典型红层滑坡滑带土自愈合效应试验研究

在滑坡稳定性分析和设计计算中往往选用滑带土的残余强度值,但许多研究发现滑带土在稳定期会有自愈合现象发生,表现为抗剪强度的提高。对于以蠕滑为主的红层滑坡,自愈合恢复值应该在滑坡稳定性评价中予以考虑。通过对典型红层滑坡滑带土样进行“剪切―保持―剪切”试验,研究处于残余状态下的剪切面在不同法向应力、不同保持时间下的愈合情况,并进行相应的分析与讨论。试验结果表明：（1）残余状态下的土样在保持一定时间后再次剪切出现明显峰值,证明了剪切面自愈合效应存在,但是继续剪切时恢复的强度随位移快速消失;（2）随着保持时间的增长,剪切面的强度恢复值越来越大;（3）剪切面的自愈合相比法向应力更依赖于保持时间。将得到的摩擦系数值运用断层强度恢复经验公式拟合,提出不同法向应力下常数A的取值,可在滑坡安全系数计算中参考。     

Residual-state creep of clastic soil in a reactivated slow-moving landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China

We study the creep properties of clastic soil in residual state. The intact samples are taken from a reactivated slow-moving landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. Firstly, the patterns of the landslide movement are analysed based on recent monitoring data, which indicate that the soil within the shear zone is undergoing two deformation processes: a creep phase, characterised by different creep rates, and a dormant phase. We then study the creep behaviour of the soil samples through a series of ring shear creep tests under various shear stress conditions. The creep response depends strongly on the ratio of the shear stress to the residual strength, and the normal effective stress, whereas the creep rate decreases due to strength regain. The long-term strength of the clastic soil is close to the residual strength. Therefore, the residual strength obtained from conventional shear test, which is less time consuming than creep test, can be used in long-term stability analyses of creeping landslides.     

考虑非饱和土基质吸力的丁家坡滑坡变形机制及稳定性评价

丁家坡滑坡位于云阳县黄石镇中湾村,对拟建的云阳—开州（云开）高速公路安全具有潜在的威胁。为了查明丁家坡滑坡特征,开展了野外工程地质测绘、钻探与试验测试,采用Geo-studio完全耦合计算模式分析了不同降雨工况下滑坡渗流场、应力场、位移场的变化,考察了基质吸力在滑坡稳定性评价中的作用,并计算了不同降雨历时、降雨强度下滑坡的稳定性系数。结果表明：（1）丁家坡滑坡的斜坡地形、松散的岩性、潜在的临空面等因素决定了滑坡的形成与发育,坡体渗透性较好,降雨作用激励滑坡的变形,目前该滑坡处于蠕滑阶段;（2）降雨入渗后,坡体孔隙水压力增加,基质吸力减小,有效应力和抗剪强度降低,在土-岩界面形成剪应力集中,产生应变和位移,滑坡变形破坏;（3）高强度短历时的降雨使坡体浅层迅速饱和,易形成浅层滑,低强度长历时的降雨使坡体浸润较深,易造成深部滑动,其潜在滑动面主要为土-岩界面;（4）在非饱和状态下土体基质吸力对滑坡的稳定性具有重要影响;（5）目前滑坡处于基本稳定状态,一旦发生降雨,滑坡稳定性将降低,降雨历时越久、降雨强度越大,滑坡越易失稳。相对于滑坡Ⅱ区,滑坡Ⅰ区对云开高速公路安全的影响更大,应该重点对滑坡Ⅰ...     

金乐滑坡滑带土抗剪强度参数分析与确定

滑坡滑带土抗剪强度参数是滑坡稳定性分析和治理工程设计的最基本、最重要参数,它的大小及其变化直接影响到滑坡稳定性的计算,并由此得到不同的结果和涉及到治理措施的有效性。通过室内试验、滑带土现场原位大剪试验、反分析值及相似滑坡类比法综合确定三峡库区金乐滑坡滑带土的抗剪强度参数,指出该滑坡滑带土抗剪强度参数的确定和分析应采用多种方法,才可获得合理可行的结果。      

降雨诱发浅层滑坡渐进破坏分析研究

为分析降雨诱发浅层滑坡的演变过程。本文以湖南湘西古丈滑坡为例,基于Green-Ampt入渗模型,进行了降雨诱发浅层滑坡渐进破坏分析。研究结果表明:在强降雨作用下,滑坡的失稳破坏主要是由于前缘土体以及中前部土体的局部破坏,而逐渐发展为整体破坏。并且,受滑坡地形影响,地形平缓的区域虽然湿润锋下渗较快,土体抗剪强度较低,但由于土体饱和带的渗流作用较小,而重力提供垂直于滑面的分力较大,该部分稳定性较为良好,故湿润锋对于滑坡稳定性的影响还应该根据不同地形条件加以分析。渐进式滑坡破坏分析方法对滑坡的监测和防治具有重要的指导意义。     

基于传递系数法的滑带土抗剪强度参数反分析研究

滑坡滑带土抗剪强度参数的合理选取是进行滑坡稳定性分析和治理设计的关键。本文结合滑坡的发育阶段,合理选取滑坡稳定性评价指标,基于反分析的基本原理,利用至少两个反分析剖面,采用试算、插值和图解法求解滑带土的抗剪强度参数,对比室内剪切试验数据,该方法最终所得参数基本满足工程要求,可为其它滑坡的稳定性分析及治理工程设计提供借鉴。     

工程开挖活动诱发堆积层滑坡变形机理及加固效果分析

位于川西高原雅砻江两河口水电站库区的杜米村移民安置点由于切坡建房,诱发后山斜坡强烈变形,威胁移民安置点和S220省道安全。首先,基于现场调查、测绘、钻探、槽探等勘查手段,查明了滑坡发育的工程地质条件和变形特征;通过对滑体和滑带土开展室内直剪、反复剪试验,以及对滑床基岩进行抗压强度试验,结合反分析,合理确定了滑坡稳定性计算参数。然后,采用有限元程序Phase2建立滑坡数值计算模型,模拟再现了滑坡在开挖前、开挖后、降雨后的应力、变形特征和稳定性变化过程,在此基础上分析了滑坡的变形机理。研究认为：不良的地形地貌、地质结构和地下水是滑坡发生的内在因素,坡脚开挖是滑坡变形启动的诱发因素,后期持续降雨入渗是滑坡变形加剧直至失稳破坏的直接因素;开挖导致滑体前缘抗滑力降低、滑带和开挖边坡坡脚产生剪应力集中是滑坡变形启动的力学机制,而饱水和持续剪切变形导致滑带土强度不断衰减接近饱和残余状态是滑坡变形加剧的本质原因;滑坡的变形破坏模式为牵引式蠕滑-拉裂。最后,采用有限元强度折减法对加固治理后的滑坡稳定性进行了计算分析。结果表明：天然条件下滑坡变形主要出现在桩后填土,降雨条件下变形范围扩大至强变形区,地震条件下变形范围进一步扩大至整个滑坡范围;三种工况下滑坡的稳定系数均能达到设计要求,表明加固设计方案和工程结构参数是合理的。研究成果可为类似滑坡工程案例的机理研究及防治提供参考。     

土坡失稳的有效降雨量研究

降雨易引起花岗岩残积土边坡失稳。在分析降雨对边坡土体含水率影响的基础上,通过饱和度和含水率的关系推求出土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的有效降雨量。结果表明：对土质边坡,并非所有的降雨都会引起边坡的失稳,降雨入渗使边坡土体从非饱和向饱和状态发展,当边坡土体饱和度达到一定程度的时候易产生边坡失稳;土坡存在饱和区和非饱和区的临界深度,降雨对边坡的影响即为使得该深度以上的土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的过程,须采取不同的抗剪强度来计算处于临界深度上下两部分土体的稳定状态。研究结果对确定土坡失稳的降雨量阀值、进一步认识滑坡失稳机制,对滑坡的预测预报具有理论及实际意义。     

锁儿头滑坡滑带土不同含水率大剪试验研究

锁儿头滑坡属特大型断层破碎带滑坡。该滑坡滑带土主要由强风化的中、上志留统千枚岩、板岩等构成,滑带土中粒径大于2 mm的颗粒含量约为30%,在滑带土颗粒组成中占有重要地位,其强度特征对滑坡体的稳定性分析具有重要影 响。为此,利用室内大型直剪仪对不同含水率下锁儿头滑坡滑带土的剪切特性进行试验研究,结果表明,在控制干密度为1.7 g/cm3情况下,不同含水率滑带土试样的剪应力-应变关系均呈现出弱应变硬化特征,而且法向压力越大,应变硬化特征越明显;在剪应变ε为10%时,相同含水率下滑带土剪切模量G0.1随法向压力的增大而增大,同一法向压力下的剪切模量G0.1与含水率间呈负线性相关关系;利用邓肯-张双曲线模型对锁儿头滑坡滑带土不同含水率下大剪试验剪应力-应变关系进行数据拟合,拟合效果良好,但该模型不能反映土的应变软化性质。     

大型滑坡滑带土结构强度再生特征及其机理探讨

大型滑坡滑带土强度参数的正确选取，是作好滑坡稳定性评价和抗滑工程设计的重要环节。本文在现场调研和室内试验基础上，揭示了只要具有一定滑体厚度的滑带土，沿滑面具有强度再生现象，尤其在抗剪强度参数中显著存在一定量值的结构强度。讨论了结构强度再生的条件、变化规律及其再生机理，论证了滑带土的残余强度仅仅是一种瞬时效应，为滑坡滑面强度参数的选取与评价提供了重要的理论依据。     

李家峡水电站坝前水库滑坡蓄水前后稳定性预测

基于位移监测、数值计算、室内和现场试验等成果,从动力学角度开展了李家峡坝前水库滑坡稳定性预测的系统研究,获得了其滑带土的蠕变特性及水库滑坡的蠕滑机制,提出滑面剪应力比和滑带土黏滞系数的增减是决定滑坡能否从蠕滑转入剧滑的内在条件;通过模拟水库运行环境,完成了代表性滑块的现场促滑试验,研究表明:该类试验既是论证滑坡蠕滑机制的可靠方法,也是水库滑坡增稳治理的有效手段之一.     

四川茂县周场坪深层滑坡滑带土环剪试验强度研究

位于四川省茂县岷江左岸的周场坪滑坡为一大型深层蠕滑型古滑坡,其曾于1982年发生大规模快速复活并堰塞岷江。根据现场地质调查和工程地质钻探资料分析,该滑坡目前正处于深层蠕滑变形中,且降雨对滑坡变形速率具有重要影响。滑坡滑动速率和含水率对滑带土的力学强度特性,以及滑坡的变形和进一步破坏具有极大影响,为研究含水率和滑坡滑动速率对周场坪滑坡滑带土力学强度的影响,本文在滑带土基本物性测试分析基础上,开展了不同含水率(8%、15%和25%)和不同剪切速率(0.1 mm·min-1、5 mm·min-1和100 mm·min-1)的滑带土环剪试验。试验结果表明:在长距离剪切条件下,滑带土的抗剪强度随着含水率的增加而降低,且高含水率条件下强度降低幅度更大;随着剪切速率的增加,试样应变软化现象更加明显,其峰值强度和残余强度一般先增大后减小;由峰值强度和残余强度线性拟合的强度参数内摩擦角随剪切速率的增加则先增大后减小。研究认为在强降雨条件下,高含水率的条件使滑带土抗剪强度显著降低,易导致周场坪滑坡蠕滑加速,加快的滑动速率会再次降低滑带土的抗剪强度,从而导致滑坡发生周期性蠕滑,并可能再次发生整体复活堵塞岷江。     

Influence of saturation on rainfall generated landslides in shale along Murree-Kohala road,Pakistan

On August 10, 2010 a series of landslides of more than 90,000 m³ occurred along the Muree-Kohala road in the northern area of Pakistan. A study was undertaken to evaluate the likely impacts of percent saturation and bulk density on mobilized shear strength along the basal rupture surface of the landslide. A series of unconfined compression test and unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on remolded samples of different densities with varied percentages of saturation. The results of these tests suggest that soil cohesion and friction decreases with increasing saturation. The tests also showed that the shear strength parameters tend to increase with increasing dry density; however, all the samples exhibited a noticeable loss of shear strength with increasing degree of saturation, independent of soil density.Limit equilibrium slope stability analyses were performed along the most probable failure planes, based on shear strength parameters corresponding to degrees of saturation, which varied between 30% to about 100%. This resulted in drop of factor of safety from FS = 1.64 down to 0.51 as the degree of saturation approaches unity.These results suggest that the causative factor in triggering the landslide along Murree-Kohala was the partial saturation of the zone that developed the basal rupture plane. As rain infiltrated the slope, the bulk unit weight of the soil increased, while the shear strength along the developing plane of rupture decreased sufficiently to concentrate shear strain when the material became more than 60% saturation (FS < 1.0).     

基于动态残余强度的不同含水率条件下滑坡稳定性研究

长时降雨会引起斜坡发生累进性破坏,在此过程中,滑带土将随含水率的变化达到不同含水状态下的残余强度。传统应变软化模型不能准确表达这一变化过程中滑带土残余强度的动态特征, 而引入动态残余强度的应变软化模型能更加真实地模拟含水率变化时滑坡稳定性的发展。基于此,文章对四川中江县垮梁子滑坡开展了野外调查工作,通过现场竖井获取滑带土,采用环剪试验研究了滑带土力学参数与含水率的关系,在此基础上建立了基于动态残余强度的应变软化模型,模拟了垮梁子滑坡在滑带土处于不同含水率阶段的发展情况。结果表明:含水率的增加使得滑带土抗剪性能显著衰减,峰值及残余抗剪强度呈近乎线性降低,残余强度参数则表现出三次函数型衰减特征。应用基于残余强度参数衰减规律建立的应变软化模型模拟了垮梁子滑坡的变形破坏过程,结果表明在滑带土含水率低于20%时,斜坡仅在前缘局部产生塑性区;当含水率达到22%时,斜坡中上部开始产生塑性区及未贯通滑动面;当含水率达到24%时,塑性区趋于贯通,滑坡进入加速变形状态,并于坡表产生张拉裂缝;当含水率达到26%时,滑坡处于失稳状态,坡表张拉塑性区及破坏面的发展与滑坡现状破坏特征高度吻合。该成果可为相关滑坡的稳定性研究提供一定的理论依据。     

滑带土厚度及含水率对其强度参数的影响

以红、黄两种不同颜色的滑带土为对象,采用室内试验,先对两种颜色的滑带土的基本物理力学性质进行测定,然后以力学性质较差的红色滑带土作为夹层,运用正交设计,研究夹层土的厚度、含水率等对滑带土强度参数内摩擦角()和粘聚力(c)的影响。实验结果显示,夹层土的含水率对滑带土强度参数内摩擦角()和粘聚力(c)影响最大,夹层土的厚度对强度参数也有一定的影响。     

Strength behavior of slip-zone soils of landslide subject to the change of water content

Landslides are the major natural hazards in many countries all over the world and are usually caused by heavy rainfall, water level change of reservoir, excavation, earthquake, etc. Whether the landslide occurs or not in rainfall season, the strength variation of slip-zone soils of landslide is regarded as the vital control factor. Thus, strength behavior for slip-zone soils of landslide subject to the change of water content is required to be evaluated in a potential landslide area. In this paper, the shear strength of typical slip-zone soil, six groups of 25 specimens of remolded clay samples from Daxishan reservoir landslide, was systemically investigated using the improved direct shear test apparatus in order to fully understand its physical and mechanical properties, and also the shear and failure behavior. Furthermore, the fitting equations for expressing the relationship between the shear strength (effective cohesion and internal friction angle) and vertical loadings, initial water contents of slip-zone clay were established based on the experimental results. In particular, a series of shear stress–shear strain curves under various vertical loadings and different water contents were observed. The results show that a “softening” stress–strain behavior is achieved for unsaturated slip-zone soil, while a “hardening” curve is found for saturated slip-zone soil.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of a catastrophic long-runout landslide in Zhenxiong,Yunnan, southwestern China

On 11 January 2013, a catastrophic landslide of ～0.2 million m³ due to a prolonged low-intensity rainfall occurred in Zhenxiong, Yunnan, southwestern China. This landslide destroyed the village of Zhaojiagou and killed 46 people in the distal part of its path. The displaced landslide material traveled a horizontal distance of ～800 m with a vertical drop of ～280 m and stopped at 1520 m a.s.l. To examine the possible mechanism and behavior of the landslide from initiation to runout, the shear behavior of soil samples collected from the sliding surface and runout path was examined by means of ring shear tests. The test results show that the shear strength of sample from the sliding surface is less affected by shear rate while the shear rate has a negative effect on the shear strength of runout path material. It is suggested that the source and runout path materials follow the frictional and Voellmy rheology, respectively. Post-failure behavior of the landslide was modeled by using a DAN-W model, and the numerical results show that the selected rheological relationships and parameters based on the results of ring shear tests may provide good performance in modeling the Zhenxiong landslide.     

滑带土强度特性的试验研究

滑带土的强度特性对于边坡稳定具有重要的控制作用,揭示滑带土强度指标的变化规律是进行边坡安全性评估的基本前提。针对一库岸古滑坡滑动带中的含粗粒细粒土,进行了滑带土强度特性的试验研究：通过现场大剪试验和室内固结快剪试验分析了滑带土的剪切性状,确定了再生强度、现场折减强度和固结快剪强度;根据现行反复剪切试验在确定含粗粒细粒土残余强度时的不足,对试验方法和试验仪器进行了改进,提出了滑带土的残余强度指标,并与其他剪切条件下的强度指标进行了比较;基于试验结果的统计分析,探讨了土体含水率、塑性指数及粗粒含量对剪切强度指标的影响,并总结了含粗粒细粒土与一般黏性土或砂土在剪切性状方面的诸多不同     

岩土体物理力学参数对岩质滑坡稳定性的影响

采用有限元-极限平衡法研究了含软弱滑动带的岩质滑坡滑动体、滑动带和滑床的密度、弹性模量和泊松比及滑动带的抗剪强度对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:滑床密度、滑体及滑动带的弹性模量、滑动带及滑床的泊松比和滑动的抗剪强度指标与滑坡稳定性系数呈正相关关系,而滑体及滑动带土体密度、滑床的弹性模量和滑体的泊松比与滑坡稳定性系数呈负相关关系;软弱滑动带的抗剪强度对滑坡稳定性的影响最显著,其次为软弱滑动带的泊松比和滑床的弹性模量,其他参数的影响相对较小。      

Identification of failure slip surfaces for landslide risk assessment using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

ABSTRACT

Location of failure slip surfaces plays a critical role in landslide risk assessment and mitigation, particularly for unstable slopes, because it is a key input to design of stabilisation measures for unstable slopes and it determines the volume of the sliding soil mass (i.e. landslide consequence). The failure slip surfaces in the numerical analysis (e.g. finite element/different method, FEM/FDM) are often identified using shear strength reduction (SSR) method. A careful examination of FEM results showed that, although the SSR method performs well for stable slopes, it might provide misleading results for unstable slopes. To properly locate failure slip surfaces for unstable slopes, this paper presents a particle-based numerical method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), which is mesh-free, immune to the mesh distortion problem in FEM/FDM, and able to directly simulate large deformation of soils that occurs during landslides. A series of slope stability analyses is performed using an in-house SPH programme. Failure slip surfaces are properly identified by SPH for both stable and unstable slopes. Furthermore, because SPH provides a spatial distribution of the post-landslide large displacement of soils, the failure slip surfaces can be identified conveniently using soil displacement. A displacement-based criterion is proposed to locate the failure slip surfaces.