Geology and Genesis of Orogenic Gold Deposits,Xiaoqinling District,Southeastern China

Orogenic gold vein deposits in the Xiaoqinling district are situated in a basement-cored uplift along the southern margin of the North China craton. The deposits are hosted by Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic amphibolite-facies country rocks, varying in lithology from clastic and chemical sedimentary units to felsic and mafic volcanic rocks and plutons. Absolute and relative age relationships indicate a late Mesozoic emplacement of the lodes, which is subsequent to the deformation associated with the Middle to Late Triassic Qinling orogen along the craton margin. All auriferous quartz veins are hosted in faults. The ores are generally composed of quartz veins with various amounts of pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and carbonates. Mineralization can be separated into three distinct stages.

Ore fluids are H₂O dominant, with approximately 20 to 30 and 10 to 20 mole% CO₂ for gold-bearing stage I and II veins, respectively. Vein formation pressures and temperatures were 2.2 kbar and 300 to 370°C for stage I and 1.6 kbar and 250 to 320°C for stage II. The narrow range of δ¹⁸O values for ore fluids from the deposits throughout the Xiaoqinling district indicate a common deep fluid source, most likely of magmatic origin. The ³⁴S data suggest sulfur originated from a magmatic fluid of approximately 2 ± 2%, with significant local sulfur contributions leading to large variations in the ore-stage sulfide minerals. The most probable mechanism for the deposition of gold is phase separation caused by the partial loss of volatiles such as CO₂ and CH₄.     

新疆库布苏金矿元素地球化学特征

通过库布苏金矿不同岩脉、地层、石英脉内微量元素及稀土元素含量与组成的研究。,得出库布苏金矿岩脉形成与区域岩浆活动有关,岩脉与区域中基性岩脉,泥盆纪火山－沉积地层在成矿物质上具有同源性或继承性。石英脉与岩脉、地层在元素地球化学特征上差别较大。矿化与石英脉是不同阶段的产物,其为后期热液作用的产物。东准噶尔地区的金矿找寻应以围岩蚀变作为主要找矿标志。     

Assimilation of the mafic‐ultramafic magma: a case study of diabase dyke at the Beidaihe,North China Craton

Assimilation serves as a significant part in magma's evolution. Because of rapid cooling of ultramafic‐mafic magma, assimilation between mantle‐derived magma and crustal rocks (wall‐rocks) is often neglected. The Beidaihe diabase dikes in North China Craton suggest that assimilation of the rapidly cooled mantle‐derived magma can not be ignored. The diabase dikes are very thin (0.5 to 2 m in width) and discordantly intrude into Ordovician limestone. Center of dyke is porphyritic texture while chilled margin of it is aphanitic texture, suggesting a rapid crystallization process. Moreover, limestone close to the dyke was transformed into marble because of contact‐thermal metamorphism. From the center to margin of the dykes, contents of SiO₂ (48.9→ 41.6 wt.%) and MgO (8.3 → 4.0 wt.%) are obviously decreased, but contents of CaO (6.4→8.3 wt.%) and CO₂ (0.8 → 5.2 wt.%) are distinctly increased. Meanwhile, calcites in the wall rocks adjacent to and far from the dykes are also greatly different. The calcites close to the dykes have high MgO and FeO contents but low CaO and CO₂ contents. All these suggest an assimilation process of the mantle‐derived magma with wall‐rock limestone. Calculating CO₂ contents in the dyke and wall rock suggest that the extent of assimilation is thought to reach up to 8 ‐ 12 %. Therefore, when the wall rocks of the mantle‐derived magma are carbonate rocks, its components are obviously influenced by assimilation, although it often rapidly chilled. Simultaneously, this study provides possible explanation for some mantle‐derived rocks in carbonate areas with high LOI.     

Archean turbidite hosted orogenic gold mineralization in the Gadag greenstone belt,Western Dharwar Craton,Peninsular India

Turbidite hosted orogenic gold mineralization in the Archean Gadag greenstone belt of the Western Dharwar Craton, forms a major auriferous zone (Central Auriferous Zone) extending over a strike length of about 12 km in the Gadag duplex. The turbidite sequence comprises thick inter-bedded, medium to coarse grained lithic graywacke and thin laminated layers of fine grained carbonaceous phyllite. Gold bearing quartz veins impregnate preferentially along the en-echelon shear planes, fractures and schistosity planes. Auriferous quartz veins are enveloped by the altered wall rocks.Mineralogy of the auriferous zone is dominated by gangue minerals like quartz, ankerite, chlorite, sericite and carbonaceous matter, with subordinate plagioclase. Monazite and xenotime are the important accessory minerals. Arsenopyrite and pyrite are the major sulfide minerals, but pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and scheelite are also present. Gold in native state occurs within quartz, silicates and arsenopyrite.Notable distinctions in mineral assemblage, texture and in chemical compositions of altered wall rocks compared to the precursor host rock in the study area implies that the metasomatism and wall rock alterations are the results of pervasive infiltration and intense interaction between hydrothermal fluids and the surrounding host rocks over a prolonged period.Sulfides, carbonates, carbonaceous matter, K₂O, MgO, CaO, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, As and higher values of gold (0.98–4.72 ppm) are added into the altered wall rocks, immediately enveloping the auriferous quartz vein bodies. The chondrite normalized REE pattern of altered wall rocks exhibits enriched LREE (La_N/Yb_N = av. 9.54), with prominent negative Eu anomaly. The observed variation in geochemical characteristics and mineral assemblages in the alteration zones indicates differential response of the host rock and intensity of alteration depending on the composition of host rocks and hydrothermal fluids.The auriferous hydrothermal fluids were of low salinity (2.0 to 6.6 wt.% NaCl), dominated by CO₂–H₂O (about 30 mol% CO₂) with moderate densities (0.7 to 1.04 g/cm³), and gold deposition occurred over a wide temperature range between 175 °C and 325 °C. Gold deposition was influenced by fluid mixing, phase separation and redox reactions. Mixing between CO₂–H₂O fluids and more reduced fluids, which evolved during fluid reaction with adjacent carbonaceous wall rocks, was the key factor causing gold deposition.The formation of the Gadag duplex, deformation, folds and reverse strike slip faults (discontinuities) was caused by the compression associated with subduction related tectonic processes. During the initial period of intrusive magmatism (2,555 ± 6 Ma), regional metamorphism occurred in the entire greenstone belt, while during later period, hydrothermal fluids responsible for gold mineralization probably were derived from metamorphic processes as well as from intrusive granites. Such fluids channeled through the thrust in host turbidite sequence carrying dissolved gold, associated metals and sulfur, ultimately were precipitated in a reducing environment in the splays to the thrust in the Gadag duplex at about 2,522 ± 6 Ma, resulting in retrograde alteration assemblages.     

西秦岭李坝金矿床地质、同位素地球化学及其成因探讨

李坝金矿床位于西秦岭造山带中的礼-岷矿集区内,赋矿围岩为泥盆系浅变质细碎屑岩,矿床产于中川岩体的外侧热接触变质带内,矿体主要受断裂破碎带控制.本文在李坝金矿床地质特征研究的基础上,对赋矿围岩、花岗斑岩岩脉、矿石硫化物进行了LA-MC-ICPMS原位微区硫同位素测试及化学溶样法分析,对不同地质体的铅同位素进行了系统测定与...     

辽宁丹东五龙一带金矿床成矿模式研究

五龙一带金矿床处于五龙-古楼子金远景区内,其围岩主要岩性为片麻状花岗岩.块状硫化物脉的产出严格受北北东和北西西向两组断裂构造的控制.矿区内金矿脉及与其伴生的岩脉的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化的曲线分布形式基本一致.矿床成因类型应属中低温热液充填石英脉型金矿.早期闪长岩岩浆膨胀式底辟侵位,并沿围岩构造裂隙形成充填,形成闪长玢岩脉.晚期Au的流体沿复活的早期（充填闪长玢岩）的裂隙及新生的构造裂隙充填形成含金硫化物石英脉.     

休宁-歙县东南部金矿成矿地质条件及找矿方向

休宁-歙县东南部是皖南重要的金多金属成矿带,区内金矿以石英脉型和构造蚀变岩型为主。矿床主要产于新元古代片麻状花岗岩与井潭组流纹质变火山岩中,其分布受北东向断裂控制,燕山期的左行平移作用形成的断裂带是区内重要的控岩控矿断裂,沿带侵入的燕山期花岗岩是区内金矿的成矿物质来源和热液来源。寻找和评价受岩浆热液影响的含硅化、云英岩化破碎带的含金蚀变岩型金矿是今后该区金矿找矿的主要方向。     

内蒙古西口子-八道卡地区岩金成矿特征

西口子-八道卡地区大地构造位置处于额尔古纳地块北部.区内出露变质岩系为古元古界新华渡口群和新元古界震旦系加疙瘩群.侏罗纪中-酸性岩浆岩活动强烈.基底断裂构造呈近东西向,在侏罗纪形成一系列左行的压扭性北东向断裂构造及伴随的北西向、近南北向张性断裂.金矿化体呈脉状、透镜体状发育在变质岩系、黑云二长花岗岩体的破碎蚀变带内或变质岩系与石英闪长岩的接触部位,受左行压扭性北东向断裂构造与北西向、近南北向张性断裂构造的联合控制.金矿化类型为蚀变岩型和石英脉型,金矿化与硅化、黄铁矿化、绢英岩化关系密切.地球化学研究表明金矿化与黑云二长花岗岩、石英闪长岩关系密切,成矿物质主要来源于地壳深部或地幔,成矿热液属富碱质的、具有弱还原性质的岩浆热液.依据区内金矿成矿作用特点,总结了金矿找矿标志.     

祁连山西段党河南山北坡3个不同特征的金矿床研究

黑刺沟金矿床以富As和Sb的微细浸染蚀变岩型金矿化和部分石英脉型锑－金矿化为特征,典型矿物组合为黄铁矿-毒砂(辉锑矿)-石英;贾公台金矿床以少硫化物石英脉型金矿化和蚀变岩型金矿化为特征,As和Sb的质量分数不高,典型矿物组合为黄铁矿-自然金(方铅矿)-石英-钾长石;鸡叫沟金矿床以蚀变岩型金矿化为主,次之为石英脉型金矿化,典型矿物组合为黄铁矿-黄铜矿-石英.3个金矿床的成因均与岩浆岩有密切联系,但各矿区的岩浆岩在岩石学、岩石化学、微量元素及稀土元素特征具有差异,表明其成因不尽相同.这可能是造成3个金矿床地质特征差异的主要原因.     

Sources and fluid regime of quartz-carbonate veins at the Sukhoi Log gold deposit,Baikal-Patom Highland

Complex (δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, and REE composition) data were obtained on quartz-carbonate veins in metasedimentary rocks to elucidate the material sources and to evaluate fluid regime during low-sulfide gold-quartz ore mineralization at the Sukhoi Log deposit. In order to use an oxygen isotopic thermometry for quartz veins, we calibrated empirical dependence of fractionation factors between vein quartz and altered wall rocks. The temperature range of quartz equilibration with wall rocks was evaluated at 380–190°C. Independent temperatures obtained using this thermometer indicate that the vein ankerite can be both earlier and later than vein quartz. The isotopic systematics (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O) of ankerite in the quartz-carbonate veins, carbonates in the ore-hosting shales of the Khomolkho and Imnyakh formations both within and outside mineralized zones at the deposit indicate that the ore-hosting rocks and veins in the mineralized zone contain incoming carbonate, which was most probably borrowed from the carbonate rocks of the Imnyakh Formation. REE composition of vein ankerite shows that these elements were transported by fluid as carbonate complexes. The behavior of the Eu/Eu* and (La/Yb)_n ratios and Mn of the vein ankerite suggest that during carbonate crystallization the system was closed with respect to fluid. Sr-Nd isotope systematics indicates that the isotopic parameters of the vein ankerite were formed with the participation of metasedimentary host rocks of both the Imnyakh and Khomolkho formations, which are contrastingly different in Nd isotopic composition. A fluid/rock ratio during metasomatic processes in the wall rocks was calculated for two scenarios of their thermal history: with a continuously operating heat source beneath the Sukhoi Log structure and with a linear cooling of the structure. The effective integral W/R ratios calculated lie within the range of 0.046–0.226 and suggest that the veins were produced with the metamorphic fluid. Low W/R ratios are inconsistent with the mechanism of vein quartz crystallization due to fluid oversaturation with respect to SiO₂ at decreasing temperature. We believe that the main mechanism responsible for the origin of these veins was variations of fluid oversaturation due to pressure variations (pressure solution mechanism). This hypothesis is consistent with the reported isotopic-geochemical characteristics of the wall rocks at the Sukhoi Log deposit.     

Gold and copper mineralization at the El Indio deposit, Chile

A Middle Tertiary volcanic belt in the High Andes of north-central Chile hosts numerous precious- and base-metal epithermal deposits over its 150 km north-south trend. The El Indio district, believed to be associated with a hydrothermal system in the late stages of development of a volcanic caldera, consists of a series of separate vein systems located in an area of 30 km² which has undergone intense argillic-sericitic-solfataric alteration. The majority of the known gold-copper-silver mineralization occurs within a structural block only 150 by 500 m in surface area, with a recognized vertical extent exceeding 300 m. This block is bounded by two high-angle northeast-trending faults oriented subparallel to the mineralized veins.Hypogene mineralization at El Indio is grouped into two main ore-forming stages: Copper and Gold. The Copper stage is composed chiefly of enargite and pyrite forming massive veins up to 20 m wide, and is accompanied by alteration of the wall rocks to alunite, kaolinite, sericite, pyrite and quartz. The Gold stage consists of vein-filling quartz, pyrite, native gold, tennantite and subordinate amounts of a wide variety of telluride minerals. Associated with this stage is pervasive alteration of the wall rocks to sericite, kaolinite, quartz and minor pyrophyllite. The transition from copper to gold mineralization is marked by the alteration of enargite to tennantite and by minor deposition of sphalerite, galena, huebnerite, chalcopyrite and gold. Mineral stability relations indicate that there was a general decrease in the activity of S₂ accompanied by variations in the activity of Te₂ during the Gold stage.Fluid-inclusion data show homogenization temperatures ranging from about 220 to 280°C, with salinities on the order of 3–4 eq. wt. % NaCl for the Copper stage. The Gold-stage inclusions indicate a similar range in homogenization temperatures, but significantly lower salinities (0.1–1.4 eq. wt. % NaCl). Fluid inclusions of transition minerals show a weak inverse relationship between homogenization temperatures (190–250°C) and salinities (3.4–1.4 eq. wt. % NaCl), which may represent mixing of hotter Gold-stage fluids with cooler late-Copper-stage fluids. No evidence of boiling was found in fluid inclusions, but CO₂ vapor-rich inclusions were identified in wall-rock quartz phenocrysts which pre-date copper and gold mineralization.Mineral stability calculations indicate that given a fairly restricted range of solution compositions, the Copper-, Transition- and Gold-stage minerals at El Indio could have been deposited from a single solution, with constant total dissolved sulfur which underwent reduction through time. Limited sulfur-isotope data indicates that pyrite from the Copper stage was not in isotopic equilibrium with Copper-stage alunite or Transition-stage sphalerite. The sulfur-isotope and fluid-inclusion data indicate that two fluids with comparable temperatures but different compositions flowed through the El Indio system. The earlier fluid deposited copper attended by sericite-alunite-kaolinite alteration, and later epithermal fluids deposited gold with quartz-sericite-kaolinite-pyrite alteration.     

Two‐Stage Sulfide Mineral Assemblages in the Mineralized Ultramafic Rocks of the Laowangzhai Gold Deposit (Yunnan,SW China): Implications for Metallogenic Evolution

The Laowangzhai gold deposit, located in the Ailaoshan gold belt (SW China), is hosted in various types of rocks, including in quartz porphyry, carbonaceous slate, meta‐sandstone, lamprophyre, and altered ultramafic rocks. In contrast to other wall rocks, the orebodies in altered ultramafic rocks are characterized by the occurrence of a large amount of Ni‐bearing minerals. The ore‐forming process of the orebodies hosted by altered ultramafic rocks can be divided into two stages: pyrite‐vaesite‐native gold and gersdorffite‐violarite stages. The contents of As and Sb increased during the evolution of ore‐forming fluid based on the mineral assemblages. Thermodynamic modeling of the Ni‐Cu‐As‐Fe‐S system using the SUPCRT92 software package with the updated database of slop16.dat indicates the fS₂ in ore‐forming fluid decreases significantly from stage I to stage II. The decreases of fS₂ due to crystallization of sulfides and fO₂ due to fluid–rock reaction were responsible for ore formation in altered ultramafic rocks of the Laowangzhai gold deposit. Geological evidence, the in situ sulfur isotope values of pyrite, and the other published isotopic data suggest that the ore‐forming fluid for ultramafic rock ores was dominantly composed of evolved magmatic fluid with the important input of sediments.     

The trinity pattern of Au deposits with porphyry,quartz–sulfide vein and structurally-controlled alteration rocks in Ciemas,West Java,Indonesia

The Ciemas gold mining area is located in the Sunda arc volcanic rock belt, West Java, Indonesia. Ore bodies are associated with Miocene andesite, dacite and quartz diorite porphyrite. To constrain ore genesis and mineralization significance, a detailed study was recently conducted examining these deposits, which included detailed field observation, petrographic study, petrochemistry, sulfur isotope analyses, zircon U–Pb dating, and fluid inclusion analysis. The results include the following findings. 1) Ore types have been identified as porphyry, a quartz–sulfide vein, and structure-controlled alteration rocks. 2) In host rocks, zircon LA–ICP-MS U–Pb dating of quartz diorite porphyrite, amphibole tuff breccia and andesite yield ages of 17.1 ± 0.4 Ma, 17.1 ± 0.4 Ma and 17.5 ± 0.3 Ma, respectively. 3) Fluid inclusions in the quartz from ore are given priority to liquid and gas–liquid phases, and their components are of the NaCl–H₂O system with homogenization temperatures of 240–320 °C, salinities of 14–17%, densities of 0.85–0.95 g/cm³, and fluid pressure values between 4.1 and 46.8 MPa, corresponding to metallogenic depths from 150 to 1730 m. Fluid characteristics are identified as similar to those of high sulfur epithermal deposits. 4) The sulfur isotopic compositions are notably uniform, the δ³⁴S values of wall rocks range from 3.71 to 3.85‰, and the δ³⁴S values of ores vary from 4.90‰ to 6.55‰. The sulfur isotopic composition of ores is similar to that of the wall rocks, indicating a mixed origin of mantle with a sedimentary basement. 5) The trace element patterns of different ore types are similar, which indicates that they originate from the same source. Au deposits primarily occurred during the late magmatic activity. Finally, we have set up the regional metallogenic model, confirming that this gold deposit in the Sunda arc volcanic rock belt belongs to a metallogenic system from porphyry to epithermal type.     

辽宁刘屯金矿床地质特征及成因

刘屯金矿床为含金硫化物石英脉型,矿体直接围岩为晚太古代混合花岗岩。区域上建平群大营子组为金的矿源层,金成矿与中生代构造岩浆活动密切相关。含金石英脉(矿脉)严格地受近东西向断裂构造控制。据硫同位素组成证明矿石、围岩、中生代侵入岩具有同一性,为幔源硫。氢氧同位素组成则显示了成矿溶液的多成因特征。矿石中铅同位素为古老的铅体系,与中生代岩体的长石铅属同一源地。通过时矿床成因的探讨,认为是"岩浆热源-混合热液"型复成因金矿床,成矿时代为燕山期。     

胶东邓格庄金矿床成因:地质年代学和同位素体系制约

邓格庄金矿地处华北克拉通胶东半岛东部苏鲁超高压带内,黄金储量已超过50t,是胶东牟平-乳山成矿带第二大石英脉型金矿床。矿体产于昆嵛山岩体和荆山群变质岩接触带附近的昆嵛山岩体中,金矿体受控于金牛山断裂带西侧的次级断裂。矿石中的硫-铅-氢-氧同位素值表明成矿流体主要来源于岩浆,具有以地壳为主兼具地幔混合特征,通过深渊断裂发生迁移,在成矿晚期遭受天水混染。围岩昆嵛山二长花岗岩高精度的锆石U-Pb年龄为155. 8Ma,成矿前期蚀变岩中蚀变矿物钾长石和绢云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar精确测年结果分别为123Ma和104Ma。结合近年来前人的研究资料,我们建立了胶东金矿集区中生代岩浆岩演化序列,将其划分为160～150Ma、130～110Ma、110～100Ma三个阶段,并给出了大规模爆发式成矿的年龄峰值(120±10Ma)。认为邓格庄金矿既非以变质流体为特征的典型造山型金矿,也非浅成低温热液型金矿,而是伴随华北克拉通岩石圈减薄、软流圈物质上涌、地壳拉张而使壳幔混合流体在浅部以大纵深脉状集中成矿为基本特征的中温岩浆热液型金矿。     

内蒙古金厂沟梁金矿床稳定同位素组成和矿床成因讨论

稳定同位素的研究对于分析矿床成因、阐明成矿物质来源等具有重要意义。金厂沟梁金矿成矿流体的同位素组成与本区变质岩、岩浆岩的同位素组成具有非常密切的关系,成矿流体的H、O、C、S同位素特征继承了本区变质岩、岩浆岩的H、O、C、S同位素特征,它们的δ18O、δD、δ13C、δ34S值具有相似的变化范围,其同位素的变化规律表明变质岩是本区成矿物质的母岩。本区岩浆构造活动频繁,为成矿物质活化提供了动力条件。成矿模式为本区太古宙变质岩经过多次活化,使成矿物质逐步聚集,到了燕山晚期,岩浆期后热液活动将成矿物质带到构造有利部位聚集形成了金矿床,因此,该矿床属重熔岩浆热液型矿床。      

Ore Genesis and Tectonic Significance of the Xiaojiashan Tungsten Deposit,Eastern Tianshan,Xinjiang, China: Evidence from Geology,Fluid Inclusions,and Stable Isotope Geochemistry

The Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is located about 200 km northwest of Hami City, the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China, and is a quartz vein‐type tungsten deposit. Combined fluid inclusion microthermometry, host rock geochemistry, and H–O isotopic compositions are used to constrain the ore genesis and tectonic setting of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. The orebodies occur in granite intrusions adjacent to the metamorphic crystal tuff, which consists of the second lithological section of the first Sub‐Formation of the Dananhu Formation (D₂d ₁²). Biotite granite is the most widely distributed intrusive bodies in the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. Altered diorite and metamorphic crystal tuff are the main surrounding rocks. The granite belongs to peraluminous A‐type granite with high potassic calc‐alkaline series, and all rocks show light Rare Earth Element (REE)‐enriched patterns. The trace element characters suggest that crystallization differentiation might even occur in the diagenetic process. The granite belongs to postcollisional extension granite, and the rocks formed in an extensional tectonic environment, which might result from magma activity in such an extensional tectonic environment. Tungsten‐bearing quartz veins are divided into gray quartz vein and white quartz veins. Based on petrography observation, fluid inclusions in both kinds of vein quartz are mainly aqueous inclusions. Microthermometry shows that gray quartz veins have 143–354°C of T_h, and white quartz veins have 154–312°C of T_h. The laser‐Raman test shows that CO₂ is found in fluid inclusions of the tungsten‐bearing quartz veins. Quadrupole mass spectrometry reveals that fluid inclusions contain major vapor‐phase contents of CO₂, H₂O. Meanwhile, fluid inclusions contain major liquid‐phase contents of Cl^?, Na⁺. It can be speculated that the ore‐forming fluid of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is characterized by an H₂O–CO₂, low salinity, and H₂O–CO₂–NaCl system. The range of hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions indicated that the ore‐forming fluids of the tungsten deposit were mainly magmatic water. The ore‐forming age of the Xiaojiashan deposit should to be ~227 Ma. During the ore‐forming process, the magmatic water had separated from magmatic intrusions, and the ore‐bearing complex was taken to a portion where tungsten‐bearing ores could be mineralized. The magmatic fluid was mixed by meteoric water in the late stage.     

小秦岭地区文峪和东闯石英脉型金矿床铅及硫同位素研究

小秦岭地区文峪和东闯金矿床均是华北地台南缘的大型金矿床，金和金(铅）矿化主要在太古宙太华群变质岩层内呈脉状产出，并且同中生代燕山期花岗岩类具密切的时空分布关系。文章对文峪金矿床、东闯金（铅）矿床、花岗岩类侵入岩和变质岩地层的硫和铅同位素组成进行了系统研究，对不同地质体的硫和铅同位素变化特征进行了详细讨论。研究结果表明：中生代花岗岩体起源于太古言变质岩的重熔和岩浆结晶分异作用。金的成矿作用发生在中生代燕山期，成矿物质主要来自花岗岩类侵入岩，岩浆热流体对太古富变质岩地层的淋滤作用亦为金矿床的形成提供了部分物质来源。     

吉林夹皮沟金矿床主成矿时代的确定及找矿方向

夹皮沟金矿床主成矿时代一直悬而未决，矿区及外围找矿始终处于排徊阶段。通过构造、岩浆岩、脉岩和标型矿物等综合地质分析，结合４４条脉岩ＫＡｒ年龄的统计和含金石英脉石英流体包裹体ＲｂＳｒ同位素测试等表明，夹皮沟金矿带主成矿时代为燕山期。燕山期正是太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲，造成华北地台东部强烈岩浆活动、深大断裂和环太平洋成矿带形成的最佳期。找矿靶区应重点选定在夹皮沟大砬子深大断裂两侧中生代构造系统和脉岩体附近。     

Role of fluid mixing and wallrock sulfidation in gold mineralization at the Semna mine area,central Eastern Desert of Egypt: Evidence from hydrothermal alteration,fluid inclusions and stable isotope data

The Semna gold deposit is one of several vein-type gold occurrences in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt, where gold-bearing quartz veins are confined to shear zones close to the boundaries of small granitoid stocks. The Semna gold deposit is related to a series of sub-parallel quartz veins along steeply dipping WNW-trending shear zones, which cut through tectonized metagabbro and granodiorite rocks. The orebodies exhibit a complex structure of massive and brecciated quartz consistent with a change of the paleostress field from tensional to simple shear regimes along the pre-existing fault segments. Textural, structural and mineralogical evidence, including open space structures, quartz stockwork and alteration assemblages, constrain on vein development during an active fault system. The ore mineral assemblage includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, subordinate arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite and gold. Hydrothermal chlorite, carbonate, pyrite, chalcopyrite and kaolinite are dominant in the altered metaggabro; whereas, quartz, sericite, pyrite, kaolinite and alunite characterize the granodiorite rocks in the alteration zones. Mixtures of alunite, vuggy silica and disseminated sulfides occupy the interstitial open spaces, common at fracture intersections. Partial recrystallization has rendered the brecciation and open space textures suggesting that the auriferous quartz veins were formed at moderately shallow depths in the transition zone between mesothermal and epithermal veins.Petrographic and microthermometric studies aided recognition of CO₂-rich, H₂O-rich and mixed H₂O–CO₂ fluid inclusions in the gold-bearing quartz veins. The H₂O–CO₂ inclusions are dominant over the other two types and are characterized by variable vapor: liquid ratios. These inclusions are interpreted as products of partial mixing of two immiscible carbonic and aqueous fluids. The generally light δ³⁴S of pyrite and chalcopyrite may suggest a magmatic source of sulfur. Spread in the final homogenization temperatures and bulk inclusion densities are likely due to trapping under pressure fluctuation through repeated fracture opening and sealing. Conditions of gold deposition are estimated on basis of the fluid inclusions and sulfur isotope data as 226–267 °C and 350–1100 bar, under conditions transitional between mesothermal and epithermal systems.The Semna gold deposit can be attributed to interplay of protracted volcanic activity (Dokhan Volcanics?), fluid mixing, wallrock sulfidation and a structural setting favoring gold deposition. Gold was transported as Au-bisulfide complexes under weak acid conditions concomitant with quartz–sericite–pyrite alteration, and precipitated through a decrease in gold solubility due to fluid cooling, mixing with meteoric waters and variations in pH and fO₂.