萨吾尔山木斯岛冰川厚度特征及冰储量估算

冰下地形与冰川体积的估算对冰川水资源研究具有重要意义.以萨吾尔山木斯岛冰川为研究对象,利用Landsat影像数据、探地雷达(ground penetrating radar,简称GPR)冰川厚度数据以及差分GPS数据,分析模拟了萨吾尔山木斯岛冰川横纵剖面的厚度分布特征,采用多种插值方法比较分析,得到木斯岛冰川冰舌区的厚度分布图,初步估算了该冰川的冰储量.结合数字高程模型数据及冰川厚度分布图,绘制了木斯岛冰川冰舌区冰床地形图.研究表明,两个横剖面的冰川槽谷形态存在较大的差异.横剖面B1-B2有典型的“U”型地形发育,冰川厚度可达116.4 m;C1-C2横剖面底部地形比较平缓,冰川厚度分布较均匀,平均在70~90 m.纵测线A1-A2冰下地形成阶梯状分布,纵剖面冰体平均厚度约为80.89 m,最大冰体厚度为122.67 m.木斯岛冰川的冰床地形图与该冰川的冰厚度等值线图形成明显对比.在海拔3 240 m和3 280 m处存在明显的冰斗地形地貌.初步估算木斯岛冰川冰舌区的平均厚度和冰储量分别为60.5 m和0.195 km3.与传统计算冰储量的方法相比,利用GPR测量得到的冰川厚度数据来插值计算冰储量的方法,具有更高的准确性.      

1959-2013年中国境内萨吾尔山冰川变化特征

萨吾尔山冰川条数少,中国冰川编目将萨吾尔山南北坡的冰川分别附入了天山和阿尔泰山区的冰川,不便于冰川变化研究,因此应给予其特殊考虑.鉴于前人工作中鲜有涉及该区的冰川研究,以萨吾尔山区冰川为研究对象,利用地形图、冰川编目数据以及Landsat遥感影像数据结合实测探地雷达数据,分析萨吾尔山地区冰川变化特征.通过目视解译结合野外实地观测的方法,得到1959-2013年该区的冰川变化特征.结果表明:总体上,萨吾尔山冰川持续退缩明显,1959-2013年中国境内的冰川面积由17.69 km²退缩为10.13 km²,退缩率42.74%,平均每年退缩0.14 km²;萨吾尔山北坡的冰川退缩率为37.57%,南坡退缩率为72.69%,南坡冰川退缩率基本为北坡的两倍.分析认为,南坡冰川退缩率较高的原因除了与坡向因素有关外,单条冰川面积大小是该差异的主要影响因素;基于木斯岛冰川探地雷达测厚结果,对该冰川体积进行了初步估算并与1959年地形图估算出的体积进行对比,发现该冰川体积减少约44.6%.     

西藏阿里地区嘎尼冰川厚度特征及冰储量估算

冰川厚度和冰下地形是冰川学研究中相当宝贵的数据。2018年5月,利用探地雷达（GPR）对西藏阿里地区喀喇昆仑山脉南部的嘎尼冰川进行了冰川厚度测量。基于ArcGIS中的地统计分析模块,运用Kriging插值方法对冰川非测厚区进行插值计算,结合差分GPS数据、遥感影像数据和地形数据,分析了嘎尼冰川横、纵剖面厚度特征,绘制了冰川冰下地形图和冰川厚度分布图,并估算了该冰川冰储量。结果表明：嘎尼冰川冰下地形存在空间差异,东支冰下地形起伏较大,西支相对平缓,冰川作用以下蚀作用为主,冰川面积为4.31 km²,平均厚度51.2 m,最大厚度出现在东支海拔5 970 m处,约为136.6 m,冰储量为0.218 km³。     

念青唐古拉山扎当冰川冰储量估算及冰下地形特征分析

冰川体积估算对水资源以及冰川变化研究具有重要的意义. 但是实测的冰川厚度数据十分稀少,限制了冰川体积的估算. 2011年5月对念青唐古拉山北坡扎当冰川进行了雷达测厚工作,获取了该冰川的厚度分布状况. 基于该冰川的厚度数据,测量点的GPS数据,1970年的地形图和2010年Landsat TM影像,在ArcGIS技术的支持下,采用简单Kriging插值方法对冰川非测厚区域的厚度进行了插值计算,绘制出了冰川厚度等值线图并估算了冰川的冰储量. 结果表明：冰川最大厚度出现于海拔约5 748 m靠近主流线的位置,最大冰厚度为108 m,冰川平均厚度为38.1 m,2010年冰川面积为1.73 km²,扎当冰川的冰储量为0.066 km³. 将扎当冰川表面DEM与冰川厚度分布图相结合,绘制出了该冰川的冰床地形图. 结果显示,在冰川厚度大的区域,冰床地形呈现近V字形分布,这与其相对平缓的冰面地形形成明显对比;同时,在冰表地形较陡区域,冰川厚度不大,冰床地形呈现U形分布.     

青藏高原中部双湖羌塘1号冰川厚度特征及冰储量估算

冰川冰贮量的大小与变化对河流与湖泊水的影响是当前关注的热点科学问题之一. 根据青藏高原中部双湖地区羌塘1号冰川2011、2013年探地雷达测量数据和差分GPS定位结果,分析探讨了羌塘1号冰川横、纵剖面厚度特征,并在GIS技术的支持下,绘制了冰川厚度等值线,对冰川储量进行了估算. 结果表明：羌塘1号冰川作用强烈,横剖面呈典型的“U”形发育,底部宽阔平坦. 纵剖面从下往上缓慢抬升,坡度较小,下伏地形平坦,无明显突兀变化,与冰川表面具有很好的一致性. 经计算整条冰川平均厚度51.28 m,最厚处132.15 m,冰体储量0.1236 km³.     

祁连山托来南山6号冰川雷达测厚与冰储量分析

冰川厚度测量是冰储量估算的关键。基于2019年7月利用探地雷达在托来南山6号冰川主冰川的测厚结果,通过普通克里格法绘制了主冰川的冰厚分布图,计算出主冰川的平均厚度为（39.61±5.32） m,冰厚空间分布呈自边缘向中间逐渐增厚的特征,最大冰厚［（100.78±1.78） m］位于纵剖面海拔4 770 m附近的凹陷盆地,结合半物理公式估算出整条冰川的冰储量为（0.0504±0.0082） km³。冰床为典型槽谷地形,谷槽横剖面呈U形,且随海拔的升高谷槽宽度逐渐变小。现有的面积-体积公式并不适用于单条冰川的冰储量估算,但分类型拟合公式具有降低估算结果误差的潜力。     

祁连山七一冰川雷达测厚及冰储量估算北大核心CSCD

冰厚分布和冰储量是冰川水资源、冰川变化和冰川动力学模拟研究的基础数据。本文基于七一冰川冰厚度雷达测量结果,结合GPS位置数据、遥感数据和冰川地形数据,运用协同克里金空间插值算法,绘制了冰厚分布图和冰床地形图,并运用厚度积分法估算了冰川冰储量。2015年七一冰川的面积为2.517km^(2),平均冰厚和冰储量分别为44.9m和0.1129km^(3),实测最大冰厚为115m。海拔4 480~4 600m和海拔4 640~4 800m是七一冰川两个冰厚值较大的区域,平均冰厚分别为88m和97m。     

东昆仑山煤矿冰川雷达测厚及冰储量估算

基于2015年5月东昆仑山煤矿冰川冰厚测量资料,结合2015年Landsat8 OLI影像,利用Ordinary Kriging插值方法对冰川非测厚区进行插值计算,绘制了该冰川厚度等值线并对该冰川冰储量进行了估算。2015年煤矿冰川最大厚度为87 m,位于海拔4 952 m主流线附近,平均厚度为25.77 m,冰储量为0.0242 km³。利用煤矿冰川冰面地形图与冰厚度分布图,获得该冰川冰床地形图。结果显示,冰川上宽下窄沿山谷分布,冰床地形复杂,在冰厚较大区域,地形呈近“V”字分布,显示了冰斗冰川的形貌特征。     

Ice thickness,volume and subglacial topography of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Tianshan mountains,central Asia,by ground penetrating radar survey

The results of radar survey for three times are presented, aiming to determine ice thickness, volume and subglacial topography of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Tianshan Mountains, central Asia. Results show that the distribution of ice is more in the center and lesser at both ends of the glacier. The bedrock is quite regular with altitudes decreasing towards the ice front, showing the U-shaped subglacial valley. By comparison, typical ice thinning along the centerline of the East Branch of the glacier was 10–18 m for the period 1981–2006, reaching a maximum of ～30 m at the terminus. The corresponding ice volume was 10296.2 × 10 ⁴ m ³, 8797.9 × 10 ⁴ m ³ and 8115.0 × 10 ⁴ m ³ in 1981, 2001 and 2006, respectively. It has decreased by 21.2% during the past 25 years, which is the direct result of glacier thinning. In the same period, the ice thickness, area and terminus decreased by 12.2%, 10.3%, and 3.6%, respectively. These changes are responses to the regional climatic warming, which show a dramatic increase of 0.6°C (10 a) ^?1 during the period 1981–2006.     

Imaging the debris internal structure and estimating the effect of debris layer on ablation of Glacier ice

This study is a comparative investigation of the debris layer and underlying ice of the Koxkar Glacier using multi-frequency GPR with antennae having different frequencies. Together with analysis of the fluctuation of the radar signal amplitude and polarity, the debris layer and underlying ice were analyzed on the basis of high-resolution GPR images. It was found that the optimal average velocity in the shallow layer (0–4 m) is 0.06 m/ns. Images obtained with different frequency antennas have different characteristics; and the performance of the 200 MHz antenna for a debriscovered glacier is the best. The interpretation of typical GPR image is validated by using FDTD numerical model. Combining the debris layer thickness and the underlying ice structure, the effect of debris layer on ablation of glacier ice and forecast of the glacier change in the aspect of thickness-thinning and glacier retreat can be estimated. This study can provide as a reference to the formation mechanisms and estimation of the ice volume of glaciers covered by debris.     

Study on the spatial and temporal variations of the surface albedo on Muz Taw Glacier,Sawir Mountains北大核心CSCD

冰川反照率时空变化特征研究对于评估冰川能量物质平衡及认识冰川消融过程至关重要。本文基于高空间分辨率的Landsat OLI影像和高时间分辨率的MOD10A1产品,并结合冰面反照率实测数据,开展了2011—2021年北疆萨吾尔山木斯岛冰川表面反照率的时空变化特征及其对冰川物质平衡影响的研究。结果表明:Landsat反演反照率和MOD10A1反照率与同期内冰面实测反照率的相关性分别为0.95和0.62,均显示木斯岛冰川表面反照率存在显著的时空变化特征;在空间尺度上,冰面反照率沿主流线整体随海拔升高呈增加趋势。但由于局部地形差异,反照率在海拔3 600 m以下区域随海拔升高出现下降趋势;在同一海拔处,反照率沿冰川两侧边缘向中部递增。2011—2021年,冰川年均反照率微弱增加,消融期内(5—8月)平均反照率与全年平均反照率的变化速率分别为0.0024 a-1和0.0017 a-1;逐月反照率具有显著的季节变化特征,6—8月冰面反照率较低(0.330),12月—次年2月冰面反照率较高(0.586);消融期内冰川消融区反照率下降幅度大于积累区。研究进一步表明,夏季(6—8月)平均反照率与冰川物质平衡存在显著的正相关(R=0.84,P<0.01),气温、固态降水、云量、太阳入射角、吸光性杂质等是影响冰川反照率变化的重要因素。该研究将对冰川消融过程和机理、能量物质平衡模拟等工作提供重要的基础支撑。     

GPR survey and physical measurements of sea ice in Quilty Bay,Larsemann hills,East Antarctica and its correlation with local atmospheric parameters

Sea ice formation in Quilty Bay, East Antarctica shows a strong relationship with climatic conditions and its spatial variation is established by GPR survey over the sea ice during the austral winters. The study also evaluates the variability of sea ice thickness and extent with local weather parameters between 2010 and 2014. Profiling on sea ice in Quilty Bay shows that sea ice thickness decreases gradually towards east. The overall thickness of sea ice is considerably less at the centre of the bay as compared to the coastal side. Two types of fast ice layers have been delineated from GPR surveys i.e. top layer fast ice which incorporates very low density surface snow and underlying high density fast ice i.e. with melt water pockets. Development of sea ice is influenced by persistent easterly winds, temperature fluctuations and ocean currents. Sea ice reveal average annual cyclic trend in Quilty Bay with maximum development in the year 2013 (157.54 cm) and the minimum development has been observed in the year 2010 (99.04 cm).The cyclic pattern of average sea ice accumulation data show perfect inverse correlation with surface air temperature, with measure of reliability R² = 0.93. However, moderate (R² = 0.52) and good (R² = 0.69) degree of inverse relationship is observed with surface snow and overall sea ice (snow and ice) respectively. With 0.46 °C change in temperature, there is 33% change in sea ice condition in Quilty Bay which may remain same as far as ice extents in the region. Besides this easterly winds play a vital role in controlling the snow/ice distribution patterns as reflected by isopach maps.     

Structure and composition of a tidewater glacier push moraine, Svalbard, revealed by DC resistivity profiling

A push moraine deposited by the surging tidewater glacier Paulabreen (Svalbard) was investigated using 2D resistivity profiling. Six longitudinal and transverse profiles were obtained on the moraine and the resistivities were compared with data from three boreholes. Four profiles indicate that the inner part of the moraine is ice-cored and that the buried glacier ice is more than 30 m thick. A transverse profile shows evidence of basal crevasses near the former glacier margin. Three profiles cross the former glacier margin and onto a proglacial plain which dips slightly away from the former glacier margin. Low resistivities were encountered where borehole and field observations indicate that the plain consists of marine muds with a high salt content. This landform has previously been interpreted as a slab of seabed pushed up in front of the surging glacier, possibly facilitated by permafrost in the seabed. We suggest, alternatively, that the landform originated from sediments extruded from below (or pushed in front of) the glacier at the surge terminus and deposited as a debrisflow. Ground penetrating radar can reveal small-scale structures, but larger structures and overall composition are better imaged by resistivity measurements.     

珠穆朗玛峰东绒布冰川厚度测量与地形特征分析

冰川地形特征的研究是构建冰川流动模型的基础. 根据探地雷达获取的冰川厚度数据(2009年)和1∶5万地形图(1974年), 得到沿珠穆朗玛峰东绒布冰川主流线的冰厚度分布以及5条冰川槽谷的形态特征. 结果表明: 沿东绒布冰川主流线的平均表面坡度约为0.08, 平均厚度约为190 m, 最大厚度约为320 m (海拔6 300 m); 在1974-2009年间沿冰川主流线冰厚度平均减薄约30 m; 东绒布冰川表碛覆盖区与白冰区尚未分离, 目前很可能是一条停滞冰川, 冰川末端位于海拔5 540 m附近(下游方向); 东绒布冰川槽谷形态接近于V型, 而不是U型(b指数变化范围约为0.7~1.3).     

Moraine development at a small High‐Arctic valley glacier: Rieperbreen,Svalbard

Ice‐cored lateral and frontal moraine complexes, formed at the margin of the small, land‐based Rieperbreen glacier, central Svalbard, have been investigated through field observations and interpretations of aerial photographs (1936, 1961 and 1990). The main focus has been on the stratigraphical and dynamic development of these moraines as well as the disintegration processes. The glacier has been wasting down since the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) maximum, and between 1936 and 1990 the glacier surface was lowered by 50–60 m and the front retreated by approximately 900 m. As the glacier wasted, three moraine ridges developed at the front, mainly as melting out of sediments from debris‐rich foliation and debris‐bands formed when the glacier was polythermal, probably during the LIA maximum. The disintegration of the moraines is dominated by wastage of buried ice, sediment gravity‐flows, meltwater activity and some frost weathering. A transverse glacier profile with a northward sloping surface has developed owing to the higher insolation along the south‐facing ice margin. This asymmetric geometry also strongly affects the supraglacial drainage pattern. Lateral moraines have formed along both sides of the glacier, although the insolation aspect of the glacier has resulted in the development of a moraine 60 m high along its northern margin. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrogeochemistry of the Chhota Shigri glacier meltwater,Chandra basin,Himachal Pradesh,India: solute acquisition processes,dissolved load and chemical weathering rates

The chemical compositions of various ions in meltwater of the Chhota Shigri glacier were analysed during the observation period from May to October 2010. Total 164 samples of meltwater were collected in two times a day at 8.0 a.m and 6.0 p.m. Bicarbonate and calcium were the dominant anion and cation in meltwater of the investigation area. High ratios of (Ca + Mg) versus TZ⁺ and (Ca + Mg) versus (Na + K) demonstrate that hydrogeochemistry of the study area was mainly governed by carbonate type weathering. The average sulphate mass fraction of meltwater was computed to be 0.31 ± 0.12, showing dominancy of bicarbonate over sulphate. This excess bicarbonate would be generated by an alternative proton supply mechanism due to biological activities in the bed rock lithology and sulphide oxidation may be about the same as carbonation as a driver of chemical weathering at Chhota Shigri glacier. In general, major ions and total dissolved solid concentrations showed decreasing trend with increasing discharge from the study area. The average daily mean dissolved load of this glacier was much lower than that of the Gangotri glacier, which may be due to low meltwater runoff and lithology of the investigation area. The cation weathering rates of study area for early, peak and late melt seasons were computed to be 694, 1631 and 481 meq m^?2 a^?1, respectively. The average value of chemical denudation rates of the Chhota Shigri glacier meltwater was found lower than that of the Dokriani glacier.     

天山博格达峰地区四工河4号冰川雷达测厚与冰储量估算

2009年7月对天山博格达峰地区的四工河4号冰川进行了雷达测厚工作,获取了该冰川的厚度分布状况.基于该冰川的厚度数据,在GIS技术的支持下,采用Co-Kriging插值方法结合理想塑性体理论对冰川非测厚区域的厚度进行了重建,绘制出了冰川厚度等值线图并对冰川冰储量进行了计算.结果表明:冰体最大厚度出现于海拔3 775 m...     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川冰内结构特征分析

利用探地雷达(Ground Penetration Radar,GPR)调查冰川冰内结构和冰层厚度是一种监测冰川变化常用手段.应用麦克斯维(Maxwell)方程的二维时域有限差分(FDTD)方法,通过将模拟图像与老虎沟12号冰川的实测图像的对比,分析了雷达剖面中的几种反射特征,如冰裂隙、融洞、暖冰等.对比结果表明,GP...     

Middle‐Late Pleistocene Glacial Lakes in the Grand Canyon of the Tsangpo River,Tibet

Many moraines formed between Daduka and Chibai in the Tsangpo River valley since Middle Pleistocene. A prominent set of lacustrine and alluvial terraces on the valley margin along both the Tsangpo and Nyang Rivers formed during Quaternary glacial epoch demonstrate lakes were created by damming of the river. Research was conducted on the geological environment, contained sediments, spatial distribution, timing, and formation and destruction of these paleolakes. The lacustrine sediments 14C (10537±268 aBP at Linzhi Brick and Tile Factory, 22510±580 aBP and 13925±204 aBP at Bengga, 21096±1466 aBP at Yusong) and a series of ESR (electron spin resonance) ages at Linzhi town and previous data by other experts, paleolakes persisted for 691~505 kaBP middle Pleistocene ice age, 75–40 kaBP the early stage of last glacier, 27–8 kaBP Last Glacier Maximum (LGM), existence time of lakes gradually shorten represents glacial scale and dam moraine supply potential gradually cut down, paleolakes and dam scale also gradually diminished. This article calculated the average lacustrine sedimentary rate of Gega paleolake in LGM was 12.5 mm/a, demonstrates Mount Namjagbarwa uplifted strongly at the same time, the sedimentary rate of Gega paleolake is more larger than that of enclosed lakes of plateau inland shows the climatic variation of Mount Namjagbarwa is more larger and plateau margin uplifted more quicker than plateau inland. This article analyzed formation and decay cause about the Zelunglung glacier on the west flank of Mount Namjagbarwa got into the Tsangpo River valley and blocked it for tectonic and climatic factors. There is a site of blocking the valley from Gega to Chibai. This article according to moraines and lacustrine sediments yielded paleolakes scale: the lowest lake base altitude 2850 m, the highest lake surface altitude 3585 m, 3240 m and 3180 m, area 2885 km2, 820 km2 and 810 km2, lake maximum depth of 735 m, 390 m and 330 m. We disclose the reason that previous experts discovered there were different age moraines dividing line of altitude 3180 m at the entrance of the Tsangpo Grand Canyon is dammed lake erosive decay under altitude 3180 m moraines in the last glacier era covering moraines in the early ice age of late Pleistocene, top 3180 m in the last glacier moraine remained because ancient dammed lakes didn’t erode it under 3180 m moraines in the early ice age of late Pleistocene exposed. The reason of the top elevation 3585 m moraines in the middle Pleistocene ice age likes that of altitude 3180 m. There were three times dammed lakes by glacier blocking the Tsangpo River during Quaternary glacial period. During other glacial and interglacial period the Zelunglung glacier often extended the valley but moraine supplemental speed of the dam was smaller than that of fluvial erosion and moraine movement, dam quickly disappeared and didn’t form stable lake.