海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估研究进展

海洋生态系统的服务功能及其生态价值是地球生命支持系统的重要组成部分,也是社会与环境可持续发展的基本要素,海洋生态资源的研究在解决人类福利,海洋管理,可持续发展以及维护国家权益等方面非常重要,虽然人类在海洋生态系统价值与GDP的关系,海洋生态系统可持续发展的原则,海洋生态系统价值的区域性研究等方面已经积累了一些研究成果,但对海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估的研究与其他生态系统相比存在很大差距,认为创建海洋生态价值评估理论体系是首要问题,近海生态系统服务功能是未来重要发展方向之一,海洋生态价值的改变应该纳入全球绿色GDP的核算体系。     

国内外海洋生态系统服务研究进展及启示

随着海岸带城市化以及海洋经济的发展,海洋生态系统退化、海洋资源过度捕捞以及赤潮等一系列问题引起社会各界的关注。如何合理的开发利用海洋资源,维护和提升海洋生态系统服务功能成为亟待解决的问题。本文在国内外海洋生态系统服务相关文献检索和分析的基础上,对国内外海洋生态系统服务研究进展进行总结,发现国外研究主要集中在海洋生态系统服务与人类福祉、生态系统服务间的相互作用与联系、海洋海岸带的规划管理等方面,而国内研究关注点与国外有一定的差异,更侧重于对海洋生态系统服务的评估、海洋生态补偿、人类活动与海洋生态系统服务等方面。最后,通过对国内外海洋生态系统服务研究比较,得出相关研究启示。     

海洋生态系统修复研究进展

海洋生态系统是最具价值的人类资源之一,为沿海更多人们所依赖,尤其是具有极高生物多样性和生产力、为海洋生物提供产卵和养育的场所、保护海岸以防受到海浪和飓风侵蚀的红树林生态系统、珊瑚礁生态系统和海草床生态系统.但由于近年来经济的发展和人类活动的影响,这些生态系统都遭受到不同程度的退化,因此海洋生态系统的修复非常必要.回顾了红树林、珊瑚礁和海草床这3种典型且脆弱海洋生态系统的特点,生态修复的研究内容、方法及存在的问题,并在此基础上提出三者可通用的且更为系统的海洋生态系统修复模式和措施,未来能将三者的修复进行综合考虑,以为其他类似的海洋生态系统的修复提供借鉴.     

海洋酸化及其对海洋生态系统的影响

海洋酸化是21世纪人类面临的重大环境问题,酸化将对钙化生物造成非常严重的损害,给海洋生态系统带来目前还无法准确评估的影响。海洋酸化是人类强烈干预地球系统背景下的自然过程,是与全球变暖相关的重大全球性环境问题,对人类赖以生存的海洋生态系统的维系和持续利用有着及其深刻的影响。美国、欧盟以及英国等发达国家均在近期加强了对海洋酸化问题的研究,启动多项相关计划。扼要综述了最近10年来海洋酸化对海洋生态系统影响的若干进展。     

长三角海洋资源环境一体化治理策略研究——基于海洋生态系统服务价值影响分析

长三角一体化不只是陆域的一体化,还应包括海域的范围。为找出影响长三角海洋资源环境状况的主要因素及一体化治理的重点领域,从而丰富长三角一体化发展的研究,本文基于对长三角各沿海城市2009-2018年海洋生态系统服务价值的核算,通过静态面板与动态面板的综合分析,研究了人类行为活动对长三角海洋生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：1）各城市海洋生态系统服务价值均有增加,相同类别的海洋生态系统服务的价值变化相近;2）各城市海洋生态系统服务价值的比值相对稳定,但不同城市相同类别海洋生态系统服务的价值占比不同;3）长三角地区海洋资源环境的整体状况仍需改进;4）废水直排入海、工业废气排放、海水养殖、围填海等活动对区域海洋生态系统服务价值有较大影响;5）不同人类活动对区域海洋资源环境的影响机制不同,作用方向也不相同。据此,提出建议：1）依靠科技进步提升海洋生态系统服务价值水平,同时注重海洋生态系统文化服务的作用;2）从废水排放、废水直排入海、工业废气排放、海洋捕捞、围填海等影响区域海洋资源环境状况的主要因素入手,使治理工作精准化;3）不同城市应实施差异化治理。     

海洋生态文明区评估方法与实证研究

海洋生态文明以人与海洋的和谐共生为核心,海洋生态文明区即是实现人与海洋和谐共生的地区,具体包含2层含义,即海洋生态系统的可持续发展和人类社会的可持续发展。文章根据海洋生态文明区的含义,依据动态性、层次性、完备性等原则,参照数据的可获取性和可量化性,构建海洋生态文明区评估指标体系,并采用德尔菲法确定各评估指标权重值。选取日照市等8个申报地为研究对象,研究海洋生态系统可持续发展指数、人类社会可持续发展指数和海洋生态文明综合评估指数。研究结果显示,8个市(县)基本达到海洋生态文明区的要求,海洋生态系统可持续发展指数高于人类社会可持续发展指数;在海洋生态系统可持续发展方面最大的制约因素是区域海水质量状况,其次是海域空间资源利用和海洋生物资源利用;在人类社会可持续发展方面最大的制约因素是海洋产业结构,此外地区能源消耗、海洋科技进步、海洋文化传承与保护、海洋宣传与教育以及服务保障能力等也是今后需要改进的方面。     

海洋异养细菌生物量与生产力的研究方法

随着人类对海洋生态系统的不断研究和探索,海洋异养细菌在海洋生态系统物质循环、能量流动及维持海洋生态系统多样性与稳定性方面的重要性被人们广泛认可并展开深入研究。国际领域的一些有关海洋与全球变化的重大研究项目如:全球海洋生态系统动力学研究、全球海洋通量联合研究及     

海洋健康指数及其在中国的应用前景

为保障从海洋获得可持续的收益,需要一个全面和定量的评估和监测人类—海洋生态系统健康及可持续性的综合指标。海洋健康指数为我们提供了一个新的全面评估海洋生态系统健康的方法。文章介绍了海洋健康指数的概念、评估方法及全球评估结果,并针对中国的海洋环境现状,对其在中国的应用价值和未来发展前景进行了初步探讨。     

八放珊瑚生物生态学现状、退化原因及对策建议

八放珊瑚广泛分布在近岸浅海到深海,以及热带、温带甚至寒带等高纬度海区,在维持海洋生态系统结构完整性和生物多样性方面发挥了重要作用。受气候变化和人类活动影响,八放珊瑚呈现不断衰退趋势,忽视海洋生态系统原生物种自然禀赋的现象明显,尤其是八放珊瑚可供头足类产卵附着的生态功能尚未引起足够重视。本文综合梳理了八放珊瑚的结构和分类、繁殖特性和生殖方式、影响生态因子和退化原因等研究现状和问题,提出针对性保护和修复八放珊瑚的对策与建议,以期为我国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程的实施提供基础资料。     

海洋生态系统服务价值的知识图谱 ——基于CiteSpace的计量分析

近年来,“海洋生态系统服务价值”广受学术界关注,相关研究成果大量涌现,现已成为一个不断发展演进的重要知识领域。文章以“Web of ScienceTM”核心合集为数据源,运用文献计量法梳理了海洋生态系统服务价值研究论文的发文量年代分布,运用CiteSpace软件绘制科学知识图谱,分析了该领域主要国家/研究机构的合作情况、文献共被引、研究热点及研究前沿。结果显示,海洋生态系统服务价值的研究历经15年增速缓慢的酝酿期后,自2007年发文量持续高速增长;美国和加拿大两国在该领域的研究处于领先地位,且形成了以“加拿大—英国—澳大利亚—法国—美国”为中心的核心研究群体;以Barbier、Costanza为代表的生态学家为该领域研究奠定了服务价值的方法论基础和理论框架,随后出现了由理论探讨向理论与实践探索结合转变;该领域研究热点集中于海洋生态系统服务价值理论、评估方法、案例分析、影响因素和修复管理5个方面;当前研究前沿则主要聚焦于自然资源评估和生态系统保护等方面在海洋生态系统服务价值的重要应用。本研究对深入认识海洋生态系统服务价值研究领域的知识结构及其演化关系具有一定价值,同时也能为国内海洋生态系统服务价值研究与实践提供参考。     

论中国渔业立法与渔业权制度

渔业,是捕捞、养殖和加工水生经济动植物取得水产品的产业。狭义上,渔业是捕捞业和养殖业的统称。广义上,渔业还包括水产品的贮藏、运输和销售,渔具、渔机和渔船制造以及渔港建设等。由此可见,广义上的渔业是一个统一的、综合的、庞大的社会生产体系。世界各国都把渔业管理作为国家的一项职能,运用法律、行政、经济、     

User participation and fishery management performance within the pacific fishery management council

Fish populations have the potential to contribute to the long-term economic and social benefit of humans, but to do so they must be managed in ways which maintain ecological health. There are many ways that management performance can be assessed, but four measures are particularly pertinent to sustainability: equity, stewardship, regulatory resilience, and efficiency. A key factor in management performance is the process by which management tools are developed and implemented. One approach that has been recommended to improve performance is to structure the management process around user participation. The paper analyzes three case studies of user participation in ad hoc processes of Pacific groundfish management: the development of a license limitation program; an inter-gear sablefish allocation; and the development of a sablefish individual quota (IQ) program. The case studies illustrate the role played by participation in contributing to the equity, stewardship, resilience, and efficiency of the management process. The effect of user participation was mixed in the three cases, depending on the history of participation, the structure and process of participation, on resource conditions and on the characteristics of the program under consideration. Participation can contribute positively to fishery management performance when there is a history of collective decision-making, the time line is slow enough to allow a full consideration of the issues, educational possibilities are pursued and the condition of the resource allows equitable compromises.     

The orange roughy fishery of Namibia: lessons to be learned about managing a developing fishery

Exploration for orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus in Namibia started in 1994 and within 12 months several aggregations had been discovered, suggesting the existence of a biomass sufficient to support a viable fishery. At that early stage it was realized that few, if any, recognized management procedures existed for newly developing fisheries, especially with the paucity of data such as existed on Namibian orange roughy. The development of the Namibian orange roughy fishery is reviewed to document the management strategies implemented and how the management of the fishery evolved. The first six years of the fishery are described, including the three-year exploration phase, several years of profitable exploitation, and the severe decline in catch rates. Whether the decline is attributable to fishing mortality or to change in the aggregating behaviour of orange roughy, or both, is not clear. Although many aspects of the precautionary approach were followed, a risk analysis applied and a number of innovative management methods implemented (e.g. incentives to promote exploratory fishing, use of Bayesian statistical methods, implementation of a management plan for long-term total allowable catches), the aggregating biomass declined to between 10 and 50% of virgin levels within the six years. The management methods applied are evaluated in the light of the severe decline in catch rate experienced in 1998 and 1999, so that others may learn from the experience.     

Regime shifts and fishery management

Understanding regime shifts is important to management. Optimal allocation of fishery effort can be improved if it were known whether or not the regime was positive or negative. This determination is difficult because a high recruitment, when the stock is at a low level of abundance (or vice versa), may be the indication of the onset of a multidecadal regime shift, or just a chance occurrence. Accordingly, the determination of an increase or decrease in productivity from observations independent of those made directly on fish populations is important.     

Catch shares and the main Hawaiian Islands bottomfish fishery: Linking fishery conditions and fisher perceptions

To address overfishing concerns, a total allowable catch (TAC) management program was instituted in the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) bottomfish fishery during 2007. Using results from a recent survey of bottomfish fishermen, this paper details behavioral and social aspects of bottomfish fishing in Hawaii and explores fisher perceptions towards current fishery conditions and future management alternatives. The paper further discusses the applicability of potential catch share management for this fishery. Bottomfish fishermen expressed uncertainty towards catch share programs and appear to be reluctant about any movement towards catch share management. This paper describes many preexisting conditions in the fishery that suggest a catch share program may not be practical at this time.     

Participatory research supporting community-based fishery management

This paper reports on a project to engage researchers and fishers together in adapting social science approaches to the purposes and the constraints of community-based fisher organizations. The work was carried out in the Scotia–Fundy Region of Atlantic Canada (the Bay of Fundy and Scotian Shelf). Its rationale reflects arguments that (1) effective community-based management requires that managers are able to pose and address social science questions, (2) participatory research, involving true cooperation in all stages, can support this process, and (3) there is a need to overcome practical and methodological barriers faced in developing participatory research protocols, to serve the needs of community-based management while not demanding excessive transaction costs. In this paper, we report on work with fisher organizations, both aboriginal and non-aboriginal, in which social science priorities were set by each organization, and small-scale research projects designed and carried out to meet these needs. This work identified interests among fishers in research on three different levels of meaning: (1) practical livelihood concerns, including what, when and where to fish, and with what intensity of effort, (2) social, economic and political issues (e.g., on institutional structures, politics of access and allocation, overlap and conflict between regulatory regimes), and (3) values and ethics that implicitly or explicitly guide policy development and implementation. Several research themes proved crucial, including those of power sharing, defining boundaries of a community-based group, access and equity, designing effective management plans, enforcement, and scaling up for effective regional and ecosystem-wide management. The research results demonstrate the effectiveness of extending participatory methods to challenge traditional scientific notions of the research process.     

The social cost of fishery subsidy reforms

This paper analyzes the impact of reducing fisheries subsidies in a general equilibrium model for a fishery with heterogeneous vessels. It considers the impact of the stock effect, which determines the participation of vessels in a likely increased stock abundance. In equilibrium, the productivity of the fleet is endogenous as it depends on the stock of fish along the equilibrium path. The model concludes that any impact of a subsidy drop will depend on the stock effect. If that effect is large, fishing firms will benefit from the stock recovery and the elimination of the subsidy will increase future returns on investment. The model is particularised to industrial shrimp fisheries in Mexico. It is shown that the complete elimination of a subsidy increases biomass, capitalisation, marginal productivity, and consumption and reduces inequality when the effect of the induced increase in the stock is considered. However, if that effect is not considered, capital and consumption decrease, and inequality and hence, the social costs of a subsidy drop, increase.