, etc., exhibit selfsimilar space–time fractal fluctuations generic to dynamical systems in nature such as fluid flows, spread of forest fires, earthquakes, etc. The power spectra of fractal fluctuations display inverse power-law form signifying long-range correlations. A general systems theory model predicts universal inverse power-law form incorporating the golden mean for the fractal fluctuations. The model predicted distribution was compared with observed distribution of fractal fluctuations of all size scales (small, large and extreme values) in the historic month-wise temperature (maximum and minimum) and total rainfall for the four stations Oxford, Armagh, Durham and Stornoway in the UK region, for data periods ranging from 92 years to 160 years. For each parameter, the two cumulative probability distributions, namely c_max and c_min starting from respectively maximum and minimum data value were used. The results of the study show that (i) temperature distributions (maximum and minimum) follow model predicted distribution except for Stornowy, minimum temperature c_min. (ii) Rainfall distribution for c_min follow model predicted distribution for all the four stations. (iii) Rainfall distribution for c_max follows model predicted distribution for the two stations Armagh and Stornoway. The present study suggests that fractal fluctuations result from the superimposition of eddy continuum fluctuations.     

Fractal analysis of climatic data: Annual precipitation records in Spain

Summary The rescaled range analysis was applied to the annual precipitation series from 10 weather stations in Spain for the period 1901–1989. The analysis reveals that the series of precipitations fits a fractal distribution, with a mean fractal dimension of 1.32 ± 0.01. This lies in the same order of magnitude as the fractal dimensions obtained from other macrometeorological and paleoclimatic registers. The favourable comparison between fractal dimensions of the variables on both small time scales and long-term time spans suggests that such values are characteristic of climatic change over the spectral range of 10 to 10⁶ years. The results contribute to the establishment of this assumption as a valid hypothesis for the interpolation of climatic change from one scale to the next, and also in applications such as hydrological design.With 2 Figures     

A method for the reconstruction of mountain air temperatures with automatic cartographic applications

Summary Mountain areas are characterized by a great variety of relief and topoclimates. As a result, the network of stations measuring temperatures is generally not dense enough to enable interpolations based on the temperature records of nearby stations. This obstacle may be overcome by reconstructing minimum and maximum monthly temperatures by multiple regression analysis using quantified topographic parameters that characterize the environment of each station. The paper presents regression models that have yielded very satisfactory results for mountain relief in the Alpes-Maritimes Department in southeastern France. A thirty-year record of 28 stations was used to generate these models which have also been used to automatically map instantaneous temperatures measured by a network of 21 automatic sensors.With 15 Figures     

时间差闪电监测网的误差分析和布局优化

在时间差闪电定位算法的基础上, 采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法, 实现了对闪电定位误差的定量评估。详细分析了闪电定位系统中测站数目、布站方式和站址基线长度3个因素对定位结果的影响。研究表明:定位误差与测站数目、布站方式和基线长度有密切关系。当测站数目一定时, 矩形加中心站的布站方式定位结果较好; 当布站方式一定时, 测站数目越多定位误差越小; 在仪器允许的探测范围内, 基线越长, 覆盖区域越大, 定位误差越小。闪电定位误差的定量分析研究, 为闪电监测网的站址选择、子站布设等实际工作提供了重要参考依据。     

近50年福建省年度极端最低气温统计特征

把福建省各台站年度极端最低气温统一订正为1950／1951～1999／2000整50年记录,并对其进行标准化处理和评价,继而对其偏冷年景进行特征分析。近50年福建省年度极端最低气温1954／1955为最冷年,1999／2000为第3冷年;冬季月平均气温正常,仍可出现异常或明显偏冷的低温;全省年度极端最低气温年景评价为异常偏冷,有的台站年景却仍属正常,年景等级相差达4级。全省年度极端最低气温的年景评价为异常或明显偏低,该年度福建省果树、花卉和其它冬季作物必然遭受不同程度的冻害和寒害。     

Fluctuations in US Freezing Rain Days

Freezing rain occurrences during a 50-year period, 1949/1950–1998/1999, derived from carefully examined records of 161 first-order stations distributed across the United States, were assessed for temporal fluctuations and trends. Classification of station fluctuations based on five 10-year periods revealed five unique distribution types in areas east of the Rockies. One of these five distributions, for stations located in the western Great Plains, experienced its greatest 10-year value at the end of the 50-year period. The other four regional distributions experienced their highest 10-year value in either of the first two 10-year periods. Nationally, the 10-year period when the greatest number of stations experienced their maximum value was 1949/1950–1958/1959, while the period when the greatest number of stations experienced their minimum value fell near the end of the 50-year record (1979/1980–1988/1989). The 50-year linear trends defined one region, the western Great Plains, with increasing values, while three areas of decreasing trend were identified; the Great Lakes, the eastern Ohio River valley, and southern New England. These analyses also indicate the need to examine and consider such time–space changes in the frequency of climate variables at various spatial scales when assessing weather risks and developing climate change scenarios.     

北疆冰雪运动气候适宜性及其变化特征

基于北疆43站的降雪量、日平均气温、日最高气温以及日平均风速等资料,应用冰雪运动气候适宜性指数(ISCI),对1961—2017年冬春季北疆的冰雪运动适宜性及其变化特征进行评估,结果如下：(1)北疆大部分站点都适宜开展冰雪运动,阿勒泰等地最为适宜,但伊犁河谷大部分站点、阿拉山口与达坂城等地适宜程度相对较低。(2)冰雪运动气候适宜程度与降雪量并非线性关系,北疆冬春季区域平均降雪量越大,很适宜与不适宜开展冰雪运动的站点都越多。海拔在1200 m以上的站点均适宜开展冰雪运动。(3) ISCI指数的年际差异明显,区域平均ISCI指数随时间推进而减小,但不同站点的ISCI指数线性变化趋势有升有降。1998—2017年期间,北疆适宜冰雪运动的站点较之前大范围减少。(4)阿勒泰地区各站在所有时间阶段中均适宜开展冰雪运动,尤其是阿勒泰北部,冰雪运动气候适宜程度呈阶段性增大,而伊犁河谷大部分站点的冰雪运动适宜程度整体呈阶段性减小。     

USCRN气候基准站网布局理论在我国的应用

基于美国气候基准站网 (USCRN,US Climate Reference Network) 的均匀正三角网格布局模式,以站网对我国平均降水量和气温的方差解释量分别能够达到95%和98%为标准,利用我国2416个观测站的降水量和气温数据研究了我国气候观测站网的布局设计,得到能反映我国整体气候特征的站网最少台站数。结果表明:为显著减少全国尺度上的气候不确定性,需要新建边长为3°纬距的正三角均匀网格 (103个站点) 站网,并在全国范围内开展站址考察、总结评估和运行检验工作,才能得到新的气候基准站网;在已有气候观测系统基础上改进完善而不新建系统,则改进的气候基准站网为最接近边长为2°纬距的正三角网格分布 (229个站点),其中199个预期位置或其附近已建有观测站点,没有对应实际站点的30个预期位置主要分布在青藏高原西南大部,这些地区将是未来建站的重点。     

Fractal analysis of climatic data: Mean annual temperature records in Hungary

Summary Rescaled range analysis of the annual mean surface air temperatures at 7 meteorological stations in Hungary for the period of 1901–1991 indicates that the considered temperatures are fractals with a mean fractal dimension of 1.23 ± 0.01. This value compares favourably with the fractal dimensions of other climatic records, both on small time scale of 10–100 years and for time spans 10³–10⁶ years. Possibly such fractal dimensions are characteristic of climate change over the whole spectral range of 10 to 10⁶ years. If this assumption becomes confirmed through analysis of a wider set of climatic records, long-range climatic prediction (in statistical sense) on different time scales will appear feasible.With 4 Figures     

Short-term climate variability and its stochastic modeling

Summary The structure of the temporal variability of temperature records has been investigated by means of different statistical methods including also fractal analysis. Data both from meteorological stations and averaged over wider networks show very similar behaviour; combine a long-run persistence (characterized by a fractal dimension ofD = 1.2–1.3) and short-run properties indicating high year-by-year variability. Synthetic temperature records were created with the use of Mandelbrot's fast fractional Gaussian noise generating algorithm. These fractal sets show the same stochastic properties as real temperature records do, and have even a very similar appearance. The results suggest that the fractal reconstruction algorithm could be used to extrapolate the present tendencies to the future and to forecast future fluctuations.With 8 Figures     

北京城市下垫面的非均匀性度量研究

城市下垫面非均匀性度量研究对于改进中尺度数值模式、提高城市气象预报准确率具有重要意义.基于分形布朗运动理论和Landsat-TM卫星遥感图像,估算了2011年北京典型下垫面类型个例和整个空间区域的分数维,由此来度量北京城市下垫面的非均匀性特征.研究结果显示:分数维能有效度量北京城市下垫面的非均匀程度,典型下垫面类型的分数维高低顺序为商业区 >大型居民区 >城市绿地 >农田>林地 >水体;北京六环内区域及郊区城镇地表非均匀特征明显,分数维一般在2.50以上,北京城市中心(二环内)存在一个分数维相对低值区,二环—四环之间区域分数维普遍较高,在2.70以上,五环以外分数维则不断降低,反映出北京城市下垫面非均匀性从中心向外呈低—高—低的空间分布;下垫面类型中建筑用地、绿地、未利用地、农田、林地和水体的平均分数维分别为2.71、2.62、2.55、2.38、2.30和2.28,分数维值的高低反映了城市下垫面类型的非均匀程度大小,对定量描述城市边界层参数的复杂特征具有参考意义.     

江苏海陆局地气候要素分数维对比研究

将分数维分析方法应用于江苏海洋和内陆的局地温度、气压的气候要素时间演变的对比与分析？通过对盒维数法的变通改进,计算和对比江苏内陆和江苏北部海区近20a年平均及月平均温压气候要素时间序列的分数维,定量化地指示要素系统及演变的复杂性。在此基础上,设计计算了分数维双向累积频率分布,从分数维频率分布图中提取系统年代际尺度的主要气候特征。依据频率分布的偏态结构,客观选择典型年份,并以流场为例分析系统年代际的典型平均空间背景场结构,得到在这两个年代中,前10a北方大陆气团较强,流场动力性较强,而后9a南方热带气团向北移动,流场动力性减弱。总之分数维参数定量化方法能够较确切地描述最近20a江苏局地海陆气候要素演变特征。     

热带气旋复杂程度的分形维数表征

应用2006-2010年69个热带气旋1 295个时次的红外云图等资料,提取了1 295个TC的外缘线,用圆规法计算了这些外缘线的分形维数。将这1 295个分形维数自小到大排列,按等频数规则,将1 295个数分为5类,分别记为A、B、C、D、E类。A、B、C、D、E类分形维数的均值分别为1.21、1.26、1.29、1.33、1.40。然后寻找与这5个均值最接近的样本。这5个样本的红外云图和TBB等值线分布图显示:随着分形维数的加大,边缘线的非光滑程度逐渐加大,图形与准圆形的偏离程度逐渐加大,TC空间结构的复杂程度也逐渐加大。说明外缘线的分形维数可以在一定程度上定量表征TC的复杂程度。     

城市化对华北地区最高, 最低气温和日较差变化趋势的影响

利用华北地区255个一般站和国家基本、 基准站1961\_2000年的实测资料, 经过质量检验和均一性订正后, 将所有台站根据人口和台站地理位置分为5个类别, 分析了这5个类别台站和国家基本、 基准站地面平均气温、 最高、 最低气温的年和季节变化趋势以及城市化影响。结果表明： 华北全部台站的年平均气温、 最高、 最低气温均呈增加趋势, 且以最低气温上升最为明显, 导致年平均日较差呈现明显下降。就城市化影响而言, 平均气温、 最低气温变化趋势中城市热岛效应加强因素的影响明显, 但城市化对最高气温趋势影响微弱, 个别台站和季节甚至可能造成降温。在国家基本、 基准站观测的年平均气温和年平均最低气温上升趋势中, 城市化造成的增温分别为0.11℃·(10a)-1和0.20℃·(10a)-1, 对全部增温的贡献率分别达39.3%和52.6%。各类台站的四季平均气温和最低气温序列中城市化影响均造成增温。城市化增温以冬季为最大, 夏季最小。城市化还导致乡村站以外的各类台站日较差减小, 近40年华北地区国家基本、 基准站年平均和秋、 冬季平均气温日较差明显下降均由城市化影响造成的。     

Wavelet multiresolution based multifractal analysis of electric fields by lightning return strokes

Lightning can be seen as a large-scale cooperative phenomenon, which may evolve in a self-similar cascaded way. Using the electric field waveforms recorded by the slow antenna system, the mono- and multifractal behaviors of 115 first return strokes in negative cloud-to-ground discharges have been investigated with a wavelet multiresolution based multifractal method. The results show that the return stroke process, in term of its electric field waveform, has apparent fractality and strong degree of multifractality. The multifractal spectra obtained for the 115 cases are all well fitted to a modified version of the binomial cascade multifractal model. The width of the multifractal spectra, which measure the strength of multifractality, is 1.6 on average. The fractal dimension of the electric field waveforms ranges from 1.2 to 1.5 with an average of 1.3, a similar value to the fractal dimension of the lightning channel obtained by others. This suggests that the lightning-produced electric fields may have the same fractal dimension as its channel. The relationship between the peak current of a return stroke and the charge deposition in its channel is also discussed. The results suggest that the wavelet and scaling analysis may be a powerful tool in interpretation of the lightning-produced electric fields and therefore in understanding lightning.     

广东省能见度仪观测网优化设计

针对广东省的能见度观测展开研究,提出了适用于能见度观测布局适应性分布研究的新方案,旨在为器测替代目测的能见度监测网提供建议。研究表明:利用广东省86个地面气象观测站的2009—2011年能见度和相对湿度日平均值资料,计算得到了品质因数 (figure of merit,FOM指数) 和空间影响范围因数 (sphere of influence,SOI指数),并以此为依据对现有的能见度站点进行排名和分类。再根据确定的标准遴选所需站点,筛选时,如果排名低的站点影响的范围内超过50%的区域被排名高的站点影响范围所覆盖,则剔除此排名低的站点。筛选得到广东省能见度仪观测站网需要的最少站点数为43个。考虑到地形以及增加背景站等因素,最后综合考虑广东省能见度仪观测站网所需要的站点数为51个,该结果可为器测能见度观测站网建设提供参考。     

1978—2008年城市化对北京地区气温变化影响的初步分析

应用北京地区20个常规站1978-2008年经均一性序列多元分析方法均一化处理的气温数据,初步分析了北京地区城市化对年平均和不同季节日最高、最低以及平均气温的影响。结果表明,1978—2008年,年平均日最低、平均气温空间分布自北向南、自西向东,温度逐渐升高,在城区达到最高,日最高气温表现为从西向东南逐步升高,在城区形成较为明显的热岛。温度变化趋势表明,各站日最低气温、平均气温、最高气温均呈升温趋势。城市化对北京地区城区及近郊区站点日平均气温和最低气温影响最大,对自北部佛爷顶至昌平到城区一带站点的最高气温影响最大。城市化对北京(观象台)站的增温影响最为明显,对城区站点温度平均的增温影响次之,对全市站点温度平均的增温影响最小。城市化对观象台站、城区站点平均、全市站点平均日平均气温、最低气温的年平均、各季节均非常显著,其中在秋季影响最大,对日最高气温的影响则是在夏季最大。     

On the Spatial Distribution of the Daily Maximum Hourly Ozone Concentrations in the Athens Basin in Summer

Summary  From a network of nine stations measuring hourly-average values of ozone concentrations within the Athens basin it was found that the highest values of such concentrations occur in the summer months, i.e. June, July and August. For this season, the daily variation of the hourly values of ozone concentrations was determined by applying the “Box and Whiskers” method. A well-marked daily variation with the maximum occurring in the early afternoon was found at all stations, although hourly concentrations exhibit considerable differences among the stations. Finally, an attempt was made to investigate the characteristics of the spatial distribution of the daily maximum values of the ozone concentrations in summer within the basin by applying the method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Two significant components, E1 and E2 were found to account for 52.9% and 21.6% of the variability of the original data. The spatial distributions resulting from these components indicate that the lowest values occur at the centre of the city and that the highest gradients of the ozone concentrations occur towards the Northeast and the Northwest suburbs. For the second component, E2, the gradient is definitely higher toward the Northeast. Also, in all stations that are not sited at the northern residential areas, the values in E2 are lower than the respective averages while in E1 they are higher. Received June 20, 1997/Revised May 28, 1999     

甘肃近40年来气温变化的研究

利用 196 0～ 1999年甘肃省 15站的月平均气温 ,平均最高、最低气温 ,极端最高、最低气温等资料 ,对近 4 0年来甘肃省气候变化特征作了分析研究。结果显示 :1985年以前甘肃年平均气温变化是平稳的 ,以后急剧增温 ,且增温并不是主要由冬季增温造成的。1985年以前是平均最低气温升高 ,以后平均最高气温也在升高 ,所以 1985年以后的气温变暖不完全是以最低气温变暖为主形成的