青藏高原高寒草地植被指数变化与地表温度的相互关系

为了解脆弱的高原生态环境对升温过程的响应, 利用1982-2006年国家标准地面气象站地表温度和GIMMS-NDVI数据集, 探讨了青藏高原高寒草地植被指数和地表温度的变化特征及其相互关系. 结果表明:1982-2006年, 高寒草地NDVI、地表温度整体均呈现增加趋势, 年均NDVI、生长季NDVI、年最大NDVI(NDVI_max)与年均地表温度、生长季地表温度的上升趋势分别为0.007 (10a)^-1、0.011 (10a)^-1、0.007 (10a)^-1与0.60 ℃·(10a)^-1、0.43 ℃·(10a)^-1; NDVI_max与地表温度显著相关的地区达70.49%. 但是高原地形、气候、水文环境的空间差异性导致高寒草地NDVI与地表温度的相关关系十分复杂. NDVI_max与年均地表温度的相关性最为显著; 在返青期和枯萎期, NDVI与地表温度均为显著正相关. 不同的植被覆盖条件下, NDVI对地表温度的响应不同:植被覆盖差以及退化严重的地区, NDVI_max与地表温度呈负相关性; 反之, NDVI_max与地表温度主要表现为正相关.     

典型冰冻圈地区植被变化对人类活动的响应研究 ——以祁连山为例

在全球气候变化、种植业结构调整等背景下,亟需对祁连山区的植被展开长期有效的监测和持续研究。基于2000-2017年分辨率为250 m的MODIS数据,采用Mann-Kendall时间序列非参数估计模型、相关分析等方法,分析了祁连山区生长季NDVI与植被盖度的时空变化特征及其与气候因子的相关性,并从正反两方面就人类活动对对植被的影响做了讨论,得出结论如下：（1）从东向西祁连山年平均NDVI整体上逐渐减小,NDVI随海拔升高呈先增大后减小的特征,NDVI最大的区域分布在海拔2 700~2 900 m的范围内;（2）祁连山区域内NDVI显著减小的区域占祁连山总面积的0.6%,而显著增加的区域占总面积的33.6%,植被呈现出整体向好,局部退化的趋势;（3）2000-2017年,林地、草地和其他土地利用区的植被盖度分别以0.0029、0.0026和0.0004的速率增加,工矿用地的覆盖度以0.0112的速率在减少,反映出工矿业开发活动是造成植被盖度下降的主要因子;（4）植树造林区植被NDVI以0.0455的速度增加,而工程实施和矿产开发区NDVI以0.0125速度降低,表明人类活动是导致植被群落变化的主要因素之一。     

Research on Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Vegetation Cover in Qilian Mountains from 1982 to 2006

Based on GIMMS NDVI data of Qilian Mountains region during 1982-2006, using the maximum synthesis, mean method, slope analysis and correlation analysis, the spatial and temporal changes of vegetation cover and its correlations with climatic factors were studied in Qilian Mountains. The results showed that: ①Vegetation NDVI of Qilian Mountains increases from west to east in general, showing the distribution pattern of much more vegetation in east regions than in west regions; ②Vegetation NDVI of Qilian Mountains has generally increased in the past twenty five years, but there are obvious spatial differences, especially vegetation NDVI of middle and east regions increase obviously; ③There have been obvious differences on spatial variation of seasonal NDVI in the past twenty five years in Qilian Mountains, and the increased area of vegetation NDVI is the largest in summer, followed by autumn, spring, but the most reduced area of vegetation NDVI is in winter. The regions of increased vegetation NDVI concentrate on southern mountain of Qinghai Province and in Buha River Basin, while the regions of reduced vegetation NDVI concentrate on Wushaoling, Lenglongling and Daban mountain in each season; ④The correlations between monthly average vegetation NDVI and temperature and precipitation are very significant, which indicates that temperature and precipitation are the main factors affecting the change of vegetation NDVI in Qilian Mountains, but intensive human activities are also important factors affecting the change of vegetation NDVI in some areas.     

The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on the Coastal Vegetation of the Weeks Bay Reserve,Alabama from NDVI Data

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data were used to investigate vegetation changes after Hurricane Katrina (2005) for the Weeks Bay Reserve and surrounding area of coastal AL. Landsat 5 satellite images were acquired before landfall (March 24, 2005), after landfall (September 16, 2005), and 8 months after landfall (April 28, 2006). The March 2005 to September 2005 image comparison showed that average NDVI values decreased by 49% after landfall. Continuing into the next year, average NDVI values were −44% lower in April 2006 than they were in March 2005. Among habitat types, the estuarine emergent wetland experienced the largest average NDVI value decrease (−64%). The estuarine emergent wetland NDVI values continued to decrease by −27% from September 2005 to April 2006, whereas other habitats increased in NDVI. This continued suppression of NDVI values was attributed to increased salinity from the storm surge and to regional drought conditions that occurred after landfall. These results provide insight into the sensitivity of coastal vegetation from the interactions of both tropical cyclones and long-term environmental conditions.     

1981-2006年西北干旱区NDVI时空分布变化对水热条件的响应

气候是植被变化的重要驱动因子. 利用1981-2006年GIMMS归一化植被指数（NDVI）时间序列数据,结合68个气象站降水、气温数据和DEM地形数据等资料,研究分析了西北干旱区植被活动的年、季变化和空间差异. 结果显示：在1981-2006年的26 a,西北干旱区植被的覆盖率增加了4.5%,年平均NDVI增加了3.2%;植被的生长季延长,主要表现在生长季的推迟. 从总体来说,植被覆盖率、生长季和NDVI值在2000年以前显著增加,而在2000年以后都呈现减小的趋势;其中,减少明显的区域是在伊犁河谷、中天山及平原区,在河流上游山区或源头以及部分河流两岸呈现增加态势;在年际变化上,大部分区域的气温、降水与NDVI相关性不强. 而年平均气温在4.58 ℃以下低温区和年降水在180 mm以上的相对湿润区,气温和降水都呈现正相关;在季节变化上,NDVI值在春季和秋季与温度相关显著,而夏季与降水相关性强. 2000年以后,植被覆盖率和NDVI值开始出现降低趋势与气温持续升高、降水量增幅下降有关.     

1982～2015年渭河流域植被变化特征及气候因素影响

基于GIMMS NDVI3g（the third generation of Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）数据,结合趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验和Pearson相关分析等方法,识别了渭河流域19822015年不同时间尺度（年、月及季节）植被NDVI的动态变化特征及气候因素影响。结果表明,近34年渭河流域NDVI呈现增长趋势,且20002015年NDVI较19821999年显著增长,趋势线斜率分别为0.003和0.001,退耕还林后植被覆盖状况明显改善;年均NDVI与气温呈显著正相关,与降水的正相关性较弱;月均NDVI与气温和降水都表现为显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.926,0.743;春秋季NDVI与气温呈现显著正相关,夏季NDVI与气温、降水的相关性不明显,冬季NDVI与前期气温存在滞后相关。     

最近18年来中国植被覆盖的动态变化

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,利用NOAA-AVHRR数据对我国最近18年(1982～1999)来的植被覆盖的动态变化进行了分析.结果表明:我国植被覆盖的动态变化受气候波动的影响十分显著,并且这种变化的区域性差异明显.18年来,NDVI减小的地区主要分布在西北地区和青藏高原,而NDVI增加的地区主要发生在东部地区;20世纪80年代和90年代的NDVI变化趋势之间存在较大差异;90年代NDVI减小的区域明显地比80年代增加,特别是西北干旱地区NDVI的下降趋势明显.我国珠江三角洲和长江三角洲地区是18年来植被覆盖下降趋势最明显的地区,表明快速城市化的影响.     

黑河流域天然植被的面积变化研究

植被覆盖面积的大小是反映区域性生态环境状况的重要指标之一,多年植被覆盖面积的变化则直观反映了植被生态环境随时间的变化规律。在前人研究成果的基础上,采用定量遥感技术,应用美国国家航天航空局最新的全球植被指数变化研究数据(GIMMS)作为数据源,对黑河流域1989-2002年间的植被面积变化规律进行了研究。考虑到实际的植被面积难以确定,因此采用等效面积法确定植被覆盖面积,通过统计遥感图像上植被指数(NDVI)值大于0.3的像素点值,以像素点值代表植被的面积,研究黑河流域14 a的天然植被面积变化规律。研究结果证明,黑河流域的天然植被在以每年约3%的速度减少。     

近21年青藏高原植被覆盖变化规律

利用GIMMS NDVI遥感数据和GIS技术，结合多种统计、计算方法，定量分析了1982—2002年青藏高原植被覆盖随时间和空间的变化规律，评定了植被变化的自然和人类的影响。结果表明，21年来，青藏高原植被覆盖呈总体增加的变化趋势，平均增长率为3 961.9 km2/年，仅局部出现退化现象，人类对高原植被覆盖未造成破坏性影响。1982—1991年，高原植被呈现良好增加趋势，增加幅度从东部南部向西部北部逐渐减弱，表明由东南向西北逐步减弱的有利气候条件具有经向和纬向的变化规律。1992—2002年，高原中部和西北地区植被呈现退化趋势，强烈退化的地区集中在长江、黄河、澜沧江和怒江的源头地区，显示了高原中部和西北地区的气候条件向不利于植被生长方向转变，高原中部和西北地区植被是响应气候变化的最敏感区。高原植被变化具有7年、3.5年两个显著周期，均为温度所致，表现对温度的变化敏感性。21年期间，高原的8种主要植被类型中有7种类型表现为波动上升的趋势，且寒区旱区植被表现出脆弱性和难恢复性。     

基于Landsat时序数据的高潜水位煤矿区植被扰动分析

我国东部矿区是重要的煤粮生产复合区,由于境内地势平坦,地下潜水位高,采空区形成的沉陷大多常年积水或季节性积水,所引起的土地、生态、环境问题尤为严重。植被作为矿区生态环境的重要组成部分,因外界干扰和环境要素的变化而具有动态特征。归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)是植被生长状况遥感监测的常用指示因子,基于NDVI时间序列数据的分析可以有效揭示植被的扰动效应。以安徽淮南顾桥矿为研究对象,基于2007—2018年Landsat NDVI时间序列数据的分级统计,以及热点分析、聚类与异常值分析和剖面线分析,研究NDVI值的时空变化特征,探讨煤矿开采沉陷对周围植被的扰动效应。研究表明:2007—2018年间顾桥矿植被生长状况整体良好,但植被覆盖离散程度在增大;NDVI分布具有明显的空间聚集特征,均为“高–高”聚类和“低–低”聚类,无异常出现;受煤炭开采影响,热点区减少,冷点区增加,热点向冷点的转化主要发生在沉陷积水区、德上高速和永幸河附近;沉陷积水区周围一定范围内存在明显的植被扰动,开采初期扰动较小,随着积水区范围的增长和时间的推移,扰动范围逐渐增大,最后趋于稳定,具有时序滞后性和时空累积性。研究成果为采煤沉陷区生态影响范围的确定及生态环境的恢复治理提供了参考。      

气温、降水量和人类活动对长江流域植被NDVI的影响

为了了解气温、降水量和人类活动对流域植被NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)的影响,以长江流域为研究区,运用一元线性回归分析法和Theil-Sen Median趋势分析法研究了长江流域气温、降水量和植被NDVI变化特征,同时利用相关分析法和残差分析法探讨气温、降水量和人类活动对植被NDVI变化的影响.结果表明:1960—2015年长江流域年平均温度显著上升,而降水量的变化趋势并不显著;1982—2015年流域NDVI呈显著增加趋势;1982—2015年流域NDVI与气温的相关性较高,然而与降水量的相关性并不显著;人类活动使流域NDVI增加的区域主要分布于流域北部、东南和西南部分地区,而使NDVI下降的区域位于流域中西部区域和长三角地区.气温对长江流域植被NDVI变化的影响大于降水,气候变暖和人类活动对流域生态环境具有一定程度的影响.      

The impact of vertebrate herbivores on wetland vegetation in Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana

Delta islands in the Atchafalaya and Wax Lake deltas in Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana, are in an extremely dynamic successional phase. These islands initially supported large marshes dominated by the pioneering plant species Sagittaria latifolia and Sagittaria platyphylla. A general decrease in vegetated areas has occurred in the delta island marshes in the Atchafalaya Delta since about 1980, while in the Wax Lake Delta portion of the complex the vegetation still flourished. The Atchafalaya Delta provides an interesting setting for the study of herbivory because of the complex interaction of biotic and physical factors operating in this delta. We hypothesized that grazing by herbivores has a marked effect on vegetation in these developing marshes. To test this hypothesis, exclosures were erected on islands in both deltas in September 1985 and January 1986. Each set of exclosure treatments included an openly-grazed control area, an ungrazed area, an area allowing nutria grazing, and one allowing waterfowl grazing in each site. Results of the experiment, based on field sampling of vegetation, indicated decreases in plant biomass and changes in plant species composition in grazed treatments. Waterfowl and nutria reduced biomass aboul equally, but there was a more marked effect in the openly grazed areas. These findings may be extrapolated to sediment diversion areas along the Mississippi River.     

中蒙俄经济走廊沿海与内陆NDVI分布特征

为了研究中蒙俄经济走廊沿海与内陆地区归一化植被指数（NDVI）的分布特征,利用MOD13Q1 NDVI数据集、MERRA2气象再分析数据和AVHRR土地覆盖数据,以中蒙俄经济走廊研究区内2种代表性植被（林地和树木茂盛的草地）为例,采用回归分析法和相关性分析法研究了近年来研究区NDVI在不同纬度、距海岸线不同距离及不同时间的变化特征,并分析了气温与降水对NDVI的影响。结果表明：2015—2019年内5月下旬—9月,沿海地区植被生长状态基本优于内陆地区,从距离海岸线500 km左右开始,NDVI明显下降;沿海地区（0~500 km）与内陆地区NDVI在时间变化上也略有不同,沿海地区2种代表性植被的NDVI时序变化模型拟合效果较好。受沿海与内陆地区降水、气温差异影响,在植被生长顶峰期（0719—0723）,随着纬度上升,沿海与内陆地区NDVI差异逐渐减小：沿海地区NDVI在上升期比内陆地区约提前1个月进入饱和,下降期滞后约1个月;低纬度地区2种植被对降水量更为敏感,相关系数最高为0.393（显著性水平P<0.01）,而高纬度地区两种植被对气温更为敏感,相关系数最高为0.534（P<0.01）。     

中国北方沙尘灾害影响因子分析

利用中国北方1951—2000年188个沙尘暴代表站的气象观测数据和1983—2000年EROS数据中心NDVI数据,对我国北方沙尘灾害的影响因子进行了分析。主要结论有：①在影响沙尘暴发生、发展、演化的自然因子中,植被覆盖度、降水、大风日数和温度起关键作用,夏季植被覆盖度对来年春季沙尘暴发生频次影响较大,降水和温度主要表现在对地表植被覆盖等与沙尘暴有关的地表参数的影响;②大风日数和温度是沙尘暴形成的动力因子,植被覆盖度和降水是阻力因子。沙尘暴日数和持续时间的变化,主要取决于动力因子与阻力因子的综合作用;③遏制沙尘灾害的治本办法,不在于治理沙尘暴本身,而在于消除产生土地退化、生态安全下降的社会原因,处理好发展与生态环境建设的关系。     

Investigations of the availability and survival of submersed aquatic vegetation propagules in the tidal Potomac River

The establishment of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) at unvegetated sites in the freshwater tidal Potomac River was limited primarily by factors other than propagule availability. For two years, traps were used to quantify the amount of plant material reaching three unvegetated sites over the growing season. The calculated flux values provided a gross estimate of the flux of propagules that could potentially survive if other site factors were suitable. The mean flux ofHydrilla verticillata and all other species (≥0.01 gdw m^?2 d^?1) appeared sufficient to favor the establishment of vegetation, particularly considering the high viability (70–100%) of whole plants and fragments under controlled conditions. However, median water clarity values (i.e., for light attenuation, Secchi depth, total suspended solids, and chlorophylla) were below SAV restoration goals at all unvegetated sites. Additionally, sediments from unvegetated sites showed a potential for nitrogen limitation of the growth ofH. verticillata. Our findings support the hypothesis that in the tidal Potomac River, water clarity and nutrient (especially nitrogen) levels in sediment are key to plant community establishment.     

Assessing vegetation dynamics in the Three-North Shelter Forest region of China using AVHRR NDVI data

The Three-North Shelter Forest Programme (TNSFP) covers 551 Chinese counties and an area of 4,069,000 km² mostly in arid and semi-arid regions. In this paper, we discuss the temporal and spatial changes in value of the normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) in this region, and the relationships between NDVI and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) based on NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies NDVI data with 8-km resolution from 1982 to 2006. During the past 25 years, the vegetation cover has generally increased in eastern regions of China and the oasis in the north piedmont of Tianshan Mountains, but has decreased northwest of Xinjiang and in the Hulunbeier Plateau. The multi-year monthly average NDVI distribution map showed that NDVI increased from April to August, but in the western and northern plateau areas, the lower temperatures and high altitude created a shorter growing season (1 or 2 months). The vegetation of the study area has generally increased in the regions covered by the TNSFP. Linear regression analysis of the vegetation cover showed an increasing trend over large areas. The largest annual growth rate per pixel (the slope of the regression) was 0.009; the largest negative annual change was −0.004. The correlation between NDVI and precipitation was higher than that between NDVI and temperature, suggesting that precipitation is the most important factor that affects NDVI changes in the study area, especially for temperate desert vegetation in northwestern China.     

NDVI dynamic changes and their relationship with meteorological factors and soil moisture

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is an important indicator for measuring vegetation coverage, which is of great significance for evaluating vegetation dynamics and vegetation restoration. It can clearly analyze the suitable growth condition of vegetation by studying the relationship between meteorological factors, soil moisture and NDVI. Based on MODIS/NDVI data, the spatio-temporal characteristics of vegetation coverage in the Weihe River Basin (WRB) were analyzed by the trend analysis method. The relationship of NDVI with meteorological factors and NDVI with soil moisture simulated by the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was analyzed in this paper. The results show that NDVI values gradually change with an increase from north to south in the WRB. The maximum of the average monthly NDVI is 0.702 (August) and the minimum is 0.288 in February from 2000 to 2015. The results of the seven grades of NDVI trend line slope indicate that the improvement area of vegetation coverage accounts for 30.93% of the total basin, and the degradation area and basically unchanged area account for 23% and 42.9%, respectively. The annual mean soil moisture is 19.37% in the WRB. There was a strong correlation between NDVI and precipitation, temperature, evaporation and soil moisture, and the correlation coefficients were 0.78, 0.89, 0.71 and 0.65, respectively. The ranges of the most suitable growth conditions for vegetation are 80–145 mm (precipitation), 13–23 °C (temperature), 94–144 mm (evaporation) and 25–33% (soil moisture), respectively.     

Response of vegetation pattern to different landform and water-table depth in Hailiutu River basin,Northwestern China

The spatial distribution of vegetation pattern and vegetation cover fraction (VCF) was quantified with remote sensing data in the Hailiutu River basin, a semiarid area in North China. The moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer normalized different vegetation index (NDVI) values for 4 years from 2008 to 2011 and field observation data were used to assess the impact of climate factors, landform and depth to water table on vegetation distribution at large scale. In the VCF map, 74 % of the study area is covered with low and low–medium density vegetation, 24 % of the catchment is occupied by medium–high and high-density vegetation, and 2 % of area is bare soil. The relationship between NDVI and climate factors indicated that NDVI is correlated with relative humidity and precipitation. In the river catchment, NDVI increases gradually from landform of sand dune, eolian sand soil to river valley; 92.4 % of low NDVI from 0.15 to 0.3 is mostly distributed in sand dunes and the vegetation type is shrubs. Crops, shrubs and some dry willows dominate in eolian sand soil and 82.5 % of the NDVI varies between 0.2 and 0.35. In the river valley, 70.4 % of NDVI ranges between 0.25 and 0.4, and grass, dry willow and some crops are the main plants. Shrubs development of Korshinsk peashrub and Salix psammophila are dependent on groundwater by analyzing NDVI response to groundwater depth. However, NDVI of Artemisia desertorum had little sensitivity to groundwater.     

现代黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态水文环境脆弱性

受大气降水、黄河水位断流、风暴潮和人类工程活动等因素影响,现代黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态水文环境极其脆弱和敏感。本文运用地下水数值模拟方法,通过构建滨海湿地水文模型,以氯离子作为模拟因子,预测滨海湿地地下水趋势性变化。计算结果显示,湿地水位和盐度对湿地生长和发育起控制作用;黄河持续断流和强烈风暴潮对湿地水质影响明显;当风暴潮引起增水幅度超过正常潮高的2.4m,会造成沿海低地特别是北部未受防潮大坝保护的滨海湿地淹没。     

格尔木河流域植被指数时空分布及其影响因素研究

格尔木河流域气候干旱少雨,生态环境较脆弱,植被动态对其生态环境保护具有重要意义。基于连续序列的MODIS NDVI数据,分析了格尔木河流域植被指数时空分布及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区NDVI平均值总体较小,主要在0.10～0.12间波动,但呈增大趋势。区内植被改善区分布在格尔木市东、西两侧,基本不变区为荒漠地区,植被退化区分布在北部盐湖区。区内裸土的面积逐渐减小,低覆盖率和高覆盖率植被的面积逐渐增加。研究区植被生长与气象、土壤水分和地下水位埋深都有关系。气温与植被指数相关关系较好,相关系数为0.822,而降水对植被的生长也有一定的作用。植被指数与表观热惯量是正相关关系,相关系数为0.979。区内植被的地下水位埋深范围为0～12 m,在水位埋深约为6.5 m的地方,植被长势最好。