城市供水系统的抗震可靠度分析

城市供水系统在城市生命线系统中发挥着极其重要的作用。其一旦遭到破坏,将严重影响城市的正常运行秩序。因此,供水系统必须具备良好的抗震可靠性。通过计算城市供水管线的变形作为分析量。对供水系统的抗震可靠性进行了初步评定。然后,建立了城市供水系统的可靠度概率函数。最终,通过计算管线可靠度概率,将其作为分析整个城市供水系统抗震能力的依据。同时,将计算结果与城市地理信息系统结合,可以直观地从城市地形图中划分出城市供水系统的薄弱环节,并将此方法应用于实际工程中。     

冕宁县供水管系统震害预测

供水系统是城市生命线系统的重要组成部分之一,它担负着供给城市人民生活和工业生产的繁重任务。当供水系统遭到破坏,就会给生活和生产带来很大的困难。地震是破坏供水系统的一个重要因素。我国的城市供水系统,多数未经正规的抗震设计。因此,对位于地震烈度较高地区的供水系统作出震害预测,对减轻城市灾害、作好城市抗震防灾工作是很必要的。     

上海市煤气系统和供水系统抗震防灾对策研究

煤气系统和供水系统在一定的地震作用下能否发挥正常功能，对于整个城市的抗震救灾工作至关重要，根据上海市煤气和供水系统中的主要建（构）筑物，管网及管渠，过江管井进行震害预估的结果提出了相应的抗震对策建议。     

地面式钢筋混凝土水池自愈、渗漏试验及地震响应分析

钢筋混凝土水池在供水系统中承担着净水、储水的重要功能,是典型的储液结构。裂缝的出现会加速钢筋锈蚀、降低结构耐久性,且结构设计中裂缝宽度限值很大程度上决定了配筋量。水池在地震作用下易出现裂缝,裂缝可能导致储液渗漏,造成水池服务功能下降甚至丧失,并在一定程度上影响整个系统的功能。震后储液结构的裂缝开展情况及由此导致储液渗漏程度是评判水池地震破坏等级的主要标准。目前,已有研究成果表明,混凝土裂缝在与水接触条件下会发生自愈使原有裂缝宽度减小,水池由于储水为裂缝的自愈提供了必要条件。因此,应考虑承载力、耐久性、服务功能、经济性、裂缝自愈性能及震后维修加固可行性等因素综合确定水池结构设计和地震破坏等级划分标准中的裂缝限值。储液结构在地震作用下存在液固耦合效应且液体会发生晃动,储液的存在改变了结构的动力特性和地震响应。水池结构除受到结构本身惯性力和静水压力外,其底部和侧壁还承受液体在垂直壁面方向上产生的动水压力。水池在抗震设计中需考虑液面晃动和动水压力的影响。现阶段,对钢筋混凝土水池裂缝自愈性能、渗漏特性及水池在地震作用下的液固耦合动力特性和地震响应的研究尚不完善。本文通过钢筋混凝土水池壁板弯曲裂缝和贯通裂缝自愈、渗漏试验研究混凝土裂缝的自愈性能及渗漏特性,采用大型有限元软件ADINA进行圆形水池地震响应分析,研究液固耦合系统的动力特性、储液晃动、动水压力及破坏特征等。论文主要完成了如下工作:(1)设计并完成了钢筋混凝土水池壁板弯曲裂缝和贯通裂缝的自愈及渗漏试验。进行了材料性能试验;对静水环境中弯曲微裂缝、流动水环境中贯通裂缝的自愈性能进行了测试,给出了弯曲微裂缝在静水环境中短期内的自愈合宽度,证实了贯通裂缝在流动水环境中仍会发生自愈合;在裂缝上施加实际水头作用测试了弯曲裂缝和贯通裂缝的渗漏特性,研究了弯曲裂缝宽度、受压区高度及作用水头对液体渗漏的影响,分析了贯通裂缝水的渗漏率与累计时间和水头高度之间的关系。通过试验得到裂缝特性与自愈及渗漏之间的关系,为水池结构设计和地震破坏等级划分提供参考。(2)对地面式圆形水池进行了液固耦合动力特性分析,液固耦合系统包括刚体模态、储液晃动模态和液固耦联振动模态3种形式。研究了储水高度、水池半径、液体表面重力波对液固耦合系统动力特性的影响。此外,对比了圆形水池储液晃动频率的理论和有限元计算结果,验证了模型的可靠性,且推导得到圆形水池储液晃动基本周期计算公式。(3)分析了单向水平地震作用下不同水池半径、不同储水高度圆形水池的液面最大晃动波高,拟合得到了圆形水池单向地震作用下的液面最大晃动波高计算公式。公式可用于储液结构地震作用下的最大晃动波高估计和储液结构最大晃动波高设计。结合储液结构长周期抗震设计反应谱和阻尼比修正系数,提出了储水水池液面最大晃动波高计算方法。(4)研究了单向水平地震作用下,不同水池半径、不同储水高度圆形水池池壁、底板环向和径向位置的动水压力数值及分布情况,并与理论计算结果进行了对比;分析了地震动峰值加速度、储水高度、水池半径对动水压力的影响;确定了对流压力与脉冲压力的叠加方法;拟合得到对流压力、脉冲压力及动水压力计算公式;结合底板环向动水压力分布,综合给出单向水平地震作用下圆形水池动水压力标准值,与较复杂的理论计算方法和仅考虑脉冲压力的规范法相比,计算更简便且与实际相符。此外,还分析了液面和池底动水压力的时程变化。(5)进行了双向水平地震动作用下圆形水池的地震响应分析,提取了液面最大晃动波高和动水压力计算结果;基于单向水平地震动作用下的响应结果,通过合理的组合方式给出了双向水平地震动作用下的液面最大晃动波高和动水压力计算公式,建立了双向水平地震作用下储水水池液面最大晃动波高和动水压力计算方法;并对双向水平地震作用下圆形水池地震破坏特征和易损性进行了分析。     

东莞市区矩形钢筋混凝土水池震害预测

介绍了钢筋混凝土水池在地震灾害预测工作中的意义,根据前人提出的钢筋混凝土水池震害预测方法[1],对东莞市的水池进行了震害预测,认为东莞市即使在相当于9度烈度地震作用下,所有水池均处于轻微破坏以下,抗震性能良好.最后提出水池抗震设计方面应注意的一些问题.     

地震工程研究(之二)

关于生命线系统设计方法与标准的研究生命线系统对公众的健康、安全与生存至关重要。它提供人员、货物、信息、能源、水及废弃物的供应和运送手段。地震时,一个城市的幸存完全依赖于关键性生命线系统的存在。例如,旧金山1906年地震,城市供水系统的破坏造成火灾失控,导致城市本身几近被毁。类似的灾害在日本也曾发生,如1923年东京地震。在 Dames 和 Moore,Ronald Eguchi 先生正在进行两项研究。一项是利用1985年9月在墨西哥地震中采集的数据进行震后生命线系统的早期损失检测,第二项研究是用1987年惠蒂尔海峡(Whittier Narrows)地震中的数据评估生命线的反应和恢复性能。这些研究的目的在于震后改进生命线系统的反应和恢复能     

地震序列下落梁震害的防灾设计分析

地震的发生具有丛集的特征,主震发生之后通常伴随余震,主震震级越高其余震震级亦越高,对结构的破坏越大.桥梁结构作为重要交通枢纽工程,其在整个地震序列发生时应能确保通行.为得到桥梁结构在地震系列作用下的响应,选用集集地震序列对桥梁进行地震响应分析,结果显示结构在主震作用下发生落座,余震时有发生落梁的可能,对结构设置连梁装置,验证其在地震序列中的防落梁效果.结果显示连梁装置可有效减小桥梁上、下部结构相对位移,同时可提高结构整体性,使各桥墩平均分配地震力,并能在地震序列中有效防止落梁震害的发生.     

生命线系统在城市防震减灾能力标定中的评价方法研究

生命线系统在城市防震减灾和震后功能恢复中起着至关重要的作用,生命线系统的抗震能力是影响城市防震减灾能力标定的重要部分。本文在已有的研究成果和震害经验的基础上,建立了生命线系统影响城市防震减灾能力标定的指标体系,并根据其在地震中的破坏特点,确定了最终的指标权重;然后参考生命线系统的评价标准,提出了生命线系统对地震灾害损失的影响评价方法。     

以宁洱地震为例探讨供水管网震后抢修方案

2007年6月3日宁洱6.4级近城市直下型地震造成宁洱县供水管道严重破坏,供水网络瘫痪,全城断水。本文在震后宁洱供水系统灾害评价和科学考察的基础上,总结了此次宁洱地震供水系统震后应急抢修的经验和教训。查找城区管网的破坏点可以充分发挥专业管道探测设备的优势。震后采用关闭阀门分段检查,重点查找存在地表永久变形的区域,是快速确定供水主干管道漏水点的较佳方案。     

危岩体在地震作用过程中的失稳模式及稳定性评价

地震作用过程中地震加速度通常呈先增大后减小的特征。利用拟静力法对危岩的稳定性进行分析时,考虑地震过程中地震加速度的变化,对山西太原天龙山危岩体加固工程中的同一危岩体分别以滑塌式和倾倒式破坏模式进行计算,发现地震作用过程中危岩体可能在两种破坏失稳模式之间相互转化。将此问题扩展至一般情况进行计算并讨论,得出如下结论:地震力对危岩体破坏作用的贡献大小不同,通常情况下,地震作用力对危岩的倾覆力矩贡献相对较大;进行稳定性评价时应考虑地震作用过程,以安全系数最先达到1.0的破坏模式作为危岩体的可能破坏模式进行计算;对危岩体进行抗震加固设计时应对加固设计进行多种工况下的校核,保证其在地震作用过程中不同危险状态的稳定性。     

Is the Tibetan Plateau really a water tower?

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is widely known as the ‘Asian Water Tower’, due to its role in providing fresh water to downstream Asian countries. Based on the runoff data of large river basins on the TP, the weighted average proportion of the TP runoff is approximately 18% (ranging from 6% to 49%) for all the rivers. We argue that the name ‘Water Tower’ is an inappropriate and misleading perception of the TP, and such misperception would influence policy-making processes and diplomatic activities. We therefore call for correcting the misunderstanding and an ensuring accurate understanding of the TP and its role in water supply for downstream countries. We propose using the term “Towering Asian Spring” instead of “Asian Water Tower” to better illustrate the role of the TP in water supply: while it serves as the source of several major rivers in Asia, its contribution to the overall water supply is relatively limited.     

一种生命线工程地震直接经济损失预测的改进算法——以水池和供水管网为例

生命线工程对区域内的经济和社会功能维系起到重要作用,一旦遭到地震破坏,将带来巨大的经济损失和诸多次生的负面影响。因此,生命线工程的地震损失评估工作是十分重要的。针对传统的生命线工程地震直接经济损失预测的计算方法时常会带来的缺乏区分度的问题,利用线性插值法,提出了一种改进公式。并以水池和供水管网为例,进行了计算和比对。证明了改进方法具有以下优点:能够克服传统方法缺乏区分度的问题,对某一地震破坏等级对应的震害指数的变化导致预测结果展现出足够的区分度;足够简便,不会带来过多的运算量上升;没有引入新的概念,能够较好地融入现有震害评估体系。     

城市供水管网抗震能力评价研究

供水管网是城市重要的基础设施,为了高效合理地评估现有供水管网的抗震能力,本文从结构安全性角度出发,构建了供水管网综合抗震能力评价指标体系和供水管网综合抗震能力评价模型。综合分析管道各项指标,运用主成分分析法得到指标权重并建立供水管道抗震能力模型,基于图论理论构建了供水管网基础抗震能力评价模型。从物理、社会和时间效应三个维度出发,将管网基础抗震能力通过环境评价修正系数进行修正,构建了精细化的供水管网综合抗震能力评价模型,以此表征管网的易损性,为地震灾害风险评估工作提供支持。通过对深圳市供水管网进行抗震能力评价,将结果与传统震害预测结果对比,说明了评价模型的合理性。     

Fluctuation of groundwater in an urban coastal city of India: a GIS‐based approach

Groundwater is the most important and valuable natural resources especially in coastal urban environment where surface water is insufficient to satisfy the water requirement. Puri city is located on the east coast of India where groundwater is the only source available to meet city water supply. As the city is situated on the sandy aquifer, quality of groundwater is deteriorating because of anthropogenic activities, lack of sewerage system, etc. The objective of the study was to assess the groundwater fluctuation during post‐monsoon and summer with respect to hydrogeological conditions, topography, and groundwater consumption pattern of the city. For this assessment and analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to visualize topography of the area through digital elevation model (DEM) and distribution of groundwater contours spatially and temporally. The probable areas prone to contamination were identified based on aquifer property and depths to water table below ground. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模拟退火算法的供水管网抗震优化设计

本文以管网造价为优化目标,管网拓扑结构为优化参数,管网节点最低可靠度为约束条件,建立了供水管网抗震拓扑优化模型。在供水管网功能可靠性分析方法的基础上,结合单元概率重要度分析方法,利用模拟退火算法提出了供水管网的抗震拓扑优化方法,并对一典型供水管网进行了拓扑优化分析。分析表明,对于管网抗震拓扑优化这样一个组合优化问题,模拟退火算法提供了一类很好的途径,以此为基础进行供水管网抗震可靠性优化设计具有很好的效果。     

Bound and mobile soil water isotope ratios are affected by soil texture and mineralogy,whereas extraction method influences their measurement

Questions persist about interpreting isotope ratios of bound and mobile soil water pools, particularly relative to clay content and extraction conditions. Interactions between pools and resulting extracted water isotope composition are presumably related to soil texture, yet few studies have manipulated the bound pool to understand its influence on soil water processes. Using a series of drying and spiking experiments, we effectively labelled bound and mobile water pools in soils with varying clay content. Soils were first vacuum dried to remove residual water, which was then replaced with heavy isotope-enriched water prior to oven drying and spiking with heavy isotope-depleted water. Water was extracted via centrifugation or cryogenic vacuum distillation (at four temperatures) and analysed for oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios via isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Water from centrifuged samples fell along a mixing line between the two added waters but was more enriched in heavy isotopes than the depleted label, demonstrating that despite oven drying, a residual pool remains and mixes with the mobile water. Soils with higher clay + silt content appeared to have a larger bound pool. Water from vacuum distillation samples have a significant temperature effect, with high temperature extractions yielding progressively more heavy isotope-enriched values, suggesting that Rayleigh fractionation occurred at low temperatures in the vacuum line. By distinctly labelling bound and mobile soil water pools, we detected interactions between the two that were dependent on soil texture. Although neither extraction method appeared to completely extract the combined bound and mobile (total water) pool, centrifugation and high temperature cryogenic vacuum distillations were comparable for both δ²H and δ¹⁸O of soil water isotope ratios.     

Impacts on groundwater recharge areas of megacity pumping: analysis of potential contamination of Kolkata,India, water supply

Abstract

Water supply to the world’s megacities is a problem of quantity and quality that will be a priority in the coming decades. Heavy pumping of groundwater beneath these urban centres, particularly in regions with low natural topographic gradients, such as deltas and floodplains, can fundamentally alter the hydrological system. These changes affect recharge area locations, which may shift closer to the city centre than before development, thereby increasing the potential for contamination. Hydrogeological simulation analysis allows evaluation of the impact on past, present and future pumping for the region of Kolkata, India, on recharge area locations in an aquifer that supplies water to over 13 million people. Relocated recharge areas are compared with known surface contamination sources, with a focus on sustainable management of this urban groundwater resource. The study highlights the impacts of pumping on water sources for long-term development of stressed city aquifers and for future water supply in deltaic and floodplain regions of the world.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Sahu, P., Michael, H.A., Voss, C.I., and Sikdar, P.K., 2013. Impacts on groundwater recharge areas of megacity pumping: analysis of potential contamination of Kolkata, India, water supply. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (6), 1340–1360.     

Analysis of the Filling of Naturally Flowing Reservoirs for Substantiating Ways to Solve the Problems of Water Supply Security in the Republic of Crimea and City of Sevastopol

Water Resources - The filling of naturally flowing reservoirs in the Republic of Crimea and city of Sevastopol has been analyzed. A set of measures to solve the problems of water supply security is...     

Geological Zoning of Water Catchment Area: Istra Reservoir Case Study

The possibilities for taking into account the interaction between natural and anthropogenic components within the system of water body–catchment are discussed along with the method for geoenvironmental zoning of the area of its maximum manifestation in terms of the impact on the water quality of a water object. Methodical approaches to the problem are considered using the Istra Reservoir as an example. This reservoir is incorporated into the Moskva River system of water supply for the city of Moscow.