深海热液喷口微生物群落研究进展

1977年在太平洋上的加拉帕戈斯群岛附近深2 500 m的深海热液区首次发现了独立的生命体系,它被认为是海洋生物学研究领域中最为重大的发现之一[1-2]。自此,对深海热液喷口生物群落的调查研究吸引了无数科学家的眼球,成为了海洋生物学研究领域的热点之一。30余年来,随着海洋生物学研     

基于PXRF的西南印度洋脊硫化物表层沉积物地球化学找矿研究

海底热液喷发形成的热液羽状流中富含成矿物质,并沉淀在距离热液喷口不等的范围内。对西南印度洋中脊热液喷口附近、距离喷口中等距离、远离喷口的六个表层沉积物样品开展了不同粒度沉积物的便携式XRF（PXRF）分析。结果表明,PXRF可以有效获得的洋中脊钙质沉积物中成矿元素的富集特征。>40目的沉积物样品具有较高的Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn等元素含量,40目以下沉积物中则相对稳定,可能与粗粒沉积物中玄武岩碎屑/玻璃含量较高有关,与镜下鉴定结果一致。以热液喷口为中心,表层沉积物中表现出Cu、Zn、As、Fe、Mn的元素分带,靠近喷口的沉积物中具有较高的成矿元素的含量,并具有较高的Cu/Fe、Zn/Fe比值或者Cu/Mn与Zn/Mn比值。上述结论表明,洋中脊沉积物中成矿元素的含量主要受与喷口的距离的影响,而与粒度的关系不大,洋中脊沉积物地球化学找矿应采用40目以下粒径沉积物作为分析样品。通过PXRF获得的Cu、Zn、As、Fe、Mn等元素含量及其比值特征可以作为海底多金属硫化物沉积物地球化学找矿的指标,该方法满足快速有效识别洋中脊沉积物中地球化学异常的要求。     

劳盆地热液喷口沉积物微生物多样性初步研究

采用聚合酶链式反应限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)技术对劳盆地热液区TVG9站位沉积物中细菌、古菌多样性进行了调查,并构建其细菌、古菌种群的16S rRNA基因文库.研究结果表明,该站位细菌包含变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)、硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospira),疣微菌(Verrucomicrobia)等3个类群,其中变形杆菌占据优势地位,由Alphaproteobactria,Gamaproteobactria,Deltaproteobactria等3个亚群组成.古菌包含泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌(Euryarchaeota),其中泉古菌占优势,由MG Ⅰ (Marine Group Ⅰ)和MCG(Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group)两类群组成,而广古菌主要由MBGE(Marine Benthic Group E)组成.旨在揭示深海热液区的微生物多样性,为生态环境的研究提供理论支持.     

西南印度洋深海热液区铠甲虾初探

简述了深海热液区铠甲虾的分类研究现状,整理出铠甲虾总科下属科的形态分类检索表,并对2008年10月-2009年2月中国大洋科考第20航次在西南印度洋深海热液区获得的铠甲虾样品进行详细的形态描述和分类,初步鉴定为5种,隶属于2科5属,分别是:劣柱虾科(Chirostylidae)的折尾虾(Uroptychus sp.),...     

西南印度洋脊49.6°E热液区热液产物和玄武岩地球化学特征

利用X射线荧光法和ICP-MS等方法对取自超慢速扩张的西南印度洋脊(SWIR) 49.6°E热液区的热液产物和玄武岩样品进行元素地球化学特征分析研究,结果表明:(1)与亏损型洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)相比,研究区玄武岩样品的主量元素组成显示其偏碱性,而微量元素对比表明该区玄武岩明显富集Pb元素;(2)对热液产物的综合分析表明这些样品多为Fe-Si-Mn氧羟化物且都为热液来源;(3)热液产物的∑REE含量介于玄武岩和海水之间,经球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素(REE)分布模式均表现出Eu正异常和轻稀土(LREE)富集的特征。另外,本研究还表明,利用玄武岩和热液产物地球化学指标不仅能够模拟出以热液喷口为中心的元素地球化学晕,而且能反映出热液活动的影响范围。     

西南印度洋中脊表层沉积物中存在热液组分的地球化学证据

Hydrothermal materials in deep-sea sediments provide a robust tracer to the localized hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges. Major, trace and rare earth element(REE) data for surface sediments collected from the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge are presented to examine the existence of hydrothermal component.Biogenic carbonate oozes dominate all the sediment samples, with CaO content varying from 85.5% to 89.9% on a volatile-free basis. The leaching residue of bulk sediments by ~5% HCl is compositionally comparable to the Upper Continental Crust(UCC) in SiO_2, Al_2O_3, CaO, MgO, alkali elements(Rb, Cs) and high field strength elements(Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti). These detritus-hosted elements are inferred to be prominently derived from the Australian continent by means of eolian dust, while the contribution of local volcaniclastics is insignificant. In addition, the residual fraction shows a clear enrichment in Fe, Mn, and Ba compared with the UCC. Combining the positive Eu anomaly of residual fraction which is opposed to the UCC but the characteristic of hydrothermal fluids and associated precipitates occurred at mid-ocean ridges, the incorporation of localized hydrothermal component can be constrained. REE mixing calculations indicate that more than half REE within the residual fraction(~55%–60%) are derived from a hydrothermal component, which is inferred to be resulted from a diffuse fluid mineralization. The low-temperature diffuse flow may be widely distributed along the slow-ultraslow spreading ridges where crustal faults and fissures abound, and probably have a great mineralization potential.     

冲绳海槽南部热液区附近柱状沉积物中微生物的垂直分布多样性及其对环境因子的响应

近年来,海底热液环境中的微生物及其环境适应机制已经成为海洋科学研究的热点。目前,相关的研究主要集中在表层沉积物及微生物的水平分布多样性方面,而对柱状沉积物中微生物垂直分布多样性研究却很少。本文基于西太平洋冲绳海槽南部热液区附近S2站位的柱状沉积物样品,通过对其不同层位的样品进行分离培养和16S rRNA基因高通量测序,揭示了样品中可培养微生物和总体微生物的垂直群落分布特征,同时结合对样品主量元素、微量元素、碳氮含量等指标的评估和冗余分析等统计学方法,讨论了微生物群落结构及其对环境因子的响应。研究发现该位点的柱状沉积物有机质含量较为贫乏,存在两个富含Cu-Zn-Pb的层;各个层位的沉积物中微生物类群均以变形菌为主要类群,同时表层沉积物表现出更高的微生物多样性。此外研究还表明柱状沉积物中有机碳含量与其微生物的群落组成有着更为密切的关系。总之, 本研究的结果和获得的菌种资源为进一步深入研究海底热液环境中微生物参与元素地球化学循环的过程提供了一定的基础。     

东太平洋海隆深海热液区沉积物古菌多样性分析

采用PCR-RFLP方法对东太平洋海隆深海热液区3个站位沉积物中的古菌多样性进行了初步研究.结果显示,从古菌16S rRNA基因文库中随机挑取的296个阳性克隆分属奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota,47.64%）、广古菌门（Euryarchaeota,44.93%）、泉古菌门（Crenarchaeota,6.77%）和未分类古菌（0.68%）,其中优势菌群为奇古菌门的亚硝化侏儒菌属（Nitrosopumilus,35.47%）和广古菌门的热原体纲（Thermoplasmata,27.03%）,DHVE3、DHVE5、DHVE6、MBGB和MBGE类群在沉积物样品中也均有发现.另外,3个站位沉积物中古菌类群组成存在差异,S5-TVG1站位样品文库的97个古菌克隆分属奇古菌门（49.48%）、广古菌门（49.48%）和泉古菌门（1.03%）,S14-TVG10站位样品文库的103个古菌克隆由奇古菌门（84.47%）和广古菌门（15.53%）组成,S16-TVG12站位样品文库的96个古菌克隆包括广古菌门（71.88%）、泉古菌门（19.79%）、奇古菌门（6.25%）和未分类古菌（2.08%）.研究结果表明,东太平洋海隆深海热液区沉积物中古菌多样性丰富,存在着许多新的古菌菌群;不同站位古菌菌群结构以及多样性存在差异,这与其所处环境的热液活动密切相关.     

西南印度洋真光层海水中固氮细菌多样性

本文通过构建克隆文库和基因测序的方法研究了西南印度洋真光层海水中固氮细菌nifH基因的多样性。从构建的2个nifH基因克隆文库中共获得76条有效序列,其中46条来自CTD13-30 m文库,分属10个OTUs;30条来自CTD13-125 m文库,分属8个OTUs。系统发育分析结果显示,研究站位nifH基因序列主要分布于Cluster I和Cluster III两个分支,其中Cluster I中包含蓝细菌和变形菌两个分支,蓝细菌以Group B为优势类群,并未获得束毛藻和Group A的nifH基因序列。此外还有少数nifH基因序列分布于Cluster II。总体来看,西南印度洋固氮生物基因与大西洋的亲缘关系更近;固氮生物的多样性较为丰富,受环境条件的影响,群落结构与其它热带、亚热带寡营养海域具有明显的不同。     

西南印度洋洋中脊热液A区海底地震仪数据处理初步成果

在西南印度洋热液活动A区(49°39′E)开展的三维海底地震仪(OBS)探测实验为研究该区域的深部地壳/上地幔结构提供了重要基础,而OBS数据处理是获取研究区三维速度结构的基础环节。文章介绍了此次实验中所用的3种不同类型OBS(国产、法国和德国OBS)的数据处理流程,包括地震数据解编处理、截裁处理和地震信号的可视化处理;并以第2790炮为例分析了3种类型OBS记录数据的波形和频谱特征。结果表明,由于受不同类型OBS的频带、传感器和拾震器等影响,国产与法国OBS都能记录到长周期和短周期噪音,而德国OBS只记录到短周期噪音;但经带通滤波后,3种类型OBS都能够很好地压制噪音,突出有用的气枪信号;对比3种类型OBS(分别以OBS04、OBS08和OBS23为例)沿主测线X1X2的综合记录剖面,发现3种类型OBS都能够记录到多组清晰可靠的P波震相,如直达水波、Pg、PmP和Pn震相,为下一步A区的三维层析成像奠定了坚实数据基础。     

Microbial community structure and diversity in deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediments along the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre

The aim of this study is to investigate microbial structures and diversities in five active hydrothermal fields’ sediments along the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre (ELSC) in the Lau Basin (southwest Pacific). Microbial communities were surveyed by denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone library analysis of 16S rRNA genes. The differences in microbial community structures among sediment samples from the five deep-sea hydrothermal sites were revealed by DGGE profiles. Cluster analysis of DGGE profiles separated the five hydrothermal samples into two groups. Four different 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, representing two selected hydrothermal samples (19-4TVG8 and 19-4TVG11), were constructed. Twenty-three and 32 phylotypes were identified from 166 and 160 bacterial clones respectively, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae and Planctomycetes. The phylum Proteobacteria is dominant in both bacterial libraries with a predominance of Gamma-Proteobacteria. A total of 31 and 25 phylotypes were obtained from 160 and 130 archaeal clones respectively, including Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group, Marine Group Ⅰ and Ⅲ, Marine Benthic Group E, Terrestrial Hot Spring Crenarchaeota and Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota. These results show a variety of clones related to those involved in sulfur cycling, suggesting that the cycling and utilization of sulfur compounds may extensively occur in the Lau Basin deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem.     

Colonization of Sulfurovum sp. on the gill surfaces of Alvinocaris longirostris, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp

Deep‐sea hydrothermal vents are unique light‐independent ecosystems that are sustained by chemosynthetic bacteria. For many of the invertebrates inhabiting in such environments, bacteria play essential roles in both energy acquisition and detoxification of potentially toxic gases such as H₂S. In this study, the bacterial flora present on the gills of Alvinocaris longirostris (Bresiliidae: Caridea), a shrimp inhabiting hydrothermal vents (1532 m depth) at the Hatoma Knoll of the Okinawa Trough, was investigated. Bacterial 16S rDNA fragments were successfully amplified from the gills and 70% of these fragments showed an identical pattern in the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. These fragments were assigned to the ribotype AL‐1. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that AL‐1 forms a monophyletic clade with Sulfurovum spp. (ε‐Proteobacteria). Fluorescence in situ hybridization for AL‐1 and electron microscopy showed the presence of short‐rod bacteria lining up on the cuticular layer of the surface of the gill filaments. These results suggest that bacterial association with gills also occurs in bresiliid shrimps.     

Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount

Spatial distribution, diversity, and composition of bacterial communities within the shallow sub-seafloor at the deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Western Pacific Ocean, were investigated. Fluids were sampled from four boreholes in this area. Each borehole was located near or away from active vents, the distance ranging 2–40 m from active vents. In addition, fluids discharging from a natural vent and ambient seawater were sampled in this area. We extracted DNA from each sample, amplified bacterial 16S rRNA genes by PCR, cloned the PCR products and sequenced. The total number of clones analyzed was 348. Most of the detected phylotypes were affiliated with the phylum Proteobacteria, of which the detection frequency in each clone library ranged from 84.6% to 100%. The bacterial community diversity and composition were different between hydrothermal fluids and seawater, between fluids from the boreholes and the vent, and even among fluids from each borehole. The relative abundances of the phylotypes related to Thiomicrospira, Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly different among fluids from each borehole. The phylotypes related to Thiomicrospira and Alcanivorax were detected in all of the boreholes and vent samples. Our findings provide insights into bacterial communities in the shallow sub-seafloor environments at active deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields.     

西南印度洋龙旂热液区神盾螺共附生微生物多样性分析

深海热液区的极端环境促使热液区生物形成了独特的生存机制,即与微生物的共附生关系。本文利用高通量测序技术分析了与西南印度洋龙旂热液区神盾螺（Gigantopelta aegis）共附生微生物的种类及功能。基于16S rRNA基因 V3-V4区扩增子测序结果发现：①神盾螺共附生菌中99.99%都属于细菌域,丰度最高的是变形菌门γ-,ε-,和α-变形菌纲;②神盾螺个体Ga1和Ga3的共附生菌群落中以γ-变形菌为主,个体Ga2 中以ε-变形菌为主,表明在同一热液区生活的不同个体间其共附生菌种类也存在较大差异;③宏转录组测序结果与扩增子测序结果基本一致,即神盾螺共附生细菌中变形菌门相对丰度最高,同时发现了高丰度的硫代谢、氢代谢、甲烷代谢以及环境胁迫应答基因。神盾螺共附生微生物的研究将有助于探究深海热液喷口生物的生存和适应策略,为进一步研究奠定基础。     

西南印度洋脊龙旂热液场金属硫化物的矿物学组成及指示意义

西南印度洋脊(SWIR)是当前洋底超慢速扩张洋脊的典型代表, 具有独特的热液硫化物矿床形成机理, 对位于该洋脊的龙旂热液场硫化物样品进行了系统的矿物学分析, 结果表明:该区硫化物为高温热液喷溢活动所形成的富Fe型硫化物, 目前已经历了一定程度的氧化蚀变; 硫化物矿物组合以磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿为主, 其次是少量黄铜矿、白铁矿和(铁)闪锌矿; 黄铜矿出溶等轴古巴矿现象普遍, 部分样品中可见自然金颗粒。经综合分析, 该区热液成矿作用可划分为3个成矿阶段和1个后期海底风化阶段: (1)高温的黄铁矿+黄铜矿(等轴古巴矿) +磁黄铁矿阶段, (2)中高温的黄铁矿+闪锌矿阶段, (3)低温的胶状或莓球状黄铁矿+白铁矿+自然金阶段, (4)后期硫化物海底氧化性蚀变阶段主要是形成Fe的氧/羟化物。在整个成矿期间, 流体温度有不同程度的波动, 主要硫化物矿物形成时端元流体的温度应在335℃以上, 瞬间(短时)或局部热液的最高温度推测超过400℃。本区的磁黄铁矿属于富钴型磁黄铁矿亚类, 经历了六方磁黄铁矿+黄铁矿→单斜磁黄铁矿+黄铁矿的变化, 表明该区热液流体发生了快速降温的演化过程。     

西南印度洋脊“断桥”热液区深部地质构造研究

Polymetalic sulfide is the main product of sea-floor hydrothermal venting, and has become an important sea-floor mineral resources for its rich in many kinds of precious metal elements. Since 2007, a number of investigations have been carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association(COMRA)cruises(CCCs) along the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR). In 2011, the COMRA signed an exploration contract of sea-floor polymetallic sulfides of 10 000 km2 on the SWIR with the International Seabed Authority. Based on the multibeam data and shipborne gravity data obtained in 2010 by the R/V Dayang Yihao during the leg 6 of CCCs21, together with the global satellite surveys, the characteristics of gravity anomalies are analyzed in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field(37°39′S, 50°24′E). The "subarea calibration" terrain-correcting method is employed to calculate the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS) profile is used to constrain the two-dimensional gravity anomaly simulation. The absent Moho in a previous seismic model is also calculated.The results show that the crustal thickness varies between 3 and 10 km along the profile, and the maximum crustal thickness reaches up to 10 km in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field with an average of 7.5 km. It is by far the most thicker crust discovered along the SWIR. The calculated crust thickness at the Longqi hydrothermal field is approximately 3 km, 1 km less than that indicated by seismic models, possibly due to the outcome of an oceanic core complex(OCC).     

海底热液喷口流体中H2S浓度数据统计及其探测技术进展

统计了全球38个热液活动区264个热液喷口流体样品中的H_2S浓度数据,结果表明H_2S浓度主要受岩浆去气、水岩反应、相分离作用影响,而广泛使用的非气密保压采样技术不能反映原始喷口流体状态和化学组成,可能会造成H_2S浓度测量误差。为了提高测量数据的精度,一方面需要进一步发展气密保压采样技术,以提高样品的保真水平;另一方面利用深海原位电化学传感器或拉曼光谱系统进行海底原位探测也将是一个重要的发展方向。     

东印度洋分离的一株蓝杆藻的形态学,超显微结构以及系统发生分析

One strain of unicellular greenish algae embedded by mucilage was successfully isolated from equatorial area in the Indian Ocean. Microscopic observation, ultrastructure features and genetic identification confirmed that the strain was closely related to Cyanothece sp., which was a cyanobacteria species with great ecological significance.Cells were solitary with oval or bacilliform shapes. Diameters of this strain were relatively small, ranging from 2.5 to 6.5 μm on average. Ultrastructure of cells was simple. Thylakoids were arranged parietal and keritomized content were observed in the thylakoid region. Various electron-transparent granules with low electron-dense region as well as cyanophycin or glycogen granules-like organelle and carbonxysomes were also observed. For pigment composition, the dominant pigments were chlorophyll a, β-Carotene, Zeaxanthin and an unknown pigment, contributing 23.8%, 26.1%, 14.7% and 15.7% to total pigments respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of16 S rRNA gene and nif H gene confirmed that Strain EIO409 was closely related with Cyanothece sp..