中国的蓝片岩

<正> 蓝片岩作为板块构造的岩石学证据,近十多年来,随着对其成因解释的日趋明朗,已成为当前地学研究中的一个重要课题。 1983年9月,美国地质学会在华盛顿贝林哈姆和西雅图举行国际性蓝片岩和有关榴辉岩研究讨论会。会议期间除了讨论当前对遭受蓝片岩变质作用的造山带的认识现状之外,还从七个专题方面分别讨论:蓝片岩的相变实验,蓝片岩地体的温度压力测定,重结晶作用与构造的关系,高压变质作用后的减压、侵位和推覆构造模式,蓝片岩岩石及矿物年龄随时间演化的关系等问题。     

Metamorphic and tectonic domains of China

Abstract Ten metamorphic domains can be distinguished in China, comprising four cratonic, three intracratonic and three intercratonic domains. Each domain contains one or more metamorphic belts, each of which, in turn, contains a characteristic metamorphic facies or facies series that was formed during a distinct metamorphic epoch.
The metamorphic domains reflect the tectonic domains and tectonic evolution of China. Ancient continental nucleii in the North China and Tarim–Alxa cratons were probably unified with the Yangtze craton during the Early Proterozoic to form the China Platform. Widespread greenschist facies metamorphism, during the Middle and Late Proterozoic, accompanied by glaucophane–greenschist facies metamorphism, represents a rifting and closure event in the China Platform; a second rifting and closure event in the China Platform occurred during the Caledonian. The China and Siberian platforms were closed during the Hercynian to form the Eurasian Continent. Closure of the ancient Tethys Ocean occurred in the Indosinian epoch, and subduction and collision within Xizang (Tibet) and Taiwan occurred during Mesozoic–Cenozoic time.
The distribution in time of types of metamorphism in China suggests cyclical changes of metamorphism known as the Archaean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic megacycles. Each megacycle since the Archaean consists of a change from progressive, low- to intermediate-grade metamorphism to lower grade, greenschist metamorphism that was superimposed on a general trend in which high-grade metamorphism became progressively less important with time. The change in metamorphic megacycles shows a general secular decrease in regional heat supply during metamorphism punctuated by episodic high-grade, progressive metamorphism within orogenic belts.     

中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题刍议

本文依据大地构造理论和最新研究资料对中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题作了探讨,认为地体理论和大地构造相模式理论是相辅相成的;建议扬弃华夏古、特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域等可能束缚研究思路的概念;将板片构造、斜向碰撞与走滑纳入中国东南部碰撞造山带的研究内容。     

中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题雏议

本文依据大地构造理论和最新研究资料对中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题作了探讨，认为地体理论和大地构造相模式理论是相辅相成的；建议扬弃华夏古陆、特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域等可能束缚研究思路的概念；将板片构造、斜向碰撞与走滑纳入中国东南部碰撞造山带的研究内容     

Evidence of glaucophane-schist facies metamorphism in the East Karkonosze complex,West Sudetes,Poland

In the East Karkonosze complex (Karkonosze = Riesengebirge), which occurs at the northern margin of the Bohemian massif, rocks of the glaucophane-schist facies and transitions between the glaucophane-schist facies, greenschist facies and epidote-amphibolite facies are present. They belong to the Leszczyniec Volcanic Formation (LVF) of Cambrian/Ordovician age and to the mainly metasedimentary Czarnów Schist Formation (CSF) of Ordovician/Silurian age. Similar high-pressure, low-temperature rocks occur in the southern Karkonosze and in the Kaczawa Mountains within metavolcanic formations of approximately the same age. Petrographic and electron probe studies show complex relationships between minerals including chemical zoning. In the East Karkonosze three stages of metamorphism pre-dating contact metamorphism by late Variscan (lowermost Upper Carboniferous) granite intrusion were distinguished [stage 1: ocean floor, amphibolite facies (observed only in part of the LVF); stage 2: high-pressure, low-temperature, variably glaucophane-schist facies, high-pressure greenschist facies and epidote-amphibolite facies; stage 3: medium-pressure greenschist facies accompanied by strong deformations]. Glaucophane-schist facies rocks formed in stage 2 survived the later stages of metamorphism only in the southern part of East Karkonosze, i. e. in Lasocki Range and Rýchory. Using the Maruyama et al. (1986) geobarometer the glaucophane-bearing rocks formed at 6.5–7 Kb, those with crossite at 5–6 Kb and rocks with magnesioriebeckite/riebeckite at 4–5 Kb. Other estimates for glaucophane-bearing rocks give somewhat higher values of pressure, i. e. 7–12 Kb at temperatures between 300 and 530°C. The highest temperatures are recorded in the glaucophane- and garnet-bearing rocks. Stilpnomelane may occur in all of these rocks. The subduction/obduction episode responsible for this high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism is considered to have taken place in the early Variscan, although no geochronology is yet available to confirm this.     

早前寒武纪古地热状态的构造环境意义

区域变质作用是在造山运动中地热流和动力联合作用的体现。在早前寒武纪的造山带中,随着地壳的缩短,古地热流向构造边界聚敛,形成由高温到低温的区域变质相带序列,它既指示古地热流运移的方向,又是构造边界的指向。古地热流值的高低同构造环境的性质有关,如陆内裂陷带的区域变质仅达绿片岩相,而陆缘活动带的则可高达角闪岩相。古地热流从活动带的边界向中心运移,具有向心性,随着构造层的深埋,构成地热槽,它的片段则表现为地热斜。识别这些古地热状态,可为构造环境属性的鉴定提供有力的依据     

五台山早前寒武纪碰撞造山带中的韧性剪切带及其大地构造意义

在五台山早前寒武纪碰撞造山带中存在两种类型韧性剪切带，即逆冲型和伸展型剪切带。除变质程度不同外，南部和北部构造片体中的角闪岩相逆冲型韧性剪切带与中部构造片体中的绿片岩相逆冲型韧性剪切带具有相同的变形特征，它们形成于同一变形过程中，是造山作用早期地壳拼合阶段的产物。伸展型韧性剪切带在整个造山带都有分布，与造山作用晚期显著增厚的地壳发生大规模纵向伸展作用相联系     

论造山带的内部结构

造山带研究的主要内容包括空间、时间、结构和组成。地质学家对各具特色的造山带提出了不同的构造变形组合型式和它们内部构造单元划分方案。大地构造相在一定程度上揭示了造山带形成演化的规律。通过对研究程度较高的一些典型造山带构造单元的分析,以及对其岩性、内部构造、边界关系和演化历史的标志识别,可以判断造山作用发生的时间、强度和期次。     

藏北羌塘中部高压变质带中石榴子石白云母片岩的岩石学和变质特征

羌塘中部的高压变质带位于龙木错-双湖-澜沧江板块缝合带之上,由榴辉岩、蓝片岩和石榴子石白云母片岩组成,其形成过程对探讨板块缝合带的构造演化具有重要意义。以其中的石榴子石白云母片岩为研究对象,通过岩相学研究并结合电子探针成分分析,认为石榴子石白云母片岩中的石榴子石具有多期次变质结晶的特征,保留了岩石多期次变质的信息。结合岩石组构特征,最终确定石榴子石白云母片岩至少经历了3期次的变质作用。第一、二期均为绿片岩相,当时岩石不具定向构造且未达到高压;第三期为低温高压蓝片岩相变质作用,与区域上蓝片岩的形成及榴辉岩的蓝片岩相退变质作用大体同时,该期变质变形作用形成了岩石的片理,最终成为石榴子石白云母片岩,变质作用时代为218Ma左右。     

The intracratonic branch of the Damara Orogen in South West Africa I. Discussion of geodynamic models

The late Precambrian Damara Supergroup was deposited in a geosyncline. There is good evidence that the intracratonic branch of this geosyncline began its development with a stage of rifting which produced three widely spaced grabens in sialic crust. During a second stage of subsidence the grabens merged and formed a geosyncline. A third stage produced intense deformation associated with thrusting and nappe transport, high-grade metamorphism, anatexis and large-scale granodioritic to granitic plutonism.A discussion of lifely geodynamic interpretations leads to the conclusion that the development of the intracratonic geosyncline can be best explained by a multiple aulacogen model. The dynamics of the orogeny cannot be readily interpreted with the help of a plate tectonic subduction-collision model. Concepts based on Ramberg's (1972) gravitational instability models are considered applicable.The hypothesis is advanced that grabens, aulacogens and mobile belts may represent diverse responses of the crust to astenoliths of different sizes.     

Petrology,geochemistry and metamorphic evolution of Lancang Group in the Changning-Menglian complex belt and its implications on the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-TethysEI北大核心CSCD

Lancang Group within the Changning-Menglian complex belt in the Sanjiang area, Yunnan Province involves many kinds of meta-sediments, including staurolite-kyanite-bearing garnet-mica schist, garnet-mica schist, chloritoid-white mica schist and chlorite-glaucophane-albite schist. Detailed petrographic observation, mineral chemistry analysis and phase equilibrium modelling have shown that these meta-sediments preserve distinctly metamorphic evolutions. The staurolite-kyanite-bearing garnet-mica schist records the decompression and cooling histories related to retrograded metamorphic processes from middle-temperature eclogite facies to amphibolite facies with a peak mineral assemblage of garnet + kyanite + phengite + jadeite formed at the P-T condition of about 19 similar to 30kbar and 600 similar to 750 degrees C. For the garnet-mica schist, the peak metamorphic mineral association constrained by X-Prp and X-Grs in garnet, and Si content in phengite includes garnet + phengite + omphacite + lawsonite + paragonite and the related P-T condition is around 17 similar to 19. 5kbar and 430 similar to 475 degrees C . The chloritoid-white mica schist is characterized by the mineral assemblage of chloritoid + phengite + paragonite + chlorite whereas the peak mineral assemblage includes phengite + paragonite + carpholite. The peak P-T condition defined by Si content in phengite is limited in the range of 17 similar to 19kbar and 300 similar to 330 degrees C. Both garnet-mica schist and chloritoid-white mica schist consistently record heating and decompression processes from lawsonite-blueschist facies to epidote-blueschist facies. Metamorphic reactions and mineralogy of chlorite-glaucophane-albite schist roughly give the P-T condition of 9 similar to 11kbar and 430 similar to 520 degrees C. Studies on the geochemistry of Lancang Group reveal that these meta-sediments show the geochemistry affinity to the continental arc, active continental margin and upper crust sediments. The protoliths are mainly mud rock and sandstone with low maturity and a little of mafic-intermediate volcanic rock. The sediment sources are predominantly intermediate-acid magmatic rocks with old sedimentary contamination to different degree. Tectonic discrimination diagrams show that meta-sediments in the Lancang Group are mainly derived from the continental island arc or active continental margin tectonic setting. Combined with the metamorphism and geochemistry characteristics of these rocks in the Changning-Menglian complex belt, it is therefore inferred that the meta-sediments of Lancang Group display various metamorphic evolutions. Lancang Group are considered to have experienced multi-phase/stage and complex tectonic evolution histories.     

大别山古缝合线的研究

<正> 大别山地区北西西—东西向古构造边界的研究,是在李春昱先生的热情指导和支持下进行的,通过大量实际资料充分地证明了在晋宁旋回期间,这里曾发生古华夏大洋板块向北的俯冲并消减到古中朝大陆板块之下,在大别山地区形成一条缝合线。在这条构造线上,有发育较好的蛇绿杂岩,成线型分布。它的南侧有蓝闪片岩相、榴辉岩相低温高压变质杂岩带。地球物理资料证明该区为一“阻隔”带。     

羌塘中部龙木错—双湖缝合带中硬玉石榴石二云母片岩的成因及意义

羌塘中部的高压变质带位于龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带之上,由榴辉岩、蓝片岩和石榴石白云母片岩组成。其形成过程对探讨板块缝合带的构造演化具有重要意义。2008年笔者在果干加年山地区的展金岩群湖南山岩组中发现了硬玉石榴石二云母片岩这种新的高压变质岩石类型,文中以其为研究对象,做了较为详细的岩石学、矿物学以及变质作用的研究,认为硬玉石榴石二云母片岩至少经历了二期的变质作用:第一期早期绿片岩相,形成了片理S1,其pT条件为T=425～434℃,p=300～500MPa;第二期主期蓝片岩相高压变质作用,形成岩石主期片理S2,其pT条件为T=472～481℃,p=1200～1700MPa。硬玉石榴石二云母片岩是榴辉岩折返过程中构造事件的产物,这期折返事件形成了218～220Ma的一期蓝片岩相变形-变质作用。     

秦岭洛阳—伊川—十堰—秭归地学断面大陆岩石圈的岩石学模型

根据该地学断面Ｖｐ结构模型，造山带中基性火成岩、金伯利岩和花岗岩中的深源包体资料，以及火成岩和变质岩，特别是超高压变质岩和超基性岩的分布和组成所揭示的壳幔深部组成的信息，结合与相对应的岩石实验Ｖｐ数据的对比，建立了秦岭洛阳－伊川－十堰－秭归地学断面及邻区的岩石圈组成的岩石学模型。这一岩石学模型表明，华北与扬子克拉通，南北秦岭造山带与其克拉通的过渡带岩石圈的岩石学模型各不相同。华北克拉通下地壳是以麻粒岩相中酸性片麻岩和紫苏花岗岩为主，同时含有基性麻粒岩，而扬子克拉通的下地壳是以角闪岩相－麻粒岩相酸性片麻岩和ＴＴＧ为主体，广泛存在基性火成岩层。南北秦岭造山带的中下地壳各自继承了扬子和华北克拉通的中下地壳的特点，但已被强烈改造；南北秦岭造山带上地幔组成差异性较大，北秦岭上地幔上部以榴辉岩及榴闪岩为主，而南秦岭以蛇纹石化橄榄岩为主体，各单元１００ｋｍ以下的地幔都是一样的，都是石榴石二辉橄榄岩组成。因此，秦岭造山带是一个具有近３０亿年历史的由不同大陆块体拼合组成的，不具简单的岩石圈分层结构样式。     

沉积大地构造相划分与鉴别

沉积大地构造相是反映陆块区、洋区、洋与陆块之间的陆缘区(活动和被动陆缘)形成演变过程中, 在各个演化阶段及其特定的大地构造环境中形成的沉积盆地及其充填序列, 是表达大陆岩石圈板块在离散、汇聚、碰撞、走滑等动力学过程中形成的不同类型沉积盆地及其综合产物, 具有恢复陆块区和造山系形成演化的功能.为从大地构造环境和沉积盆地分析角度系统剖析中国大陆新元古代以来纷繁复杂的大陆增生历程, 根据中国大陆形成演化特点, 提出一套沉积大地构造相(沉积盆地类型)划分方案, 并简述其大地构造环境鉴别标志.该划分方案分4级(相系、大相、相和亚相): 一级为陆块区(含地块)相系和造山系相系.陆块区按构造古地理位置和区域构造应力场进一步划分出二级和三级单元.造山系由弧盆系、叠接带和对接带大相构成, 是岩石圈板块大规模水平运动, 在洋陆转换过程中岛弧增生、弧-弧碰撞、弧-陆碰撞、陆-陆碰撞和陆内俯冲的产物, 常表现为复杂岩石组成、复杂褶皱和断裂构造的巨大山系; 叠接带大相主要由弧-弧碰撞和弧-陆碰撞时, 在陆缘形成的洋-陆转化增生带, 是软碰撞产物; 对接带大相由陆-陆碰撞形成, 是硬碰撞产物.在造山系的弧盆系、叠接带和对接带大相之下, 按洋盆演化-洋陆转化历程所产生的系列构造古地理环境和建造, 进一步划分出洋盆、弧前盆地、弧间盆地、弧后盆地、残余海盆、周缘前陆盆地、弧后前陆盆地等大地构造相单元.      

鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩构造-沉积分异及成藏效应

鄂尔多斯盆地碳酸盐岩是当前的油气勘探热点。当前对鄂尔多斯盆地不同构造区的潜在碳酸盐岩储层及圈闭仍认识不清，阻碍了勘探目标优选。本文通过构造-沉积分异特征分析，揭示了鄂尔多斯盆地早古生代碳酸盐岩台地的构造-沉积分异演化过程及其后期构造改造分异特征。结果表明，受中央古隆起和陆表海环境的控制，盆地南缘以发育镶边礁滩相储层为特征，西缘以发育层状弱镶边礁滩储层为特征，内克拉通则以局限的台地潮坪白云岩储层为特征；三个不同构造-沉积分异区的碳酸盐岩建造都具备成藏条件，但遭受的构造形变具有显著差异，可分为西缘压性构造区、南缘张性构造区和内克拉通稳定构造区；西缘陆内前陆盆地的破碎褶皱带的有利圈闭包括逆掩断层遮挡圈闭和向斜中的次级背斜圈闭；南缘受渭北地堑影响形成的张性构造带发育基底潜山相关圈闭；内克拉通的伊陕斜坡带为一长期保持构造稳定的弱改造的大型单斜构造，以发育岩性圈闭型为特征，岩性圈闭的沉积相分布主要受陆表海旋转潮汐流的约束。      

大地构造相的定义、划分、特征及其鉴别标志

大地构造相是反映陆块区和造山系(带)形成演变过程中,在特定演化阶段、特定构造部位的大地构造环境中,形成的一套岩石-构造组合,是表达大陆岩石圈板块经过离散、聚合碰撞、旋扭等动力学过程而形成的地质构造作用的综合产物,具有恢复与揭示陆块区和造山系(带)的组成、结构、演化与成矿地质背景的功能。根据板块构造理论的基本原理和长期研究中国大陆构造的实践经验,在前人大地构造研究的基础上提出了一个比较系统和详细的大地构造相划分方案。总结了这些大地构造相的基本特征及其鉴别标志,不仅丰富了大陆板块构造研究的内容,而且为区域成矿地质背景和资源预测的研究提供了新的思维和工作方法。大地构造相的鉴别也是厘定大地构造单元属性、划分大地构造演化阶段的重要标志。     

中国大陆地壳“镶嵌与叠覆”的结构特征及其演化

初步探讨了中国大陆地壳“块带镶嵌多层叠覆”的结构特征和多阶段的构造演化过程。中国大陆地壳新元古代中期以来的一级构造单元有中朝、塔里木、扬子、敦煌4个陆块和中央、西北、东北、西南、东南5个造山区(带)。中朝陆块的形成源于古元古代期间发生的古大陆裂解;扬子、塔里木和敦煌陆块的形成源于新元古代早期发生的古大陆裂解。西北造山区的形成源于古生代晚期洋盆关闭、大陆碰撞并叠加新生代陆内再造山;东北造山带的形成过程包括古生代碰撞造山及中生代增生、碰撞造山;中央造山带至三叠纪大陆碰撞才最后形成并叠加有新生代再造山;东南造山带的形成经历了古生代至新生代的多次造山作用;西南造山带主要是中—新生代造山作用的产物。这些单元都具有“块带镶嵌多层叠覆”的结构特征和多阶段构造演化的特点。中国大陆地壳的形成与演化可以划分为太古宙—古元古代、中元古代—新元古代早期、新元古代中期—古新世和始新世以来4个构造阶段,每个阶段都对应不同的超大陆裂解-聚合旋回。其中新元古代中期以来的地壳形成演化与全球洋陆格局中的古亚洲洋、古特提斯洋、古太平洋、特提斯洋和太平洋5个动力学体制有关,相应地可以归结为古亚洲、古特提斯、古太平洋、特提斯和太平洋5个造山域。正是这些多阶段的超大     

Geodynamic settings and formation conditions of crystalline complexes in the south Altai and south Gobi metamorphic belts

The Hercynian mobile belts in Central Asia comprise the Hercynian proper and the Late Hercynian (Indosinian) belts separated by the South Gobi microcontinent, the origin of which is related to the evolution of the South Mongolian and Inner Mongolian basins with the oceanic crust. Crystalline complexes within these belts occur as tectonic sheets of a variety of sizes. At the early stages, the metamorphic grade of these complexes reached conditions of high-temperature subfacies of amphibolite and locally developed granulite facies. In tectonic terms, the Hercynian belt of metamorphic rocks is situated at the margin of the North Asian Caledonian continent and extends from the southeast to the northwest along the southern slope of the Gobi, Mongolian, and Chinese Altai to East Kazakhstan, where metamorphic rocks are localized in the Irtysh Shear Zone. All these rocks are combined into the South Altai metamorphic belt of more than 1500 km in extent. Another belt of isolated outcrops of crystalline rocks conventionally combined into the Indosinian South Gobi metamorphic belt is traced along the junction of the Hercynides with the South Gobi microcontinent. The high-grade metamorphic rocks within both belts are not fragments of an ensialic Caledonian or older basement. These rocks were formed 390–360 and 230–220 Ma ago as a result of the closure of the Tethian South Mongolian and Inner Mongolian oceanic basins (Paleotethys I and Paleotethys II). The spatial position of the South Altai and South Gobi metamorphic belts is caused by the asymmetric structure of the Tethian basins, where active continental margins are expressed most distinctly along their northern parts, while passive margins extend along the southern parts (in present-day coordinates).     

The Avalon Zone: A Pan-African terrane in the Appalachian Orogen of Canada

The Precambrian sequences of the Avalon Zone in Canada (southeastern margin of the Appalachian Orogen) are interpreted as a Pan-African orogenic belt incorporated into the Appalachian Orogen during Palaeozoic times as its southeastern margin. The Precambrian evolution of the Avalon Zone was genetically unrelated to subsequent Palaeozoic evolution. The Avalon Zone shows marked similarities in age, tectonic history, and facies development to the Pan-African belts adjacent to the West African Craton. Precambrian evolution of the zone began with circa 800 Ma rifting of a sialic gneissic basement and deposition of a Middle Proterozoic(?) carbonate-clastic cover sequence. Early crustal rifting was associated with localized partial melting and metamorphism. Limited crustal separation led to the restricted development of circa 760 Ma oceanic volcanics. Continued rifting and subsequent closure of these narrow ocean basins led to the eruption of widespread subaerial volcanic suites, block faulting, granite plutonism, and local, late Proterozoic sedimentary basin formation. Precambrian evolution of the zone terminated with the Avalonian Orogeny (circa 650-600 Ma), a deformational event, the affects of which are most evident locally along the northwestern margin of the zone. The controlling features of the Proterozoic evolution of the Avalon Zone are a series of linear intracratonic troughs and small ocean basins that formed during thinning and separation of the crust by ductile spreading, rupture, and delamination (cf. Martin and Porada 1977). The variation in degree of crustal separation led to subsequent variation in orogenesis during late Proterozoic compression. The zone marks the original westward limit of Pan-African activity and displays no apparent genetic link with the Appalachian Orogen in Canada until Devonian times.