南海深海短柱样的磁性地层学特征

对南海５个深海短柱样的磁性地层学特征进行研究后表明，在陆坡柱样沉积物中位于岩芯深约３ｍ处的反向磁性段可与蒙戈磁偏移相对比。因此，对沉积速率相对较高的陆坡碳酸盐相而言，利用反向磁偏移地层事件，可以对代表地质时限较短的深海短柱样进行等时面分析。     

Progress and Prospects in Seamount Biodiversity

Seamounts support unique biological communities and might act as important nodes of species dispersal and evolution in deep ocean ecosystems. Seamounts have been one of the few characteristic ecosystems that remain underexplored in the abyssal world. However, our knowledge of seamount animals remains very limited due to the difficulty in access to technology, resulting in controversial explanation on their fauna, biodiversity, and biogeography. There have been several hypotheses on seamount biota, including the Endemicity Hypothesis, the Source Sink Hypothesis, the Insular Isolation Hypothesis, and the Oasis Hypothesis. We summarize the pros and cons of seamount fauna and biodiversity, and put forward proposals for future investigation on seamount ecosystem.     

西太平洋——我国深海科学研究的优先战略选区

西太平洋是我国实施由浅海向深海发展战略的必经之地.从国家需求的角度来看,西太平洋海底资源丰富、海洋环境复杂,是维护国家权益的焦点、保障国防安全的屏障;从科学前沿的角度来看,西太平洋发育有独特的沟弧盆构造体系和弧后盆地热液系统,存有海底板块运动的遗迹和众多海山生态系统,更是"大洋传送带"冷暖水系的转换区.科学有序地进入西...     

中国南海海水蒸发实验过程中地球化学行径

本文所介绍的是中国南海海水室内等温蒸发过程中析序列、常量及微量元素含量分布规律，着重研究了海水蒸发过程中液相和固相矿物中结晶水氢氧同位素组成变化规律，并与四川盆地深层海源同生卤水进行了对比，从而，对卤水形成机理、资源远景评价综合利用途径等提供了科学依据。     

Microatoll record for large century-scale sea-level fluctuations in the mid-Holocene

Coral microatolls have been long used as precise indicators of past sea level, but their use for precise definition of detailed sea-level fluctuations is still rare. Here we report twelve high-precision thermal ionization mass spectrometric ²³⁰Th ages for twelve rims of five mid-Holocene microatolls from an emerged reef terrace at Leizhou Peninsula, northern South China Sea. This is a tectonically stable area, enabling us to reconstruct both the timing and trajectory of local sea-level fluctuations accurately. The elevations of these microatoll rims and cores were accurately determined relative to the surface of modern living microatolls at the same site. The results indicate that the sea level during the period of 7050–6600 yr bp (years before AD 1950) was about 171 to 219 cm above the present, with at least four cycles of fluctuations. Over this 450 yr interval, sea level fluctuated by 20–40 cm on century scales.     

The Diagenesis of Coral Reefs

Coral reefs are often constrained by diagenesis as a sound environmental archive. The correct understanding and evaluation of diagenesis is the key to the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of coral reefs. The diagenesis of coral reefs mainly includes cementation, dissolution, neomorphism and dolomitization etc. On the one hand, the diagenesis itself can record the paleoenvironment that coral reefs underwent, such as sea-level fluctuation, climate change, change of sea water, hydrothermal alteration, microbial activity and so on. The diagenetic evolution thus can be used for the reconstruction of paleoenvironment change. On the other hand, diagenesis also destroys the original environmental information which recorded of coral reefs recard, and it is necessary to know the degree of the impact of diagenesis. In the future, we should pay more attention to the study on the relationships among diagenesis, modern climate, sea-level change, atmospheric water transformation and microbial activity. It can provide more accurate and longer time series of paleoenvironmental information that coral reefs recorded.     

20万年来南海古海洋研究的主要进展

南海第四纪古海洋学的研究,从ODP184航次以来获得了快速的发展,已经成为国内外古海洋研究的重点地区之一。试图对国内外文献作一综述,介绍近20万年以来高分辨率的南海古海洋研究进展。综述主要涉及温度、盐度、生产力和上层水体的变化,重点介绍南海季风的研究成果。南海浮游有孔虫氧同位素曲线具有MIS3.3和MIS6.5期偏轻,MIS5.5和MIS7.3期偏重的特征,已被称为"季风型氧同位素曲线"。不同于代表全球冰量变化的底栖有孔虫氧同位素曲线(即SPEC-MAP曲线),"季风型氧同位素曲线"具明显的2万年岁差周期,代表了季风降水的影响。快速气候变化事件也有较为完整的记录,揭示了热带地区在快速气候变化中也发挥着重要的作用。     

工业革命以来南海珊瑚钙化生长对海洋升温的响应

珊瑚礁不仅滋养着近1/3的海洋生物, 同时也贡献了近一半的浅海碳酸盐沉积, 在海洋碳循环中扮演重要角色。然而, 在"CO2问题"的影响下, 珊瑚钙化受到来自海洋升温和酸化的双重胁迫, 致使珊瑚礁生态系统遭受到严重的扰动。我国南海由北至南分布有大量的珊瑚礁, 在近几十年来活珊瑚覆盖率和生物多样性都呈现退化的趋势, 但尚不清楚珊瑚钙化是否也同样受到气候变化的干扰而处于退化状态。本研究汇集了目前已报道的南海滨珊瑚钙化生长的重建记录, 分别对海南岛、西沙和南沙典型珊瑚礁区的滨珊瑚钙化生长演变特征进行了对比分析, 探讨了工业革命以来南海珊瑚钙化对海水温度变化的响应情况。研究结果表明, 南海近岸和离岸的滨珊瑚骨骼密度均呈现长期下降的趋势; 而骨骼生长速率呈现多年代际的波动变化, 近50年以来仅在西沙显示出下降趋势, 这使得珊瑚综合的钙化速率在西沙和南沙均出现明显退化。进一步分析表明, 海水温度对南海滨珊瑚钙化生长有显著影响, 并且不同海域的背景温度决定着珊瑚骨骼生长对海表温度变化的响应情况。具体来说, 西沙和南沙的滨珊瑚骨骼密度受温度影响显著, 随着海温升高而逐渐降低, 而骨骼生长速率和钙化速率对温度变化并无明显响应。与前两者不同, 海南东部滨珊瑚的骨骼密度与温度变化关系并不显著, 而其骨骼生长速率和钙化速率受升温影响而有升高的趋势。这些差异可能反映了海南岛较低的冬季温度限制了珊瑚骨骼的钙化生长, 因此升温对珊瑚生长有促进作用; 而西沙和南沙海域的冬季温度均保持在适宜珊瑚生长的温度范围, 且夏季温度较高, 因此温度的升高可能限制了珊瑚钙化生长。     

南海华南陆缘中生界层序地层模式与海平面变化

华南陆缘中生界地层以广东省出露最广,这套地层为陆源碎屑沉积岩,局部为火山岩。上三叠统—上白垩统划分为2个巨层序、7个超层序和15个层序。沉积充填序列展示出本地区经历了海侵-海退过程,沉积环境由海相转化为陆相环境。3个级别的海平面变化控制了层序、超层序和巨层序的发育。粤中--粤东地区中生界发育的Ⅲ级层序可归纳出3种类型:浅水型、深水型和湖盆型;浅水型层序又可以分为浅水Ⅰ型和浅水Ⅱ型。     

末次冰期以来南海北部物源及古环境变化的有机地球化学记录

文章在AMS～14C定年的基础上建立了南海北部MD05-2905钻孔（20°08.17′N,117°21.61′E）末次冰期以来有机地球化学记录的时间序列,利用其中的正构烷烃、甾醇和烯酮等有机分子标志物对南海北坡25ka以来沉积物物源、气候环境变化进行探讨。长链正构烷烃总含量和浮游植物标志物总含量表明25.0～14.5kaB.P.时段南海北部沉积物中陆源物质输入、海洋初级生产力浮游植物输入均较高,14.5～8.5kaB.P.时段迅速降低,全新世8.5kaB.P.之后稳定在较低水平。末次冰期海平面低,陆架出露面积大,陆源物质搬运至沉积地点的距离短,强盛的冬季风及其驱动的洋流有利于大量的陆源物质搬运至该沉积地点;14.5kaB.P.,对应于MWPIa时期,陆源物质输入迅速减少,海洋初级生产力的迅速降低,印证了此时海平面的快速上升。C31/C17物源参数表明陆源物质输入和海洋内生源输入在25.0～14.5kaB.P.时段和14.5～8.5kaB.P.时段分别占据了主要地位,这表明海平面变化对陆源物质输入影响可能更大;全新世8.5ka之后,陆源、海洋内生源输入交替占据主要地位,这可能与东亚季风增强有关。从有机分子标志物研究来看,海平面的变化对陆源物质输入及总海洋初级生产力可能均有重要控制作用,但海洋初级生产力中某些藻类如硅藻可能受控于不同的气候因素。C28甾醇含量指示硅藻在MWPIa和MWPIb时期大量增多,这可能是14.5～8.5kaB.P.海洋内生源输入相对较多的重要原因,同时,对11.0～8.5kaB.P.时段的碳酸钙低值事件可能有一定贡献,但其对海陆环境的响应还有待于进一步研究。     

Rare earth elements in modern coral sands: an environmental proxy

The concentration rare earth elements and Yttrium (REE + Y) were determined in coral sands from Kavaratti Island, Arabian Sea, India. Chondrite-normalized REE + Y patterns show: (1) high REE concentration particularly light REE (LREE) enrichment; (2) consistent negative Ce anomaly; (3) nearly chondritic Y/Ho ratios. All these features are consistent with the geochemistry of well oxygenated seawater with significant terrestrial contribution. The seawater composition of Nd/Yb ratio inferred from the coral record point to the dominance of LREE more than the heavy REE (HREE). The high terrestrial input rich in LREE and property of adsorption/scavenging processes of LREE than that of HREE may be the cause. Terrigenous contributions were detected on the basis of co-occurring trace element concentrations (Sc, Hf and Th) and Y/Ho ratio. Except for La, the REE distribution coefficients, KD(REE)s, are between 100 and 300. KDs are high comparing to the other elements in biogenic calcite which is attributed to detrital contamination during elemental incorporation. This study may not reflect original seawater chemistry but it can be a good proxy to indicate proximity of corals to terrigenous input sources.     

A Comparative Study of the Coal‐forming Characteristics of Marginal Sea Basins and Epicontinental Sea Basins

The coal-forming characteristics,as well as the similarities and differences between epicontinental sea basins and continental marginal sea basins developed during different time periods,were analyzed in this study by adopting comparative analysis thoughts and methods.The results obtained in this study revealed that epicontinental basins and marginal sea basins are both characterized by the main development of thin coal seams or extremely thin coal seams.In addition,changes in sea levels were determined to be the main controlling factors for coal formation,and there were similarities in the continent-sea interactions and coal-forming sedimentary systems of the different basins.However,there were also significant differences observed in the sea level change events,basin basement structural characteristics,coal seam stability levels,accumulation and aggregation characteristics,and the migration patterns of coal-forming materials.For example,the marginal sea basins in the South China Sea were found to be characterized by strong tectonic activities,diversity and complexity.The basin structures showed complex patterns of depressions,uplifts and concave or sag uplifts,which tended to lead to greater complexity in the paleogeographic patterns of the coal formations.This had subsequently resulted in complex coal-forming processes and paleogeographic characteristics,in which the coal-forming zones displayed bead-like distributions,and the enrichment areas and centers were scattered.The practical significance of studying the similarities and differences of the coal-forming characteristics between epicontinental basins and marginal sea basins is that the results can potentially be used to guide the predictions of coal-measure coal seam distributions in South China Sea,as well as provide valuable guidance for future explorations of natural gas reservoirs related to coal measures in the South China Sea area.     

南海海泥中甲烷水合物生成特性的实验研究

在定容条件下,实验研究了甲烷水合物在含水量不同的多孔海泥中的生成特性。所使用的海泥平均孔径为12178 nm,总孔容为4997×10-2 ml/g,比表面积为16412 m2/g。所用海泥样品含水量为40%,实验的温度范围为27415~28115 K,初始生成压力范围为102~144 MPa。实验结果表明,甲烷水合物在海泥中的生成速率以及气体消耗量随着初始压力的增加而增大,随着温度的降低而增大。海泥的复杂孔隙结构能够促进水合物的成核,但会降低水的最终转化率,其作用随着温度的升高与压力的降低而增大。     

Late quaternary sea bottom conditions in the southern Panama basin,Eastern Equatorial Pacific

A paleoceanographic reconstruction of the southern Panama Basin for the last 23.000 years, based on the benthic foraminiferal analysis from the deep sea core ME0005A-24JC (0.01°N, 86.28°W, water depth 2941) is presented. Cluster and SHEBI (SHE Analysis for Biozone Identification) analyses performed on the benthic foraminiferal assemblages, evidence a faunal turnover in the early Holocene at 14 ky BP. Between 23 and 14 ky BP, Fursenkoina rotundata, Hoeglundina elegans, Globobulimina affinis, Globobulimina pacifica, Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Uvigerina hispidocostata were common. Conversely, from 14 ky to the present, the assemblage is represented by Chilostomella oolina, Laticarinina pauperata, and Uvigerina proboscidea. This faunal turnover suggests significant fluctuations in oxygen content at the sea floor and the organic matter (OM) influx, which could reflect: (1) fluctuations in the surface productivity related to the equatorial divergence and, (2) OM advection caused by the dynamic of the deep sea currents.Paleoproductivity estimates and benthic foraminiferal rates depict a general trend towards lower values since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) with a conspicuous change at 14 ky BP. Therefore, the paleoceanographic reconstructions of the ME0005A-24JC core suggest a transition from La Niña-like conditions during the LGM to El Niño-like conditions in the recent, as previously proposed for the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. Estimates of the paleo-intensity of deep sea currents based on the relative percentage abundance of the epifaunal foraminifera Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi suggest stronger deep sea currents on the Carnegie Ridge before 14 ky BP.     

Studies on the Coral Reefs of the South China Sea: From Global Change to Oil-Gas Exploration

Studies on the coral reefs of the South China Sea (SCS) was the theme of the 6th Session of the 3rd Conference on Earth System Science (CESS) in Shanghai, 2014. This session discussed the most recent study developments on the SCS coral reefs, including coral reefs’ responses to global changes, coral reefs’ records on past climatic variations, and the activities about constructions and oil gas explorations in the coral reefs areas of the SCS. Disturbed by intensive anthropogenic activities and global climate warming, coral reefs in the SCS have declined dramatically, reflecting the up to 80% decrease of living coral cover and many areas having less than 20% of living coral cover. Geochemical data of SCS coral skeletons clearly show that since the Industry Revolution, the pollution situation of the SCS have dramatically increased and the seawater pH values have been continuously lowering, i.e. oceanic acidification. All these environmental phenomenon are further stressing the healthy development of the coral reef ecosystem in the SCS. Meanwhile, the poor coral reef ecosystems in the SCS are facing more anthropogenic disturbances such as coastal developments and engineering constructions. Obviously, the SCS coral reefs will be faced with more environmental challenges in the coming future. We therefore suggest that the policy makers should realize the extreme importance and the fragile of the coral reef ecosystems, and scientifically and with great cautions design construction project when in coral reef areas. We initiated the concept of “green engineering” for future developments in coral reef areas. Coral reefs are widely spreading in the whole SCS, and most of them developed since Miocene. Variations in coral reef structures provide good future oil-gas exploration. Because the SCS coral reefs have a long-developing history and a wide spatial distribution, they provide great potential in recording past environmental changes.     

南海南沙海域沉积盆地构造演化与油气成藏规律

据钻井、地震剖面、区域地质及磁异常条带分析解释,南沙海域及其邻区的主要沉积盆地的形成演化受裂谷起始不整合面和破裂不整合面分隔,可分为前裂谷期、裂谷期和后裂谷期3个构造阶段。大中型油气藏相关数据的统计表明,南沙海域及邻区大中型油气藏的成藏要素和油气田发育受构造阶段控制。(1)烃源岩发育具有分期、分区特征,礼乐盆地发育前裂谷期、裂谷1幕烃源岩;万安、曾母、西北巴拉望盆地发育裂谷2幕烃源岩,文莱-沙巴盆地发育后裂谷期烃源岩。(2)储层发育具有分期、分带特征,表现为外带老(裂谷2幕)、内带新(后裂谷期)。(3)圈闭类型包括构造、岩性地层圈闭及构造-岩性地层等因素形成的复合圈闭,大致具有内带以地层圈闭为主,外带以构造圈闭为主的特征。(4)大中型油气田分布具有外带砂岩富油气、内带碳酸盐岩富气特点。(5)南沙海域及邻区发育两个后裂谷期主含油气区,即东部巴兰三角洲砂岩背斜油气区和西部卢卡尼亚碳酸盐台地气区。其中,大中型气田的成藏要素组合为裂谷2幕烃源岩、后裂谷期碳酸盐岩储层和地层圈闭;大中型油气田则为后裂谷期烃源岩、砂岩储层和背斜圈闭。     

利用重力梯度反演南海西南海盆深部构造

重力梯度异常反映的是重力异常的变化,其分辨率比重力异常高。重力梯度空间参量图能给出构造倾角和倾面的信息,结合重力梯度剖面和梯度空间参量图可以构建出地下构造的几何模型,进而对一些复杂构造进行解释。本文利用重力梯度异常对南海西南海盆进行了解释,得到大致以西南海盆北东向扩张轴为对称轴的穹隆状构造面。该构造面在西南海盆下6~15km处形成一个密度界面,此界面可能是西南海盆北西-南东向海底扩张期间地幔上隆所引起的。      

南海南部末次冰期以来的孢粉记录及其气候意义

本文通过分析南海南部17964柱状样的孢粉记录,重建了该地区26000aB.P.以来的植被和气候变化历史。南海南部末次盛冰期时高山雨林的范围可能是现在的2～3倍,表明气温明显下降;从末次盛冰期到冰消期,巽他陆架一直为热带低地雨林及红树林占据,表明在此期间湿度没有明显变化,但存在着千年级的准周期波动。这种波动一直持续到全新世中期。本地区在2000aB.P.以来芒萁孢子大量增加,一些高山雨林的成分重新出现,可能与人类活动所导致的低地植被的破坏有关。     

深海岩芯高分辨率的古环境记录-以南海北部陆坡17940-2柱状样为例

本文将深海岩芯高分辩率记录的替代性指标分为沉积型和生物型两类。沉积型替代性指标主要包括沉积物的粒度，沉积速率，粘土矿物；生物型替代性指标主要包括有孔虫，氧同位素，古水温，有机碳通量。对比研究发现，17940—2柱状样沉积物的粒度、沉积速率、有孔虫，氧同位素，古水温，有机碳通量等指标记录海洋环境变化信息程度优于其它替代性指标；沉积型替代性指标与生物型替代性指标记录海洋环境变化信息不同步；海洋环境变化的突变与渐变影响替代性指标记录的同步性。     

Variations on Petroleum Geology among Major Basins and Their Formative Mechanisms,Central and Southern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS), one of the largest marginal seas in West Pacific, has experienced two marginal sea tectonic cycles, the pro‐SCS and Neo‐SCS, forming a tectonic trend of “compression in the south, extension in the north, subduction in the east and strike in the west”, with various kinds of sedimentary basins developed. The Central and Southern South China Sea (CSSCS) mainly has Zengmu, Brunei‐Sabah, Wanan, Zhongjiannan, Nanwei, Beikang, Reed, Palawan and Nansha Trough basins (Fig. 1). Since the exploration in the early 20th century, hundreds of oil and gas fields have been discovered in the CSSCS, making it one of giant oil and gas provinces in the world. However, the oil and gas potential of the CSSCS varied a lot, even among adjacent basins. Oil and gas resources in the southern Zengmu and Brunei‐Sabah basins are huge in scale, with recoverable reserves of nearly 5.3 billion tons of oil equivalent, which is ten times of that the Wanan basin in the west. The oil and gas discoveries in the Beikang basin on the Nansha block are only one three‐hundredth of Zengmu basin. No commercial discoveries have been made in the Reed and Nanwei basins. Although several studies have focused on the petroleum geology of separate basins, no systematical comparison has been made among various basins to reveal their differences and gain an overall perspective, largely due to limited datasets. The present study aims to investigate these aspects, using 90,000‐km 2D seismic profiles, 34 well logs, three cores, 36 outcrops, as well as paleontology, gravity and magnetic data.