利用包裹体PVTx和PetroMod盆地模拟系统反演鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界古流体压力

包裹体捕获压力反映了油气藏形成时的流体压力,对于成藏过程具有重要的指示意义。本文尝试结合包裹体PVTx相态模拟及Petro Mod盆地模拟两种方法反演鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界古流体压力。以鄂尔多斯盆地天环凹陷地区布1井为例,利用包裹体PVTx相态模拟得到布1井2个包裹体样品均一温度及捕获压力分别为98.2℃,34.38MPa和121℃,30.01MPa。由Petro Mod盆地模拟生成布1井的热演化史及古流体压力史,将二者结果结合推导出包裹体形成时间。结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地天环凹陷地区主要成藏时间为122~100Ma(晚白垩世)。结合烃源岩生烃史,推测包裹体流体形成于上古生界烃源岩快速生烃阶段,对应成熟度范围约为Ro≈0.68%~0.76%。     

异常高压驱动石油运移成藏——鄂尔多斯盆地延长组多相态烃类沸腾包裹体证据

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组裂隙充填的方解石脉中含有大量多相态烃类包裹体,包括固体沥青+液态油+气态烃3相包裹体、气/液比差别很大(最小仅为5%,最大超过70%)的液态油+气态烃二相包裹体以及纯液态油包裹体、盐水+液态油+气态烃3相包裹体等。岩相学观察表明,这些不同相态烃类包裹体是被同时捕获形成的共生不混溶包裹体,气/液比不同的烃类包裹体具有相近的均一温度,分布范围较小(74 ℃～117 ℃),综合分析认为它们是在沸腾状态下被同时捕获的。不同相态烃类包裹体显微傅里叶红外光谱和荧光光谱不同,表明其烃类成分的差异。油/源对比研究表明烃类包裹体与长8油层的原油均来源于长7烃源岩。结合盆地区域构造演化分析认为,延长组长7油层组厚层烃源岩层在埋藏热演化和油气形成过程中出现的过剩压力,在早白垩世油气形成高峰阶段达到顶峰,鄂尔多斯盆地在晚白垩世抬升和剥蚀产生的卸载作用导致延长组长7烃源岩层在超高压下破裂,其中积聚的石油因压力突降而沸腾并沿裂隙排出并运移进入特低渗致密砂岩储层成藏。     

三种类型烃-烃不混溶包裹体组合的特征和热力学条件的计算

在自然界广泛分布着烃-烃不混溶体系中捕获的流体包裹体,由于这些包裹体具有复杂的组成和相态,因此不混溶包裹体组合的判别和热力学参数的计算常常难以进行。根据烃-烃不混溶体系中两个端员组分流体包裹体室温下的相态特征和在温度-压力平面图上等容线交点显示的位置,划分成三种类型流体包裹体组合,本文介绍了三种类型流体包裹体组合特征,叙述了不混溶烃-烃包裹体组合的测定和判别方法,并且阐述均一化包裹体相态方程和气-液平衡常数原理和方法。与此同时列攀了自然界简单的三种类型不混溶烃-烃包裹体组合的测定、判别和计算的几个实例,利用相态方程和气．液平衡常数,不但精确地计算出包裹体均一压力,并且精确地计算出流体密度和体积等热力学参数。最后,利用均一成气相和液相的两种包裹体在p—T平面图上等容线交点同样计算出流体包裹体组合的捕获温度和压力。     

塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系成岩流体演化与油气成藏时期的耦合关系

尽管流体包裹体均一温度-埋藏史投影法已被广泛地应用于油气成藏时期确定,但对于多旋回叠合盆地仍存在不确定性,即同一个均一温度可对应两个或者两个以上埋藏深度.为减少这种多解性,对研究区63件样品进行了岩石学观察、碳氧同位素测试和流体包裹体系统分析测试,运用成岩序列约束及流体包裹体均一温度和捕获压力双参数来约束确定油气成藏年龄.在确定油包裹体及其同期盐水包裹体的均一温度、油包裹体的气泡填充度和包裹体油组分基础之上,利用PVTsim热动力学模拟软件恢复油包裹体最小捕获压力.将油包裹体捕获压力和其同期盐水包裹体均一温度投影到埋藏史图上来求取油气充注年龄,再把充注年龄标注在同一时间轴上进行油气成藏期次划分和成藏时期确定.结果表明,塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系存在3期油充注:第一期发生在加里东晚期447.1~444.0 Ma;第二期发生在海西晚期295.0~274.7 Ma;第三期发生在喜山期14.7~8.8 Ma.第一期和第二期充注的油气在构造"跷跷板"运动过程中发生了破坏或调整,第三期充注油气才可能是勘探的现实目标.      

油气和含油气包裹体及其在油气地质地球化学研究中的意义

本文在综合前人研究的基础上，结合笔者的工作经验，提出了一个实用的油气和含油气包裹体分类方案，详细论述了各类油气和含油气包裹体的相态、组成和均一温度特征。在同一油气藏，均一温度越高，油相包裹体中的气态烃和挥发份的含量也越高。依据油相包裹体的均一温度的变化及其与同生水溶液包裹体的均一温度的关系可以研究油气藏在充填过程中油气组成，特别是气态烃和挥发份含量的演变。进而可以研究油气藏的油源--生油岩的类型和热演化程度。本文评述了依据油相包裹体和同生水溶液包裹体ＰＶＴ相图推断其捕获温度和压力范围的有效性和局限性。最后讨论了各类油气和含油气包裹体的成因机制及其在油气地质和地球化学研究中的意义。     

岩盐中合成烃包裹体与母油的地球化学特征及其在油源对比中的意义

油气包裹体广泛应用于油气成藏研究,但油气包裹体能否继承母油荧光及地球化学特征等,尚缺乏直接的实验证据。本文在开放体系下用NaCl挥发结晶法对一轻质原油进行合成烃类包裹体实验,通过镜下观察和激光剥蚀色谱-质谱技术分析合成的烃包裹体和母油的荧光特征、成分特征及地化特征,研究两者的异同点。结果表明,在NaCl合成烃类包裹体中共发现三种相态的包裹体:纯液相烃包裹体、气液两相烃包裹体和气油水三相包裹体;共有绿黄色荧光、蓝色荧光两种不同颜色的荧光特征。相对于母油,合成包裹体的饱和烃和芳烃类化合物中的轻质组分含量较低,可以推测在母油被捕获成为包裹体的过程中,不同的化学成分存在差异性捕获。但合成包裹体的Pr/Ph等地化参数和不同系列化合物相对含量与母油相差不大,能很好地反映母油的沉积环境等地化特征。因此,包裹体成分信息可以应用于油源对比分析。     

激光共聚焦扫描显微镜测定烃类包裹体气液比的误差校正研究

通过烃类包裹体PVT模拟可以重建捕获温度和捕获压力,气液比是影响PVT模拟结果的重要参数,然而由于缺少烃类包裹体标准样品,一直未能深入研究激光共聚焦显微镜气液比测定精度的问题。本文利用人工合成包裹体技术合成了一种用于校正激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(LSCM)测定气液比的烃类包裹体标准样品,根据已知的合成烃类包裹体的油气组成、捕获温度和捕获压力计算出烃类包裹体的理论气液比,并利用LSCM测定烃类包裹体的实际气液比,通过计算实际测试值与理论值的差值以分析实际测定气液比的误差,实现对激光共聚焦扫描显微镜的误差标定。实验结果证实,高分辨率的LSCM测定烃类包裹体气液比的绝对误差小于0.5%,可以为包裹体PVT模拟提供精确参数。本研究肯定了LSCM测定烃类包裹体气液比方法的准确性,进一步证实了烃类包裹体的PVT模拟结果可以为油气成藏研究提供可靠数据。     

烃类包裹体理论气液比计算方法及其误差分析

<正>烃类包裹体作为流体包裹体家族中特殊的一类,是油气流体保留下来的原始样品,在油气运移和油气成藏研究中有着广泛的应用,通过对其分析可以获得有关地质过程的流体信息[1]。其中烃类包裹体的气液比是进行PVT模拟的重要参数,准确获取烃类包裹体的气液比十分重要[2]。在高温高压条件下,如果矿物在形成或生长时所捕获的流体为均匀的单一相,流体相可以充满整个包裹体空腔。但是随着温度、压力的下降,流体相会发生相分离,因包裹体中不同流体的收缩系数不同,就     

琼东南盆地乐东—陵水凹陷中新统储层流体包裹体特征及成藏期研究

通过流体包裹体的镜下观察及均一温度测定,对琼东南盆地乐东—陵水凹陷中新统储层流体包裹体特征及成藏期进行了研究。研究表明:流体包裹体主要沿石英愈合裂隙呈带状分布,部分在石英颗粒边部分布或切穿多个碎屑颗粒;主要包括盐水包裹体、液烃包裹体、气烃包裹体和气液烃包裹体四种类型,其中烃类包裹体呈三期发育,荧光下多为黄色—蓝白色,有机质成熟度较高;流体包裹体的均一温度呈不连续分布,峰值主要集中在130~150℃范围内。根据流体包裹体的特征、产状及均一温度,综合分析认为,中新统储层主要发育三期烃类流体充注和一期CO2流体充注,其中第二、第三期烃类流体充注为主要成藏期,CO2流体充注发生在天然气充注晚期。结合埋藏史与热演化史可知主要成藏期为1.9 Ma~1 Ma,对应新近纪上新世莺歌海末期—第四纪更新世乐东期。     

流体包裹体在油气地质地球化学中的应用

流体包裹体研究是油气形成和成藏定量化研究的重要手段。本文总结了油气藏中流体包裹体的地质地球化学意义及其在石油、天然气研究中的应用,探讨了烃源岩和储层流体包裹体在确定源岩演化、沉积环境、有机母质类型、成熟度、油气运移充填期次等方面的应用,指出目前流体包裹体油气地球化学研究应关注的几个前沿方向：①在流体包裹体分析实验技术中,单个包裹体分析技术在油气地质定量化研究中具有重要的作用;②通过有机包裹体自然剖面与模拟实验对比研究烃类流体运移分馏,为建立油气成藏过程地球化学示踪指标提供基础参数;③通过储层中不同期次有机包裹体的化学组成、同位素组成、生物标志化合物与圈闭中已经聚集成藏的油气地球化学特征的对比研究,确定圈闭中油气的成因、来源和充填过程;④有机包裹体成烃作用研究为碳酸盐岩生烃和深层油气成因理论提供依据;这些方向的研究成果为深化油气理论、提高勘探水平具有重要意义。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861