Calculation of fracture parameters and their effect on porosity and permeability using image logs and petrophysical data in carbonate Asmari reservoir,SW Iran

Evaluation of fractures and their parameters, such as aperture and density, is necessary in the optimization of oil production and field development. The purpose of this study is the calculation of fracture parameters in the Asmari reservoir using two electrical image logs (FMI, EMI), and the determination of fracture parameters’ effect on the porosity and permeability using thin sections and velocity deviation log (VDL). The results indicate that production in the Asmari reservoir is a combination of fractures and rock matrix. Fracture aperture (VAH) and fracture porosity (VPA) are only measurable with core and image logs directly. However, regarding core limitations, the image log has been recognized as the best method for fracture parameter determination due to their high resolution (2.5 mm). In this study, VDL log and thin sections have been used as auxiliary methods which may be available in all wells. The VDL log provides a tool to obtain downhole information about the predominant pore type in carbonates. Results indicate that between fracture parameters, VAH is considered as the most important parameter for determining permeability. For well No. 3, VAH ranges from minimum 51 × 10^?5 mm to maximum 0. 047 mm and VPA changes from min 10^?5% to maximum 0.02056%. For well No. 6, VAH varies from 5 × 10^?4 to 0.0695 mm and VPA varies from 10^?5 to 0.015%. Therefore, due to high fracture density and fracture aperture, it seems that most of effective porosity originates from fractures especially in well No. 3. However, VDL for well No. 6 indicates that intercrystalline and vuggy porosity are the dominant porosity. This result may be an indication for fracture set diversity in the two studied wells. While in well No. 3, they related to the folding and active faults, in well No. 6 they are only of folding type. Furthermore, results indicate the high capability for both of EMI and FMI image logs for calculation of fracture and vug parameters in the carbonate reservoirs.     

Petrophysical evaluation of subsurface reservoir sandstones of Bengal Basin,Bangladesh

The present study has been carried out for core and log based petrophysical evaluation of subsurface reservoir sandstones considering at least one well from each of the Kailas Tila, Titas, Bakhrabad and Shahbazpur gas fields of Bangladesh. Core analysis results show that average core porosity, permeability and pore throat values are 20%, 209 mD and 44020 Å, respectively. These measured values support that the sandstone reservoirs are categorized as good quality reservoirs. Core porosity values usually exceed thin section porosity. Different cross-plots indicate that permeability is largely dependent on porosity. Permeability and porosity are also dependent on textural parameters that include size, shape, sorting and matrix of the reservoir sandstones. It reveals from both thin section study and different cross plots that diagenetic cements are the main controlling factors of the reservoirs. Quantitative determination of the volume of cements shows that cements have inverse correlation with porosity and permeability. Log based petrophysical parameters include shale volume, porosity, water and hydrocarbon saturation, permeability, moveability index and bulk volume of water. The average values of the mentioned parameters are 20%, 22%, 26%, 74%, 110 mD, 0.28 and 0.05, respectively. The most important parameters are porosity and permeability, which indicate that log porosity exceeds core porosity and log permeability significantly lags behind core permeability. The study also reveals that 23 gas zones covering total thickness of 385 m sandstones mostly posses good quality reservoirs except few moderate quality reservoirs.     

伊拉克哈法亚油田白垩系Mishrif组碳酸盐岩孔隙结构及控制因素

伊拉克哈法亚油田Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构类型的差异性及对其控制因素的认识是制约该类储层分类评价的一个关键问题。综合利用岩芯、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规物性、压汞分析等手段及统计分析方法对储层的主要孔隙类型、喉道类型、喉道分布特征进行了研究,确定了孔隙结构划分依据和方案,并划分出了中低孔超低渗细喉型、中低孔低渗细喉型、中高孔中低渗中细喉型、高孔中低渗细喉型、中高孔中低渗细喉型、中高孔中低渗中喉型六种孔隙结构类型,并通过毛管压力曲线的形态划分出了Ⅰ-Ⅴ五类线型;研究区主要发育开阔台地相,并划分出8种储集岩类型,分别是泥晶灰岩、生屑粒泥灰岩、生屑泥粒灰岩、砂屑生屑泥粒灰岩、生屑颗粒灰岩、砂屑生屑颗粒灰岩、介壳类漂浮岩和岩溶建造岩,其中岩溶建造岩储层具有较特殊的网络状孔隙结构。因此,可以认为哈法亚Mishrif组储层主要受早成岩期岩溶作用影响,其早成岩期溶蚀具有明显的相控特征,是孔隙结构差异性的主要控制因素,极大的改善了该套储层的物性。     

储集层非均质性分析的计算机方法:以西弗吉尼亚州下密西西比系油田为例

本文使用几种计算法和统计法研究美国西弗吉尼亚洲中部格兰尼克里克油田大Ｉｎｊｕｎ砂岩储集层的结构及其与采油量的关系。计算机程序根据已出版的资料编写，以适合（ｌ）计算渗透率对孔隙度的回归；（２）标绘三维孔隙度；（３）确定和标绘根据地球物理测井记录推断的相；（４）估算原始储量、累积产量和采油率。因为回归分析显示出测井记录和岩心孔隙度及岩心渗透率间微弱但重要的相关，所以，孔隙度可用干地层渗透率中以构成储集层的模式。也使用定量地层对比和多维定算法来估算在缺乏可用数据的情况下构造的影响。于井间使用克里格法内插绘制的剖面，突出了孔隙度较高的地带。使用地球物理测井资料和岩心描述，用聚类分析确定导电相。原始储量的估算结果与累计产量数据相结合，得出采油率的估算值。这些采油量变量图通常呈现在岩相图上观察到的相同的南北走向。     

柴达木盆地跃进地区E31、N1、N21碎屑岩储层特征

通过 15口井近百个铸体片的鉴定及压汞数据的分析,对跃进地区E₃1、N₁、N₂1碎屑岩储层取得如下认识 :①长石砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩为主,成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低;②储层经历压实压溶作用、成岩自生矿物胶结和溶解作用,剩余原生粒间孔占绝对优势,相同层位地层在跃东和跃西因埋藏深度不同导致成岩-孔隙演化史也不同,西区储层物性明显优于东区;③储层主要发育于水上分流河道、砂坪和辫状河道微相,碎屑的成份和结构成熟度、填隙物含量、成岩环境对储层性质有重要影响;④西区E₃1储层属高孔中渗的Ⅱ类储层,大孔细喉道组合特征,储集物性较佳,东区E₃1储层属特低孔特低渗的Ⅴ类储层,中孔微细喉道组合特征,储层物性不理想,N₁储层属低孔特低渗的Ⅳ-Ⅴ类储层,大孔小喉道组合特征,渗透率不佳.     

碳酸盐岩储层渗透率预测

碳酸盐岩渗透率受岩石结构控制,而岩石结构是沉积和成岩共同作用的结果,碳酸盐岩储层渗透率的定量计算和预测是高效开发碳酸盐岩气田的重要依据.同传统指数模型、Winland-Pittman模型、Garman-Kozeny模型、Bryant-Finney模型相比,一般渗透率计算模型更能将岩石渗透率和地质参数有机地联系起来.采用一般渗透率模型,根据岩石原始水饱和度测定数据和薄片孔隙度,再结合钻井岩芯、岩屑和常规测井(自然伽马和深侧向电阻率)等资料,将岩石结构数与岩石物性及沉积旋回联系起来,对四川盆地某探井鲕滩气层的渗透率进行了定量计算,进而分析储层段渗透率垂向变化和沉积旋回间的关系,为在高频层序旋回内精确选定开发层段提供了可靠依据.     

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组暴露浅滩、非暴露浅滩与储层关系

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组中发育大量浅滩相沉积，不同地区浅滩形成时的古地理背景及海平面升降情况不同，导致沉积物岩性及储集性能截然不同。广元、通江、南江、巴中地区浅滩位于下三叠统飞仙关组三段，形成于海平面上升过程，沉积物一直处于被海水淹没状态，未曾暴露，岩性为灰色亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩，颗粒间全被方解石晶体充填，岩石孔隙度和渗透率低，储集性能相对较差。达县—宣汉地区浅滩位于飞仙关组二段中，沉积基底为一水下高地，形成于海平面下降过程；沉积物经常暴露于潮上，发生白云岩化和大气淡水溶蚀作用，埋葬后岩石又发生了重结晶作用和进一步溶蚀作用，岩性为砂屑白云岩、溶孔白云岩、残余鲕粒白云岩夹少量灰岩、鲕粒灰岩，岩石中晶间孔、粒间孔及溶孔丰富，孔隙度高，渗透率好，储集性能极佳。油气勘探时要注意寻找类似达县—宣汉地区飞仙关组二段中的暴露浅滩型储层。     

Biostratigraphy,Depositional and Diagenetic Processes in Carbonate Rocks from Southern Lebanon: Impact on Porosity and Permeability

Carbonate rocks contain prolific hydrocarbon reserves all over the world, particularly in the Middle East. For exploration and production strategies, it is essential to understand carbonate reservoirs in terms of their internal characteristics, depositional environment, relative age, diagenetic processes and impact on petrophysical properties. This study has been performed on exposed Cretaceous, Paleocene and Miocene marine carbonate sedimentary sequences in two localities (Maghdoucheh and Qennarit) near the city of Sidon (Southern Lebanon). It represents the first comprehensive study that takes into consideration the carbonate reservoir facies, diagenetic history and reservoir quality in the area. Rocks at Maghdoucheh are mainly dominated by limestone beds showing sedimentary structures and erosive bases alternating with microfossil-rich silty marls, related to a shallowing upward sequence in a restricted marine platform environment. Shells of benthic foraminifera and mollusks dominate the fossil assemblage extracted from the studied rocks. The microfossil and nannofossil assemblage detected in the Maghdoucheh sections indicates a middle Miocene age. Rocks at Qennarit are composed of mudstone/wackestone limestone beds rich in planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils related to open marine conditions. Based on the nannofossil content, rocks from Qennarit 1 and 2 are Paleocene and Cretaceous in age, respectively. Four main types of microfacies have been identified, i.e. (1) microbioclastic peloidal calcisiltite, (2) pelagic lime mudstone and wackestone with planktonic microfossils, (3) grainstone/packstone with abundant foraminifera and (4) fenestral bindstones, mudstones and packstones with porostromate microstructures. The porosity-permeability (poro-perm) analysis of representative samples reveals moderate to good porosity but very low permeability. This is mainly due to the presence of large moldic pores that are isolated in nature. The diagenetic features are dominated by micritization and dissolution (both fabric selective and non-fabric selective). Among all diagenetic features, dissolution in both localities contributes to porosity enhancement, while micritization, cementation, compaction and the filled fractures have negative impacts on permeability; hence the overall reservoir quality.     

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起侏罗系三工河组储层特征及控制因素

中拐凸起作为准噶尔盆地的一个正向二级构造单元,其成藏背景对油气勘探开发非常有利。选取三工河组主要钻井的岩芯和薄片进行岩石特征学的观察与鉴定,以及X衍射,测井录井,扫描电镜,压汞化验资料分析等手段对三工河组砂岩储层的物性及主控因素进行研究。结果表明:三工河组储层砂岩以长石质岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主,从三工河组一段到三工河组二段的颗粒逐渐变粗并且颗粒分选以好-中等为主,具有砂岩结构成熟度中等、成分成熟度较低等特征。三工河组储层局部呈低孔-低渗,主要孔渗特征还是以中孔-中渗为主。辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道等沉积微相控制着储层孔隙和砂岩粒度的发育。根据资料统计分析储层成岩演化期,认为储层致密性受压实与胶结作用影响最大,进入储层成岩后期,溶蚀作用在一定程度上改善了储层的孔隙度,并在增大储层孔隙度的同时为生成油气创造了良好的运移条件。     

黄骅坳陷塘34断块古近系沙河街组一段下部储集层特征及控制因素*

在岩心观察和沉积相分析基础上,利用大量的岩石薄片、铸体薄片、孔渗物性和压汞参数等资料,系统讨论了黄骅坳陷塘34断块古近系沙河街组一段下部储集层特征及影响储集层储集性能的主要地质因素。认为塘34断块沙一段下部储集层为中低孔、低渗特低渗、细喉储集层。储集层物性主要受成岩作用以及砂泥岩组合方式等因素控制,其中碳酸盐胶结物、硅质胶结物及黏土矿物转化是造成储集层物性变差的主要原因;而溶蚀作用控制次生孔隙发育程度,提供有利储集空间,储集层段的自生高岭石是长石和岩屑溶蚀的产物;砂泥岩组合方式则控制着储集层物性纵向上的分布规律。     

鄂尔多斯盆地宜川—黄龙地区奥陶系风化壳储层特征及主控因素研究

以岩心观察、薄片鉴定及测井资料解释为基础,结合孔隙充填物地球化学参数分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地宜川—黄龙地区奥陶系上组合风化壳储层特征及储层发育主控因素进行了研究。储层岩性主要为白云岩类及次生灰岩。储集空间以硬石膏结核溶模孔为主,溶蚀孔洞、晶间孔次之,裂缝对储层储渗性能具有一定的改善作用。储层具有低孔、低渗特征,孔隙度2%的居多(占73.8%),渗透率0.01×10~(-3)μm~2的最多(占86.6%)。储层发育主要受沉积相和成岩作用控制:处于相对高能环境的砂屑滩、(含)硬石膏结核白云岩坪是优质储层发育的有利相带;岩溶作用及白云石化作用是主要的建设性成岩作用,与之伴生的充填作用、压实作用及次生灰化作用是主要的破坏性成岩作用。     

柴西北小梁山地区狮子沟组混积岩储层评价

从有利于混积岩储层评价出发,将小梁山狮子沟组(N³₂)混积岩简化归类为泥质混积岩、砂质混积岩和碳酸盐混积岩,在此基础上根据铸体薄片、物性、孔隙结构等岩心分析数据和测井资料,对柴达木盆地西北部小梁山地区中浅层N³₂混积岩进行综合研究：N³₂混积岩岩石结构复杂、类型多样,储层储集空间以原生的粒间孔和微孔隙为主,呈中高孔低渗的特征,排驱压力、中值压力较高,孔喉半径较小,孔隙结构较差;储层质量受沉积相和成岩作用的综合影响,砂坪微相是最主要的有利储集相带,压实作用是储层物性的主要影响因素;根据物性和压汞等参数将N32储层评价为3类,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层在目前的技术条件下是研究区增储上产的首选储层。     

塔里木盆地巴麦地区泥盆系储层非均质性及其主控因素

塔里木盆地的巴楚-麦盖提地区是已知的油气富聚区,先后在多口钻井的泥盆系储层中见油气显示.但由于有利储层的形成条件及分布规律不清,阻碍了该区进一步的勘探开发工作.通过对区内8口井的钻井岩心、岩石薄片及铸体薄片观察,结合压汞分析及物性测试等资料,研究了该区泥盆系储层的孔隙特征及非均质性.结果表明：储层砂体孔隙类型以溶蚀粒间孔为主,其次为原生粒间孔;孔隙总体上表现为中小孔微细喉,分选差的结构特点.另外,砂岩密度及渗透率变异系数等定量参数表明研究区泥盆系储层层间及层内均具有强非均质性.其非均质程度主要受控于砂体成因类型、成岩作用,早期油气的充注仅对部分区域的物性具有间接的控制作用.     

塔里木盆地阿克库勒地区石炭系卡拉沙依组成岩作用

阿克库勒地区卡拉沙依组碎屑岩储层的成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低．储层的次生溶蚀孔隙所占比例远高了：原生孔隙，次生孔隙是储层的主要储集空间．样品数据统计显示，卡拉沙依组储层属于低孔、低渗储层类型．根据岩石薄片、铸体薄片观察及储层样品的扫描电镜和阴极发光分析结果，本区石炭系储层主要经历的成岩作用有压实（压溶）作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和交代作用，其中碳酸盐矿物的沉淀和溶蚀作用是本区卡拉沙依组储层所经历的最重要的成岩作用．成岩作用已达到晚成岩B期，早期方解石交代石英颗粒并发生大量溶蚀，生成大量次生孔隙，晚期方解石没有发生溶蚀．     

Modelling mechanical behaviour of limestone under reservoir conditions

High porosity and low permeability limestone has presented pore collapse. As fluid is withdrawn from these reservoirs, the effective stresses acting on the rock increase. If the strength of the rock is overcome, pore collapse may occur, leading to irreversible compaction of porous media with permeability and porosity reduction. It impacts on fluid withdrawal. Most of reservoirs have been discovered in weak formations, which are susceptible to this phenomenon. This work presents a study on the mechanical behaviour of a porous limestone from a reservoir located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. An experimental program was undergone in order to define its elastic plastic behaviour. The tests reproduced the loading path conditions expected in a reservoir under production. Parameters of the cap model were fitted to these tests and numerical simulations were run. The numerical simulations presented a good agreement with the experimental tests. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

伊拉克A油田白垩系孔隙型生屑灰岩高渗透层成因及分布特征

伊拉克A油田白垩系孔隙型碳酸盐岩高渗透储层具有分布普遍、类型复杂、成因多样等特征。岩石类型主要为泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩、亮晶生屑砂屑灰岩及泥晶生屑灰岩;生物扰动加剧了碳酸盐岩储层非均质性,导致高渗透储层在全油田广泛分布。通过岩心观察、常规薄片和铸体薄片的观察和测量,孔隙度、渗透率和毛管压力的测定,综合区域地质研究成果,发现高渗层的形成受层序演化、次级相对海平面变化、沉积环境、硬底形成、生物扰动及(准)同生期暴露淋滤等复杂多因素共同控制。高渗透储层形成模式表现为Khasib组沉积时期为晚高位域期,在Kh2-1-2L段上部沉积过程中,发生首次次级相对海平面下降,形成沉积间断。沉积间断期间硬底和区域规模性的生物扰动同时发育,在Kh2-1-2L段硬底尚未被胶结的相对疏松的基质中掘穴,形成厚几十厘米、迂曲状互相贯通的生物扰动通道。沉积间断结束后,在晚期高位域层序背景下,次级相对海平面上升,松散生屑砂屑充填扰动通道。由于沉积物堆积速率较快,限制了胶结作用的发生,使扰动通道内充填物能够发育连通性好的粒间孔,而后次级相对海平面再次下降,发生(准)同生期暴露淋滤。由于扰动部位连通性好,成为溶蚀流体优势通道,导致沿扰动部位发育溶孔及扩溶缝,形成了“粒间孔+溶孔+溶缝”高渗透网络。A油田高渗透储层物性表现出发育强烈生物扰动的部位具有明显高渗特征,其孔喉较粗,排驱压力低,孔喉配位数高、连通性好。高渗层全区稳定发育,由西至东厚度逐渐增大,高渗层的分布对油田单井产量、含水上升和油田采出程度影响较大。     

百色盆地那坤地区那读组淡水灰岩储层裂缝成因分析

以岩心描述为基础,结合声发射实验和碳氧同位素、包裹体成因类型及均一温度分析成果,对那坤地区那读组淡水灰岩储层裂缝特征和裂缝成因进行了深入研究。研究结果表明:那坤地区那读组淡水灰岩储层主要发育有垂直裂缝、高角度裂缝和斜交裂缝;裂缝主要有构造裂缝与非构造裂缝两类,构造裂缝有追踪叠加成岩压裂斜缝发育形成复合裂缝;裂缝部分被方解石完全充填或半充填,部分未被充填而呈开启状;裂缝发育受到3次不同构造应力场作用的影响;构造裂缝对改造和改善储层孔渗性具有重要的贡献。     

吉林新立油田下白垩统泉头组成岩储集相及储集空间演化

吉林新立油田位于吉林省松原市郭县以北新庙乡境内。综合应用25口取心井薄片、镜质体反射率、铸体、电镜、X衍射等岩心分析资料，研究了泉头组的成岩作用、成岩演化序列、成岩阶段划分及储集空间类型。根据成岩作用及特有的储集空间组合，划分了4种成岩储集相类型，即A相(不稳定组分强溶解次生孔隙成岩储集相)、B相(中等压实弱-中胶结混合孔隙成岩储集相)、C相(强压实中等胶结残余粒间孔成岩储集相)、D相(碳酸盐强胶结微孔隙成岩储集相)；并阐述了各类成岩储集相的特征，其中A相储集物性最好，B相次之，C相较差，D相最差。最后探讨了泉头组储集空间演化，在中成岩阶段A期形成了大量次生溶蚀孔隙，为首次在该区泉头组特低渗储层中预测相对有利的成岩储集相带提供了研究思路和科学依据，也为改善特低渗油田的开发效果奠定了坚实的地质基础。     

准噶尔腹部火山岩风化壳储层特征及其影响因素

文章通过大量岩芯、铸体薄片观察和测井资料分析,对准噶尔腹部石西石炭系火山岩风化壳储层进行了详细地研究。研究结果表明,该火山岩风化壳储层的储集空间主要有基质溶孔、气孔或杏仁体溶孔、角砾间溶孔、微裂缝和裂缝等,其中与裂缝连通的各类溶孔占主导地位;在岩石分布上以集块岩、条带状熔岩、角砾熔岩和致密凝灰岩为主,玄武岩、安山岩和流纹岩则相对较少;储层物性主要表现为高孔低渗,只有裂缝具有较高的渗透率,且裂缝以高角度缝和直立缝为主。研究还发现,岩性岩相、裂缝和风化淋滤作用是影响该风化壳储层的主要因素。区内油层主要聚中在构造高部位、靠近断裂带和有利岩相区域;油层分布在离石炭系风化壳顶面25~150 m的范围内。     

Early Palaeozoic carbonate reservoirs from the Yingshan Formation of Well block ZG‐43 in Tazhong Low Rise,Central Uplift,Tarim Basin,NW China: geological features and controlling factors

Marine carbonate reservoirs, as a focus of petroleum exploration and development in China, are involved with high exploration risk and prediction difficulty owing to high heterogeneity and diversity of reservoir beds. In the Tarim Basin, NW China, carbonate reservoirs host about 38% of the whole basin's hydrocarbon resources in a large prospecting area mainly distributed in the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in central (Tazhong) and northern (Tabei) Tarim. Recently, a better understanding has been made of the karsted weathering crust at the top of the Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the northern slope area of the Tazhong Low Rise, Central Uplift, Tarim Basin. As a new frontier of exploration, oil/gas distribution and controlling factors of carbonate reservoirs in the Yingshan Formation are not clearly understood. In this work, we investigated the reservoir beds and oil/gas properties in 13 wells in Well block ZG‐43 on the No. 10 structural belt in the Tazhong Low Rise, and studied hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics with seismic and geochemical data. The Yingshan Formation in Well block ZG‐43 is mainly composed of calcarenite, dolomitic limestone, dolomite, cryptite, as low porosity and low permeability reservoir beds, with fracture‐void porosity constituting the main reservoir pore space. Oil/gas is quasi‐layer distributed beneath the unconformity between the Yingshan and Lianglitag formations to a depth of 140 m. The oil in Well block ZG‐43 is condensate with low density, low viscosity, low sulphur, low resin, low asphaltene, and high wax. The gas is 87.3% methane, generally containing H₂S. The oil/gas distribution pattern is oil in the east and gas in the west, and H₂S content in the west is lower than that in the east. The controlling factors for hydrocarbon are multi‐source supply and multi‐phase charging, interstratal karstification, hydrothermal activity, structural location and sealing condition. A structural–lithological trap is the main type of oil/gas accumulation. Oil/gas distribution was clearly affected by strike–slip faults. Oil/gas with multi‐source supply and multi‐phase charging was controlled by favourable local palaeo‐highs, and affected by later karsting and hydrothermal activity, as well as gas invasion in the Himalayan (Cenozoic) period. Under the caprock of compact limestone in the third to fifth members of the Lianglitag Formation, oil/gas migrated up along the strike–slip fault planes, and moved laterally to both sides in a ‘T’ shape, and formed large‐scale quasi‐layer condensate gas reservoirs controlled by reservoir bed quality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.