中国60城市站1901—2019年日降水数据集的构建

近年来中国区域降水的极端化问题得到学术界的广泛关注,有关研究也获得了大量成果。但是,目前国内外常用的高分辨率降水资料序列多从1951年左右开始,普遍缺少20世纪早期中国的逐日降水资料,对于近一百多年中国极端降水变化特征及其机理,目前还不清楚。基于多来源的1901—1950年原始观测报表数字化逐日降水资料,补充先前未录入的“无降水”和缺测数据,研发质量控制方案并开展质量控制,补充录入检出的缺失和错误数据并再次质控,结合1951年以来的现代降水日值资料,建立中国60个城市站1901—2019年降水日值数据集。数据集评估结果显示,早期中国东部地区的台站较为密集,数据完整性和正确性较好,但中国西部的台站数量少且完整性和正确性偏低。本数据集构建的年总降水量累积值序列与已有的月降水量数据基本一致。基于该数据集,研究发现重庆站近百年来的降水未出现显著的趋势性变化。该数据集使后续分析研究中国极端降水的百年尺度长期变化特征成为可能。     

The characteristics of ultraviolet radiation in arid and semi-arid regions of China

Measurements of the broadband global solar radiation (R _S) and total ultraviolet radiation (the sum of UV-A and UV-B) were conducted from 2005 to 2010 at 9 sites in arid and semi-arid regions of China. These data were used to determine the temporal variability of UV and UV/R _S and their dependence on the water vapor content and clearness index. The dependence of UV/R _S on aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor content was also investigated. In addition, a simple and efficient empirically model suited for all-weather conditions was developed to estimate UV from R _s. The annual average daily UV level in arid and semi-arid areas is 0.61 and 0.59 MJ m^?2 d^?1, respectively. The highest value (0.66?±?0.25 MJ m^?2 d^?1) was recorded at an arid area at Linze. The lowest value (0.53?±?0.22 MJ m^?2 d^?1) was recorded at a semi-arid area at Ansai. The highest daily value of UV radiation was measured in May, whereas the lowest value was measured in December. The monthly variation of the UV/R _s ratio ranged from 0.41 in Aksu to 0.35 in Qira. The monthly mean value of UV/R _s gradually increased from November and then decreased in August. A small decreasing trend of UV/R _s was observed in the arid and semi-arid regions due to recently increasing amounts of fine aerosol. A simple and efficient empirically model suit for all-weather condition was developed to estimate UV from R _s. The slope a and intercept b of the regression line between the estimated and measured values were close to 1 and zero, respectively. The relative error between the estimated and measured values was less than 11.5%. Application of the model to data collected from different locations in this region also resulted in reasonable estimates of UV.     

自动站常见故障及其解决方法

指出了自动气象站常见的几种故障及处理方法．     

黑河市紫外线观测及分析

1引言紫外线是指太阳辐射中波长在200￣400nm的辐射,按照其波长的不同,可划分成UV-A(315￣400nm)、UV-B(280-315nm)和UV-C(280nm以下)3个波段。由于大气臭氧层对UV-A的吸收很少,所以UV-A辐射量的变化基本上同臭氧层的变化没有关系;而UV-C则同UV-A完全相反,它几乎完全被臭氧层所     

重庆主城区紫外线辐射强度变化特征分析

研究重庆主城区紫外线辐射强度的变化规律,为业务预报和客观预报方法的研究提供基础。利用2004年3月—2008年2月的实况观测资料,分析主城区紫外线辐射强度的日、月、季和年变化规律。结果表明：重庆主城区日平均最大辐射量出现在中午13时—14时。7月和8月的辐射强度为全年最强,出现辐射等级四级的概率最大;而1月和12月为全年最弱,没有出现过辐射等级高于三级的样本。季节平均辐射强度夏、春、秋、冬依次减弱。2004年和2006—2007年平均辐射强度相当,2005年较弱。     

加油站防雷装置检测

加油站是属于易燃易爆场所,防雷装置安全检测工作及日常维护尤为重要。该文主要对加油站的防雷装置检测以及日常维护进行分析研究。     

A method for preparing maps of mean daily global radiation

Summary Daily values of global radiation from 10 stations for the period 1950–1960 are used as a base to describe the distribution of the global radiation of solar energy in the Intermontane Basin and Plateau Region of the western United States (including areas of the States from Washington and Idaho in the North to the Mexican frontier in the south). The empirical relations between radiation and more commonly available climatic and geographic variables—percent of possible sunshine, mean daily cloud cover, presence or absence of snow on the ground, optical air mass, and station elevation and latitude—are established through regression and correlation analysis for these stations and used to estimate radiation at 16 additional locations where radiation data are not collected. This provides better geographic coverage than could be obtained from use of radiation data alone. The technique also permits the filling-in of missing data in the records of the 10 stations to provide each with a complete record for the study period. Selected monthly maps of mean daily global radiation are presented for the region.

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Zusammenfassung Tagessummen der Globalstrahlung von 10 Stationen aus der Periode 1950 bis 1960 werden verwendet, um die Verteilung der Globalstrahlung von Sonne und Himmel im Westen der Vereinigten Staaten (Intermontane Basin und Plateau Region, umfassend Gebiete der Staaten von Washington und Idaho im Norden bis zur mexikanischen Grenze, jedoch unter Ausschluß der tieferen Lagen von Kalifornien) darzustellen. Die empirischen Beziehungen zwischen Strahlung und anderen, allgemeiner verfügbaren klimatischen und geographischen Variabeln — wie relative Sonnenscheindauer, Tagesmittel der Himmelsbedeckung, Vorhandensein oder Fehlen einer Schneedecke, optische Luftmasse, Meereshöhe und Breite der Station —werden durch Regressions- und Korrelationsanalyse für diese Stationen aufgestellt und dazu benützt, um für weitere 16 Orte, für welche keine Strahlungsbeobachtungen vorliegen, die Strahlungswerte abzuschätzen. Dadurch wird die geographische Verteilung besser erfaßt als lediglich durch die vorhandenen Strahlungsdaten. Das gleiche Verfahren gestattet auch, fehlende Werte in den Aufzeichnungen der Ausgangsstationen zu ergänzen und dadurch die Reihen zu vervollständigen. Eine Auswahl von Monatskarten der mittleren Tagessumen der Globalstrahlung für das Gebiet wird vorgelegt.

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Résumé Pour représenter la répartition du rayonnement global du soleil et du ciel dans l'ouest des Etats-Unis, on s'est servi des sommes journalières du dit rayonnement recueillies à 10 stations pendant la période allant de 1950 à 1960. La région considérée comprend les bassins versants et les hauts plateaux s'étendant des Etats de Washington et de l'Idaho au nord jusqu'à la frontière du Méxique au sud, mais à l'exception des terres basses de la Californie. Afin d'estimer les valeurs de la radiation globale en 16 stations différentes, mais où elle n'est pas mesurée, on s'est servi de rapports empiriques entre la dite radiation et les éléments météorologiques ou géographiques généralement disponibles. Ceux-ci sont: la durée d'insolation relative, la nébulosité journalière moyenne, la présence ou l'absence d'une couche de neige, l'épaisseur optique de la masse d'air, l'altitude et la latitude du lieu. Les rapports empiriques utilisés sont calculés au moyen d'une analyse en régressions et en corrélations. On peut alors mieux se rendre compte de la répartition géographique réelle de la radiation globale qu'en se servant des seuls relevés effectués. Les mêmes procédés permettent en outre de combler les lacunes que présentent les mesures faites aux stations de base afin d'obtenir des séries complètes pour la période entière. On présente enfin un choix de cartes de la région, cartes contenant les moyennes mensuelles de la somme journalière de la radiation globale.

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With 12 Figures     

Long-term changes of the ultraviolet radiation in China and its relationship with Total Ozone and Precipitation

The new version （version 8） TOMS （Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer） ozone and noontime erythemal ultraviolet （UV） irradiance products are used to analyze their long-term changes in this paper. It is shown that the summer UV irradiance has increased significantly from Central China to the northern and western parts of China, especially in Central China near Chongqing, Shaanxi, and Hubei provinces; whereas the UV irradiance has decreased significantly in the southern part of China, especially in South China. In July, when UV irradiance is at its maximum and hence when the most serious potential damage may happen, the results indicate an increase in the UV irradiance in Central China and the Yangtze River- Huaihe River valley and a decrease in South China and the eastern part of North China. At the same time, the total ozone amount is lower over China in summer with the most serious depletion occurring in Northeast China and Northwest China. It is found that the thinning of the ozone layer is not the main reason for the UV irradiance trend in the eastern and southern parts of China, but that the rainfall and the related cloud variations may dominate the long-term changes of the UV irradiance there. In addition, the future UV irradiance trend in China is also estimated.     

太阳辐射各因子的变化对太阳紫外辐射的影响

利用北京地区１９９０年太阳分光辐射的观测资料，计算了影响太阳紫外辐射的各因子的变化所引起的太阳紫外辐射的变化。当臭氧、水汽、气溶胶分别减少５％时，到达地面的太阳紫外辐射将分别增加０．８４％、０．２７％和１．９０％。在分析太阳紫外辐射的变化趋势时，应当全面考虑各个因子的影响。     

四川省地面气象观测要素逐日值数据集

本文详细介绍了四川省地面气象观测常用要素逐日资料数据集的数据来源、制作方法、质量控制过程及质量状况、数据集的核心数据内容和数据格式,并对数据集核心数据的统计方法和制作流程、数据集命名规则等做了详细描述.     

四川省地面气象观测要素逐日值数据集

本文详细介绍了四川省地面气象观测常用要素逐日资料数据集的数据来源、制作方法、质量控制过程及质量状况、数据集的核心数据内容和数据格式,并对数据集核心数据的统计方法和制作流程、数据集命名规则等做了详细描述。     

Changes in daily and nightly day-to-day temperature variability during the twentieth century for two stations in Switzerland

Summary  An analysis of day-to-day variability was performed on two century-long daily minimum and maximum temperature series from Switzerland. Warmer temperatures during the 20^th century have been accompanied by a reduction in day-to-day variability, particularly for minimum temperatures and for winter. There is a significant negative correlation between day-to-day variability and the skewness of the temperature distribution, particularly in winter and for minimum temperatures. Lower variability is linked to a reduced number of cold days and nights. Higher NAO index values tend to be associated not only with warmer temperatures but also with lower day-to-day variability. This paper confirms that the temperature warming during the 20^th century has happened mainly through the loss of the coldest part of the series, not only in the 24-hour or yearly cycle, but also through the loss of the coldest episodes in each month. Received September 20, 2000 Revised January 8, 2001     

中国国家级气象台站小时降水数据集研制

通过收集、整理中国历史上各类逐小时降水数据源,建立了中国国家级地面气象台站逐小时降水数据集。质量评估结果显示,绝大部分台站实有率在90%以上,中国东部沿海和贵州、湖南等省份数据实有率偏低。各台站数据正确率普遍较高,正确率低于98%的台站数占总站数的0.7%,正确率在98%~99%区间的台站占总站数的1.8%,其余97.5%的站数据正确率都高于99%。逐小时降水量的日合计量和人工观测日降水量差值在1 mm以内的占92.1%,在0.5~5 mm间的占16.37%,超过5 mm的不到9‰。     

单站紫外线指数预报方法探讨

1引言人们意识到环境的变化直接威胁着人类的健康,迫切需要掌握同自己生活密切相关的环境变化,以便采取相应的措施对生物及人类进行保护。紫外线辐射可能导致人体皮肤、眼睛受损,免疫力下降,对人类的健康造成严重的威胁。紫外线指数的预报能指导人们在日常生活中采取有效的方法来保护自己。2紫外线指数标准紫外线(U V)辐射是太阳辐射光谱中100～400nm间的范围,按照紫外线的不同波段可分为3部分:紫外线A段(U V-A):波长为320～400nm,对生物作用弱。紫外线B段(U V-B):波长为290～320nm,对人体影响较大。紫外线C段(U V-C):波长为100～290n…     

县级人工防雹作业技术探讨

分析余庆县1986--2005年冰雹资料,介绍了余庆县级防雹作业中作业指令下达、对冰雹云的作业部位、作业时机、催化剂量等,对于提高基层人工防雹作业效益具有一定的指导意义。     

基于气候带的地面观测站点布局分析

利用1961—2010年云南124站年平均资料,在考虑了气象要素垂直递减（增）率的条件下,将站点数据插值到1 km×1 km的细网格点上。在此基础上,从不同气候带的角度讨论了地面气象观测站点的布局问题,给出了一些有价值的论据。通过分析发现,金沙江流域、怒江大峡谷狭长区域、哀牢山纵向岭谷地貌区域（包括元江、无量山一带）为气象要素最不敏感区域,其主要原因是气候带的南北向分布和东西向剧烈变率。这些区域新增地面观测站点,对认识局地立体小气候、下垫面热力差异、强对流天气系统等有科学价值。     

辐射雾微结构精细化观测研究

为研究FM-120雾滴谱仪不同采样频率(5 Hz、1 Hz)对辐射雾微结构观测的影响,2020年冬季在连云港东海县开展了为期58 d的雾外场精细化观测。在2020年12月28日一次辐射雾过程中使用5 Hz和1 Hz两台不同频率的雾滴谱仪开展辐射雾精细化观测研究。研究发现,相较于1 Hz的观测结果,5 Hz更容易观测到雾的微物理量的极值。从整个雾过程来看,5 Hz雾滴谱仪平均成1 Hz后的结果在雾的形成和消散阶段与1 Hz雾滴谱仪的原始结果的相似度较低,但在雾的成熟和发展阶段相似度较高。从谱型来看,5 Hz和1 Hz观测到的谱型基本类似,主要差别出现在峰值。5 Hz和1 Hz均能反映此次雾过程中不同阶段微物理之间的关系,主要差别出现在雾的形成阶段,这可能是5 Hz在此阶段观测到的活化并凝结增长的新雾滴相对较少所导致。     

Spectral ultraviolet radiation instrument and preliminary measurements in Mountainous terrain

Summary Measurements of spectral ultraviolet irradiance require spectroradiometers with high resolution and stability, and well known behavior of the instrument. A UV-spectrophotometer is described and methods of calibrations are shown. A set of measurements in the Utah Rocky Mountains (Snowbird-Hidden Peak, in 3300 m elevation) compared to those at the Wasatch Front (Logan, 1400 m) is discussed. Several sets of measurements are used to show the effect of solar zenith angle, elevation and cloudcover on direct solar and diffuse irradiance.At the time of the instrument design and measurements all were at Utah State University, Department of Soil Science and Biometeorology, Logan, Utah.With 11 Figures