我国重力基本网若干技术问题

本文介绍我国新的国家重力基本网1985系统(新网)。新网由57个点组成,其中包括6个绝对重力点,用拉科斯特·隆贝格(LCR—G)重力仪进行相对观测,并与国外多个已知重力基准系统作了联测,共获得各类观测数据近万个。新网重力值平均中误差为±8微伽[10~(-8)ms~(-2)],经外部检核,实际精度达20微伽。1985年通过国家鉴定。经过两年来使用证明,新网达到设计要求,具有国际先进水平。本文还讨论了重力网平差、我国旧网精度及转换、LCR—G重力仪的特性和国际重力基准等问题。     

Comparison of the Graf sea gravimeter with the Vening Meinesz apparatus on board the submarineU.S.S. Becuna

Measurements of gravity were made on boardU.S.S. Becuna (SS 319) with a Vening Meinesz pendulum apparatus and a Graf sea gravimeter at approximately the same time. Comparison of data uncorrected for depth of submergence, E?tvos correction and second order effects of horizontal acceleration showed that there was a change related to time of observation. These corrections were not made as they would be the same for both sets of observations, and no provision had yet been made to take care of the horizontal accelerations for the Graf sea gravimeter. The variation with otime could be caused by instrumental drift or scale calibration. After removal of this effect by visually fitting the data trend with a straight line, there were three observations with large discrepancies, seventeen with discrepancies of 3–9 mgal and thirty-nine with discrepancies of 0–3 mgal, showing close approach to a statistical distribution. The three large discrepancies may be dismissed because of very bad depth control during the observations. The discrepancies 3–9 mgals are larger than expected and perhaps are attributable to depth control and inadequate observation time for the Graf sea gravimeter. It is concluded that the Graf sea gravimeter shows great promise for use on a submarine. An apparatus to take into account the horizontal acceleration effects must be added, and suitable drift characteristic obtained. Despite its advantages of ruggedness, ease of operation, ease of data reduction, reduced size and weight, many more comparisons of the Graf sea gravimeter with the Vening Meinesz pendulum equipment should be made before the latter are displaced Probably the Graf sea gravimeter will be usable on a stable platform on a surface vessel at least in calm sea states.     

精密重力测量中相对重力仪格值系数的贝叶斯估计方法

相对重力仪的格值系数随时间会发生微小的变化,是影响精密重力测量精度的重要因素。通常需定期对相对重力仪进行专门的基线标定来评估仪器格值系数的变化。本文提出了一种利用重力观测数据进行格值系数评估的新方法,原理是利用测网中已知的多个绝对重力基准点作为先验约束,同时考虑仪器的非线性漂移变化,将格值系数作为超参数,基于贝叶斯原理和赤池贝叶斯信息准则（ABIC）估计最优值。通过对模拟数据的测试,该方法在高斯噪声和仪器非线性漂移等不确定性存在的情况下,可以获得格值系数的准确估计结果。对实测重力数据的测试表明：估计的格值系数与测量前在基线场标定的格值系数差值在5×10^-5以内;而且相较于采用标定不准确的格值系数,该方法可以获得与绝对重力测量结果差异更小的平差重力值。本文研究结果为有效提高精密重力测量的效率和精度提供了方法保障。     

CG-5相对重力仪野外实验精度分析

针对CG-5相对重力仪零点漂移规律对测量精度的影响及仪器系统阐述欠缺等问题,通过静态、动态和布设相对重力网实验对CG-5相对重力仪进行测试,研究CG-5型相对重力仪的漂移规律、性能及精度。结果表明,仪器的静态零点漂移线性度很好,6d的零漂率变化不大,总体呈下降的趋势。经过零点漂移改正后的动态零漂率很小,仅为5μGal/h,动态实验的动态误差为2.207μGal,在限差10μGal之内。相对重力网平差精度较高,均在限差5μGal之内。CG-5相对重力仪在测试中表现出了较稳定的状态,测得数据精度较高,符合厂商提供的标称精度。     

The establishment of a calibration standard for gravimeters in Eastern Canada and the United States

A program of gravimeter measurements for the establishment of a suitable gravity standard in eastern Canada and United States is described. It is shown that the consistency of nine independent measurements of the gravity differences between stations forming a north-south line from Ottawa to Washington is highly satisfactory and that this line is suitable for calibration purposes. The gravity differences depend fundamentally upon a gravimeter calibration made against values of gravity at Cambridge pendulum stations in Canada. Communication présentée à l'Assemblée Générale de Toronto (1957).     

Is the instrumental drift of superconducting gravimeters a linear or exponential function of time?

The instrumental drift of the superconducting gravimeter in Membach, Belgium, is estimated using 9 years of co-located and episodic absolute gravity measurements. We show that the best model of the long-term drift of the SG-C021 is an exponential. The thermal levelers used to compensate tilts are unlikely to induce the observed drift. Rather, the capacitance bridge, magnetic variations, gas adsorption on the levitating sphere, or helium gas pressure variations around it are most likely the possible combined causes of the observed instrumental drift. In practice, either linear or exponential drift models are equivalent as long as the record duration does not exceed 10 years. For longer records, this study demonstrates that an exponential models the drift better than a simple linear trend.     

Results of three year observation with a superconducting gravimeter at the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam

The superconducting gravimeter (SG) TT70 has been continuously recording gravity data at the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam absolute gravity site since July 1992. The recorded data are edited and preprocessed by spike and step detection and elimination and gap filling. An atmospheric pressure correction is carried out on gravity data in the time domain with a complex admittance before tidal fitting. The atmospheric pressure admittance is calculated from tide free output of SG data and local atmospheric pressure using the cross spectral method. The ground water level admittance is determined by a single coefficient. Improvements with these corrections are shown in analysis results. New tidal parameters for Potsdam site are determined and compared with recordings of an Askania spring gravimeter at a nearby site. Deviations against the Wahr-Dehant-model are shown. Polar motion data of the IERS (International Earth Rotation Service, Paris) are used to calculate variations of centrifugal acceleration caused by polar motion (pole tide). These are compared with the corrected tide free output of SG series. For drift determination the polar motion correction is applied on SG data. The nutation period equivalent to the Earth's Nearly Diurnal Free Wobble is calculated from the SG data with a value of T_FCN = (437.4 ± 1.5) sidereal days. This result is compared with those obtained from other SG stations. Received 19 December 1995; Accepted 13 September 1996     

iGrav-007超导重力仪格值的精密测定

iGrav超导重力仪是当前世界上最新型的便携式相对重力仪,可提供最稳定和最高精度的连续相对重力测量。利用武汉九峰台站FG5-112绝对重力仪与iGrav-007超导重力仪连续3天的同址观测结果,基于最小二乘线性回归和迭代算法,精密确定iGrav-007的格值。数据处理结果表明,iGrav-007的格值为(-91.640 2±0.085 2)×10-8 m·s-2/V,相对标定精度为0.092 9%,连续1天的FG5绝对重力观测获得的格值精度优于0.2%,连续3天的FG5绝对重力观测获得的格值精度优于0.1%。     

A model for adjustment of differential gravity measurements with simultaneous gravimeter calibration

 A mathematical model is proposed for adjustment of differential or relative gravity measurements, involving simultaneously instrumental readings, coefficients of the calibration function, and gravity values of selected base stations. Tests were performed with LaCoste and Romberg model G gravimeter measurements for a set of base stations located along a north–south line with 1750 mGal gravity range. This line was linked to nine control stations, where absolute gravity values had been determined by the free-fall method, with an accuracy better than 10 μGal. The model shows good consistence and stability. Results show the possibility of improving the calibration functions of gravimeters, as well as a better estimation of the gravity values, due to the flexibility admitted to the values of the calibration coefficients. Received: 15 November 1999 / Accepted: 31 October 2000     

GT-2A航空重力仪静态测量实验及性能分析

设计静态测量实验和升降台实验对GT-2A航空重力仪的零漂率、分辨力和尺度因子进行分析。利用GT-2A定点静态连续观测数据、相对重力仪同步观测数据和固体潮模型计算的重力固体潮数据,计算了GT-2A的零漂率。固体潮改正之前和之后的计算结果表明,采用GT-2A连续静态观测数据计算的零漂率差值最大可达7.4 μGal/h;采用施测前后校准测量数据计算零漂率引入的代表误差最大为13.7 μGal/h。以上结果表明固体潮对零漂率的确定具有较大影响。测试GT-2A观测重力固体潮的能力,通过频域分析发现幅值超过30 μGal的分潮波会对GT-2A测量结果的幅-频特征产生影响,认为GT-2A的分辨力约为30 μGal。升降台实验中利用GT-2A测定重力垂直梯度,与相对重力仪测得的重力垂直梯度比较,计算出GT-2A实验量程内观测数据的尺度因子为-0.003 4 ±0.011 6。     

A study of gravity variations caused by polar motion using superconducting gravimeter data from the GGP network

Long-term continuous gravity observations, recorded at five superconducting gravimeter (SG) stations in the Global Geodynamic Project (GGP) network, as well as data on orientation variations in the Earths rotation axis (i.e. polar motion), have been used to investigate the characteristics of gravity variations on the Earths surface caused by polar motion. All the SG gravity data sets were pre-processed using identical techniques to remove the luni-solar gravity tides, the long-term trends of the instrumental drift, and the effects of atmospheric pressure. The analysis indicates that the spectral peaks, related to the Chandler and annual wobbles, were identified in both the power and product spectral density estimates. The magnitude of gravity variations, as well as the gravimetric amplitude factor associated with the Chandler wobble, changed significantly at different SG stations and during different observation periods. However, when all the SG observations at these five sites were combined, the gravimetric parameters of the Chandler wobble were retrieved accurately: 1.1613 ± 0.0737 for the amplitude factor and –1°.30 ± 1°.33 for the phase difference. The value of the estimated amplitude factor is in agreement with that predicted theoretically for the zonal tides of an elastic Earth model.     

南极拉斯曼丘陵重力基准的建立

2008～2009年南极夏季期间,中国第25次南极科学考察队利用A-10便携式绝对重力仪和LaCoste＆Romberg G相对重力仪在南极中山站及附近拉斯曼丘陵地区建立了高精度重力基准网。该网由3个绝对重力点和10个相对重力点组成,其绝对和相对重力测量的精度分别优于7.5×10^-8 m·s^-2、20×10^-8 m·s^-2。     

Absolute gravity measurements in Switzerland: Definition of a base network for geodynamic investigations and for the Swiss fundamental gravity net

Summary Results of two absolute gravity surveys performed in Switzerland between 1978 and 1979 are presented and discussed in the framework of the uplift history of the Swiss Alps. Five absolute stations have been established as a contribution to the Swiss fundamental gravity net as well as to geodynamic investigations on the Alpine uplift. Two sites (Interlaken—Jungfraujoch) form the end points of a calibration line for field gravimeters. The gravity range of this line amounts to 605×10⁻⁵ ms⁻² (=605 mgal). It can be traversed in a relatively short time interval of less than 3 hours. Two other sites (Brig and Chur) are located in the area of the most negative gravity anomalies and highest uplift rates encountered in Switzerland. They serve as reference stations for a more extended gravity net for studying non—periodic secular gravity variations associated with the Alpine uplift. Institut für Geod?sie und Photogrammetrie, ETH-Zürich, Separata No. 13. Institut für Geophysik, ETH-Zürich, Contribution No. 333.     

关于我国1957年旧重力基本网的精度与系统转换

简述了原国家重力基本网(57网)的历史和技术要点,详细地分析了57网的各类误差和产生原因,提出了新、旧系统转换的方法。本文研究表明,57网基本点相对观测的实际精度约为±0.06mgal,仪器平均值误差为1.6×10~(-4)。基本点重力值含-13.56mgal的基准误差和1.9×10~(-4)的尺度差,并含有±0.1～0.2mgal的非线性系统误差。对基本点实行新、旧系统转换误差为±0.05mgal,基本不损失其观测精度。     

Precise tidal gravity recorded with superconducting gravimeters at stations Wuhan (China) and Kyoto (Japan)

 Three long series of tidal gravity observations, totalizing approximately 24 years and recorded with three superconducting gravimeters, T004, T008, and T009, at stations Wuhan (China) and Kyoto (Japan), are studied. The tidal amplitude factors and phase differences are determined precisely using Eterna and Nsv techniques. The precision of the main tidal amplitudes is at the same level of 0.01 μGal. The atmospheric gravity signals are corrected using the coefficients determined with a regression method between tidal gravity residual and station air pressure. The oceanic gravity signals are modeled based on five global oceanic models. It is found that the oceanic models developed by the analysis of measurements from Topex/Poseidon altimeters have the best fit to the superconducting gravimeter measurements, since the observed residuals and the discrepancies between the amplitude factors and the theoretical tidal models are reduced more significantly. The long-period gravity variations are dominated by the non-linear drift phenomena of the instruments, and the short-term variations in gravity are due to the background noise at the stations. Received: 20 January 2000 / Accepted: 15 September 2000     

相对重力测量值的改正

影响相对重力测量精度的主要因素有潮汐、气压、仪器高、零点飘移和地下水变化以及仪器格值函数等。文中研究了在中国重力基本网 2 0 0 0 (CGBN2 0 0 0 )精度要求下各影响因素的计算公式和其中存在的问题 ,给出了一组便于实际测量应用的计算公式 ;同时对重力仪格值因子的误差和选取、非构造因素中地下水活动等问题进行了讨论     

Comparison of undulation difference accuracies using gravity anomalies and gravity disturbances

Errors are considered in the outer zone contribution to oceanic undulation differences as obtained from a set of potential coefficients complete to degree 180. It is assumed that the gravity data of the inner zone (a spherical cap), consisting of either gravity anomalies or gravity disturbances, has negligible error. This implies that error estimates of the total undulation difference are analyzed. If the potential coefficients are derived from a global field of 1°×1° mean anomalies accurate to ε_Δg=10 mgal, then for a cap radius of 10°, the undulation difference error (for separations between 100 km and 2000 km) ranges from 13 cm to 55 cm in the gravity anomaly case and from 6 cm to 36 cm in the gravity disturbance case. If ε_Δg is reduced to 1 mgal, these errors in both cases are less than 10 cm. In the absence of a spherical cap, both cases yield identical error estimates: about 68 cm if ε_Δg=1 mgal (for most separations) and ranging from 93 cm to 160 cm if ε_Δg=10 mgal. Introducing a perfect 30-degree reference field, the latter errors are reduced to about 110 cm for most separations.     

Airborne vector gravimetry using precise,position-aided inertial measurement units

Vector gravimetry using a precise inertial navigation system continually updated with external position data, for example using GPS, is studied with respect to two problems. The first concerns the attitude accuracy requirement for horizontal gravity component estimation. With covariance analyses in the space and frequency domains it is argued that with relatively stable uncompensated gyro drift, the short-wavelength gravity vector can be estimated without the aid of external attitude updates. The second problem concerns the state-space estimation of the gravity signal where considerable approximations must be assumed in the gravity model in order to take advantage of the ensemble error estimation afforded by the Kalman filter technique. Gauss-Markov models for the gravity field are specially designed to reflect the attenuation of the signal at a specific altitude and the omission of the long-wavelength components from the estimation. With medium accuracy INS/GPS systems, the horizontal components of gravity with wavelengths shorter than 250 km should be estimable to an accuracy of 4–6 mgal (µg); while high accuracy systems should yield an improvement to 1–2 mgal.     

船载绝对重力仪测量系统的误差修正模型及不确定度分析

目前的激光干涉绝对重力仪均在静态环境下工作,而动态环境下的绝对重力测量是技术发展的热点之一。船载绝对重力测量能够很好地克服海洋相对重力测量仪器的零漂、标定、误差累积等问题,提高作业效率和可靠性。基于激光干涉绝对重力仪工作原理设计了一个船载绝对重力仪测量系统,该系统由绝对重力测量系统、陀螺仪稳定平台、力平衡式加速度计和GPS（global positioning system）组成。通过对影响船载绝对重力测量系统的垂直波动、纵摇横摇、水平波动以及厄特弗斯效应等4类干扰源进行分析,给出了该系统正常工作的动态限制条件、误差修正方法和修正精度,验证了在现有技术条件下,船载绝对重力仪测量系统的测量精度可以优于±1.1 mGal,为进一步的船载绝对重力测量实验提供理论支撑。