瞬变电磁法多匝重叠小回线装置实验研究

文中采用实验方法对瞬变电磁法多匝重叠小回线装置发射磁矩、关断时间、感应信号强度随发射线圈匝数及接收线圈匝数的变化分别进行了研究。对固定发射线圈匝数改变接收线圈匝数与固定接收线圈匝数改变发射线圈匝数这2种实验方式进行了对比,从而找出了更适合地质响应的发射与接收线圈的匝数。同时还分别采用线圈边长为0.5m×0.5m与1m×1m的线框进行了对比实验,通过分析发射磁矩、关断时间、感应信号强度随线圈边长、线圈匝数的变化,找到合理的重叠小回线装置。实验结果表明发射磁矩随线圈的边长与发射线圈匝数的增加而增加;关断时间随发射线圈匝数近乎呈正比增加,与接收线圈无关;感应信号强度与线圈匝数呈正比关系,但是相比之下,接收线圈匝数更占主导地位。     

考虑关断时间的地面瞬变电磁三维带地形反演

起伏地形和关断时间对地面瞬变电磁响应影响严重,这给传统基于水平地表模型和理论阶跃波形的瞬变电磁数据解释技术带来很大困难.为此,本文开展考虑起伏地形和关断时间的地面瞬变电磁三维反演算法研究.正演采用基于非结构网格和后退欧拉隐式时间离散格式的时间域有限元算法,快速模拟起伏地表模型瞬变电磁响应.反演采用L-BFGS算法,减少每次反演迭代的计算量.针对发射线圈随地表起伏变化的特点,利用基于偶极子离散的场源处理技术模拟发射源的实际形状,采用瞬时电流脉冲技术实现考虑关断时间的地面瞬变电磁三维正演模拟.我们首先将本文开发的三维反演算法应用于理论模型的反演计算中,检验本文算法的可靠性,并分析地形和关断时间对反演结果的影响特征.在此基础上,进一步将本文算法应用于实测数据反演,验证本文算法的实用性.     

考虑关断时间的瞬变电磁视电阻率计算及不同波形浅层分辨特征分析

发射电流波形与关断时间会影响瞬变电磁早期响应,导致瞬变电磁浅部信息缺失形成探测盲区．为了分析发射波形对瞬变电磁探测盲区的影响,文中实现了考虑发射波形影响的瞬变电磁全域视电阻率定义方法,并基于该算法对常用的发射波形瞬变响应对浅层电性介质的分辨特征进行分析．首先,采用电流波形与阶跃响应的褶积实现了任意发射电流的全波形瞬变电磁响应计算,将地下电阻率作为全波形响应的函数,利用反函数原理实现了全波形响应的视电阻率计算．然后,以航空瞬变电磁装置为例,利用文中视电阻率计算方法分析了层状介质不同发射波形瞬变电磁视电阻率曲线特征．根据不同盖层厚度视电阻率曲线可知,当覆盖层较厚时,不同发射波形的视电阻率成像结果与模型电性特征基本相近;当盖层厚度较小时,半正弦波、三角波和梯形波等off-time较长的发射波形瞬变电磁响应不能反映浅层的电阻率信息,早期道视电阻率受到深部电性影响,形成了一定范围的探测盲区．最后,利用文中视电阻率计算方法对不同发射波形的复杂三维模型正演的数据进行分析,半正弦波、三角波和梯形波的瞬变电磁响应都能反映异常的地表位置,但会丢失浅部地层信息,深部异常出现时间提前且纵向拉伸．这是由于关断时...     

考虑关断时间的回线源激发TEM三维时域有限差分正演

从麦克斯韦旋度方程出发可以直接导出瞬变电磁场扩散方程,然而扩散方程不含电场对时间的一阶导数,不能构成显式的时域有限差分方程,借鉴du Fort-Frankel有限差分离散方法引入虚拟位移电流项构建显式时域有限差分方程.对Wang和Hohmann的经典时域算法进行了两点改进:第一,通过将矩形回线源电流密度加入麦克斯韦方程组的安培环路定理方程,实现回线源瞬变电磁激发源加入;第二,在计算中考虑关断时间.第一点改进使时域有限差分方程考虑了一次场的计算,并且源的计算不再依赖均匀半空间模型响应作为初始条件,使算法能够适应表层电阻率不均匀时的三维复杂模型.由于实际观测中不可能出现阶跃电流的关断形式,第二点改进可以方便设置发射电流下降沿.采用改进的三维时域有限差分正演算法对均匀半空间模型、四类三层模型、均匀半空间中含有低阻块体模型进行了计算并分别与解析解、线性数字滤波解、积分方程解和Wang的三维时域有限差分解进行了对比验证.以H模型为例,采用建立的三维时域有限差分正演算法计算了不同关断时间的斜阶跃脉冲回线源瞬变电磁中心点感应电动势衰减曲线.以实际地质资料为基础,构建包含两层采空区的三维复杂模型,以1 μs的极短关断时间进行了复杂模型定回线源瞬变电磁响应计算,并计算了该复杂模型的视电阻率曲线.     

瞬变电磁法中关断电流的响应计算与校正方法研究

关断电流的存在直接影响仪器的探测能力和数据资料的解释.为了分析和校正这种影响,文中给出了关断时间的计算方法,根据多匝回线源产生的瞬变场理论解析式,计算了线性和半正弦关断电流影响下瞬变场表达式,计算半正弦关断电流产生的瞬变场时将正弦函数进行泰勒展开;分析了关断时间在2μs～100 μs之间两种关断模式产生的瞬变响应.结果显示;同一关断时间下线性关断电流和半正弦关断电流对瞬变场的影响主要表现在"早期",并且随观测时间的增加影响逐渐减弱.同时,关断时间越长,关断效应对瞬变场的影响越向瞬变"晚期"延伸;半正弦关断电流对瞬变场的影响大于线性关断电流.当关断时间为100 μs时,关断电流产生的瞬变场曲线约在0.5 ms之后与理论曲线重合.研究结果为数据处理和仪器开发提供参考.     

瞬变电磁法圆锥型场源特征与电感效应（英文）

应用于煤矿巷道、工程隧道等地下有限空间以及城市和工程浅层探测的瞬变电磁法常采用多匝小线圈装置,但是多匝线圈装置的互感耦合大,关断时间长,使探测的浅部"盲区"增大。为此,提出了一种圆锥型场源装置,推导了该装置内各匝线圈半径的计算公式。采用理论解析式对均匀介质中圆锥型场源一次场、二次场特征进行了计算分析,对圆锥型场源与多匝线圈互感系数进行了比较;应用快速汉克尔变换和改进的余弦变换数值滤波法,基于叠加原理的思想讨论了圆锥型场源下瞬变电磁正演方法,并以H型和KH型地电模型为例对正演结果进行了"烟圈"反演分析。研究表明:对于等效磁矩为926.1A·m~2的多匝回线和圆锥型场源,前者的互感约为后者的9倍;增大圆锥型场源的高度可减小互感系数,但其底半径的进一步变化对互感影响有限。圆锥型场源一、二次场特征与多匝线圈相似,但其二次场和总场暂态响应强于多匝线圈。所提出的综合视电阻率方法适用于圆锥型场源计算,正演结果和"烟圈"反演结果与初始模型的吻合性良好。本文研究成果为减小瞬变电磁探测"盲区"提供一种选择,也为装置组合形式和非线性反演技术等后续研究提供理论参考。     

华北煤田瞬变电磁勘探深度研究

为研究瞬变电磁勘探在华北煤田的勘探深度,利用瞬变电磁感应电压晚期段表达式,通过指定仪器最小可分辨电压,推导出瞬变电磁勘探最晚可检测出有效信号时间及最大探测深度表达式,计算了特定情况下的极限探测深度和最晚有效信号检出时间:在发射磁矩为10002×20 A.m2,地层电阻率分别为10和100Ω.m时,瞬变电磁勘探最晚有效信号检出时间为209.6 ms和52.6 ms,最大探测深度为1823 m和2889 m;以实测典型华北煤系地层瞬变电磁曲线为例,其计算机反演深度达1400 m;结果表明:采用合适的仪器和正确的工作装置,瞬变电磁勘探可以满足华北煤田目前开采深度的勘探需要.     

定源回线瞬变电磁三分量纯异常三维反演方法

定源回线装置的瞬变电磁法因其发射磁矩强,勘查深度大主要用于详查阶段来确定目标地质体的中心、埋深、边界以及倾角等几何参数.定源回线装置条件下一般测量三个分量的瞬变响应数据,而目前流行的解释方法仅为一维反演和视电阻率成像,并且大多只利用单个分量,还未充分利用三分量瞬变响应的有用信息.目前还缺少实用快速的实现三维三分量反演的有效方法.为充分利用实测三分量瞬变响应数据,并且获得更加可靠的目标地质体的信息,本文提出了基于等效电流环的三分量纯异常三维反演方法.理论表明受激发的导电体产生的涡旋电流早期分布在边缘或表面,之后向中心位置移动.即涡旋电流可以用不同时刻的等效电流环来等效,早期的电流环反映异常体的边界,而晚期的电流环主要反映异常体的中心.因此通过反演不同时刻等效电流环的几何参数,可以获得目标地质体的几何形态.本文给出了自由空间电流环产生的三个分量磁场的表达式,并利用计算得到的三分量磁场值同时拟合由实测数据提取的纯异常三分量数据,最终获得不同时刻的等效电流环的参数.理论模型和实测数据反演结果表明,等效电流环反演结果能够较好确定导电体的中心位置、半径、埋深、倾向、倾角等几何参数.本文提出的基于等效电流环的解释方法同时利用三个分量数据,计算快速、可靠、使反演结果更加合理,为定源回线装置瞬变电磁法提供了一种有效的解释方法.     

层状全空间瞬变电磁响应理论研究

研究全空间效应的影响因素及变化规律,可以有效地丰富地下瞬变电磁法的正、反演理论体系.为此,首先建立层状全空间模型,推导了全空间的瞬变电磁响应公式,采用快速汉克尔变换和余弦变换求出了回线中心处的感应电动势,对比分析了叠加方法得到的全空间响应,并引入全区视电阻率来分析瞬变电磁场扩散规律和全空间效应影响因素,最后通过实测模型来验证模型的计算效果.结果表明,层状全空间模型计算出的响应值相对误差低于3％,精度较高;叠加方法计算的瞬变电磁响应不是真正的全空间,且全空间响应均大于半空间响应的值;在低阻层存在时,全空间响应早期受电阻率和厚度的影响较强烈,由此发现在全空间条件下减少巷道内低电阻率干扰体是减小盲区的重要手段;在超高阻层存在时,半空间响应仅仅是全空间条件下观测点以上的地层电阻率为无穷大的特殊情况;低阻目标层的视电阻率受目标层埋深与层厚差异的影响,若埋深与厚度相差小则分层效果越好;实测数据的建模结果显示计算方法有一定的正确性.本研究填补了矿井瞬变电磁一维全空间响应研究内容,为实际应用提供了验算基础.     

不规则回线瞬变电磁法一维烟圈反演研究

瞬变电磁法中最常用矩形或圆形回线,但有时由于地形限制,只能使用不规则回线发射和接收.如果仍用现有的常规回线理论进行处理解释,得到的结果会存在很大的偏差.本文首先进行了不规则回线瞬变电磁法一维正演理论研究,基于电偶极子源的频率域响应公式,通过沿回线积分和时频转换,推导出不规则回线源在水平层状介质中的时间域响应公式.采用欧拉算法、高斯积分和快速汉克尔变换,计算不规则回线内任意一点处的磁场响应.利用改进的二分搜索法计算全区视电阻率,并在此基础上利用烟圈法反演电阻率和深度.通过四个典型地电模型的正反演计算,表明烟圈法反演能够有效反映地电模型的大致形态,可以用于不规则回线瞬变电磁数据的快速反演解释.     

Cone-shaped source characteristics and inductance effect of transient electromagnetic method

Small multi-turn coil devices are used with the transient electromagnetic method (TEM) in areas with limited space, particularly in underground environments such as coal mines roadways and engineering tunnels, and for detecting shallow geological targets in environmental and engineering fields. However, the equipment involved has strong mutual inductance coupling, which causes a lengthy turn-offtime and a deep “blind zone”. This study proposes a new transmitter device with a conical-shape source and derives the radius formula of each coil and the mutual inductance coefficient of the cone. According to primary field characteristics, results of the two fields created, calculation of the conical-shaped source in a uniform medium using theoretical analysis, and a comparison of the inductance of the new device with that of the multi-turn coil, show that inductance of the multi-turn coil is nine times greater than that of the conical source with the same equivalent magnetic moment of 926.1 A·m². This indicates that the new source leads to a much shallower “blind zone.” Furthermore, increasing the bottom radius and turn of the cone creates a larger mutual inductance but increasing the cone height results in a lower mutual inductance. Using the superposition principle, the primary and secondary magnetic fields for a conical source in a homogeneous medium are calculated; results indicate that the magnetic behavior of the cone is the same as that of the multi-turn coils, but the transient responses of the secondary field and the total field are more stronger than those of the multi-turn coils. To study the transient response characteristics using a cone-shaped source in a layered earth, a numerical filtering algorithm is then developed using the fast Hankel transform and the improved cosine transform, again using the superposition principle. During development, an average apparent resistivity inverted from the induced electromotive force using each coil is defined to represent the comprehensive resistivity of the conical source. To verify the forward calculation method, the transient responses of H type models and KH type models are calculated, and data are inverted using a “smoke ring” inversion. The results of inversion have good agreement with original models and show that the forward calculation method is effective. The results of this study provide an option for solving the problem of a deep “blind zone” and also provide a theoretical indicator for further research.     

地下核磁共振小尺寸线圈设计和实验

很多国家在进行隧道挖掘、地下矿体开采时,经常会遇到突水涌泥事故.核磁共振方法(Magnetic Resonance Sounding,MRS)作为目前唯一一种直接找水的地球物理技术,在探测诱发灾害的水体方面具有明显的优势.本文首先给出了多匝分离式线圈的MRS信号响应和核函数的计算公式,分析了线圈的匝数、边长和含水层位置对MRS信号响应的影响.分析表明,在限定空间内,利用多匝分离式线圈的设计方法可以提高小尺寸线圈的探测能力.同时,对高匝数线圈给探测系统带来的不利因素进行了分析和改进.最后,为了验证本研究所采用的方法,利用6 m边长的方形线圈和改进型MRS探测系统在中国温州一处在建隧道内的地下场地进行实地探测,探测结果与瞬变电磁方法结果对比表明,6 m边长的方形线圈可以对地下30 m内的含水层进行有效探测.     

瞬变电磁法中两种关断电流对响应函数的影响及其应对策略

关断时间是影响瞬变电磁资料处理和解释质量的一个重要因素 ,也是衡量TEM仪器性能的一个关键参数。提出了一种直接数值校正方案 ,并通过对线性和指数关断电流的校正描述了该方案的实施过程。根据文中提出的方案 ,只要仪器记录了一次场的衰减曲线 ,就可以进行较为精确的校正 ,并不必要假设线性衰减或指数衰减 ,这一结论无论是对TEM的仪器设计还是数据处理都具有重要意义     

Transient process and optimal design of receiver coil for small‐loop transient electromagnetics

Distributed parameters of the receiver coils greatly affect transient electromagnetic signals over short time periods, causing a delay in the signal's effective sampling time and the loss of shallow exploration information. This paper investigates the influence of transient process on apparent resistivity calculation and analyses the relations between the error of apparent resistivity and receiver coil design. We find that, under the same effective area, different radii of the receiver coils lead to different levels of impact on the estimation of the apparent resistivity. An optimization model is proposed to determine the optimal receiver coil size that gives rise to the smallest estimation error of the apparent resistivity. The relationship between the optimal radius and the effective areas is developed, which serves as a guideline for the optimal receiver coil design. The results may provide a useful means for improving the accuracy of the small loop transient electromagnetic instrumentation for shallow‐depth mapping.     

航空瞬变电磁法关断电流斜坡响应的计算

深入分析了现行地面瞬变电磁法中存在关断电流斜坡响应的计算方法,指出其中存在的不合理之处,提出用冲激响应积分算法计算存在关断电流斜坡时的瞬变电磁响应,并应用于航空瞬变电磁法一维正演计算中.计算结果表明,当存在关断电流斜坡时,早期的感应电动势明显大于没有断电后沿的值,且受影响的时间范围约为十倍的电流后沿宽度;当后沿宽度较大时,甚至晚期的感应电动势也出现了明显的误差.由此得出,在航空瞬变电磁法仪器设计和实测资料处理过程中,关断电流斜坡的响应不容忽视.     

Turning off low and high currents in a transmitter loop used in the transient electromagnetic method

In near-surface transient electromagnetic studies, it is desirable to measure the transient response starting from the earliest possible time. This requires the current in the transmitter loop to be switched off quickly, which necessitates working with a low transmitter current. As for deep-target transient electromagnetic studies, the transmitter current is as high as possible. The transmitter current's turn-off waveform and total duration affect the transient voltage response, especially at early times, which is to be accounted for when interpreting transient electromagnetic data. This article discusses the difference in switching off low and high current in a horizontal loop used as the source of the primary magnetic field in the transient electromagnetic method. Low and high currents are turned off in fundamentally different ways. When the current to be switched off is low, the loop can be represented as a symmetric combination of two transmission lines grounded at the middle of the loop perimeter. Such a representation of a loop allows calculating the current turn-off waveform at any point of the loop. The waveform and total duration of switching off a low current does not depend on its magnitude, but is determined by the period of natural oscillations of the current in the loop and the resistance of a shunting resistor. Switching off a low current in a loop can be represented as the sum of stepped current waves travelling along the loop wire. As a consequence, the current at different points of the loop perimeter is turned off at different times. In contrast to a low current, a high current is switched off linearly in time and synchronously at all points of the loop perimeter. The wave phenomena appear only at the very beginning of the current shutdown for a time interval that is much less than the total current turn-off duration. Presentation of the loop using a simple lumped-circuit model predicts the waveform and duration of the high current turn-off that coincide with the measured ones. There are two reasons why the article may be of interest to those engaged in the theory and/or practice of electromagnetic geophysical methods. First, it contributes to a general understanding of how the current in the transmitter loop is turned off. Second, the article shows how the parameters of a transmitter loop determine the current turn-off duration and thus the minimum depth of the transient electromagnetic sounding method.     

EFFICIENT COMPUTATION OF TRANSIENT SOUNDING CURVES FOR WIRE SEGMENTS OF FINITE LENGTH USING AN EQUIVALENT DIPOLE APPROXIMATION1

Calculations of emf induced in a vertical axis coil by a current step in a straight wire segment of finite length were carried out using an equivalent dipole placed along the source wire. An approximation is valid for homogeneous and layered earth models. The location of the equivalent dipole is calculated by forcing the early- and late-time asymptotes of the transient sounding curve of the equivalent dipole to match those of the finite wire. This approximation works because the early-time asymptote of the emf depends on the component of the receiver position which is parallel to the wire while the late-time asymptote does not. Analytical integration of the early-time asymptote yields an expression for the equivalent dipole location in closed form. The coil can be placed anywhere in the vicinity of the finite wire. Square or rectangular loop sources can be simulated by one or more finite wire segments depending on the source-receiver geometry. The equivalent radius calculated for central loop soundings agrees well with the value derived using a circular loop with the same area as the square loop. Results show that acceptable sounding curves can be generated by the equivalent dipole for coils placed as close as 0.5 source lengths from the finite wire segment. Higher accuracy can be obtained by splitting the finite wire into two or more subsegments. Results for layered models are slightly better than homogeneous earth models when the resistivity increases with depth and slightly worse for models with resistivity decreasing with depth. Approximate calculations are about 10 times less expensive than exact calculations depending on the method used for the numerical integration.     

直升机航空TEM中心回线线圈姿态校正的理论研究

在直升机航空电磁测量时,固定在吊舱内的发射-接收线圈受飞行速度、飞机颠簸、风向等影响,会发生旋转,导致线圈与大地之间的耦合发生变化,给测量的电磁数据带来姿态误差,因此,研究航空线圈姿态校正非常重要.本文在建立吊舱和大地系统双坐标系的基础上,确定了吊舱旋转时,双坐标系之间变量变换的旋转矩阵,推导出层状大地垂直圆线圈姿态变化时航空电磁响应的计算表达式,以及线圈发生摇摆、俯仰旋转时的电磁响应系数,仿真研究了线圈姿态变化对电磁测量的影响,提出了姿态误差的几何校正方法,为航空电磁测量数据的精确处理和解释奠定了理论基础.     

固定翼航空电磁系统的线圈姿态及吊舱摆动影响研究与校正

固定翼时间域航空电磁探测系统在实际飞行测量过程中,发射线圈、接收线圈姿态和吊舱摆动状态不断变化,在测量数据中引入如发射磁矩方向、接收分量方向以及系统收发距等参数的误差,影响数据反演成像效果.本文基于固定翼时间域航空电磁正演理论,利用姿态变换,引入发射线圈、接收线圈双旋转矩阵;根据发射、接收线圈相对位置的几何关系,求得摆动格林张量;推导了任意姿态角度以及任意摆动角度情况下的固定翼航空电磁响应三分量计算表达式.通过层状大地模型的仿真计算,分别研究了发射、接收线圈各姿态以及吊舱摆动状态对航空电磁响应的影响,得出发射线圈、接收线圈俯仰旋转和吊舱同向摆动对系统电磁响应影响最强;仿真分析了实际测量中,三种角度同时存在情况下,航空电磁响应的定量变化规律.在此基础上,讨论了响应系数与大地电导率的关系,同时给出基于响应系数的固定翼航空电磁系统线圈姿态和摆动状态校正方法,准二维层状大地模型反演结果表明,校正后数据的反演精度提高了33.1%.