气烟囱的地球物理响应特征及油气勘探

本文借助于地震数据及其与之相关的属性体,研究气烟囱在地震体上烃类泄露路径、浅层气、海底麻点等异常特征与油气的密切关系.针对气烟囱对不同叠置组合地层本身的改造及由于流体迁移导致地层含气引起的地震响应异常现象进行分类:与多边形断层相关的管状,与底辟活动相关的穹窿状以及与烃源岩及下伏含气储层超压有关的网状及线状三种类型,其中第三种类型对油气聚集最为有利.针对以上三种类型开展了烃类泄露相关描述、识别及其解释等工作,并分析了气烟囱根部烃类运移供给能量及上覆地层的渗透能力决定了气烟囱规模及样式不同.在以上研究的基础上,总结了气烟囱相对应的三种成藏模式,有助于分析油气运聚成藏路径,为寻找油气藏,减小钻遇风险,成功勘探和开发提供思路.     

柴达木盆地鄂博梁Ⅲ号构造地震低速异常识别及成因探讨

岩石空隙中含气造成的地震波低速异常是检测天然气藏的一个重要地震信息.笔者在对鄂博梁Ⅲ号地震解释过程中发现,构造东高点深层地震所反映的构造形态及深、浅层构造叠置样式不仅与相邻构造存在较大差异,与区域构造变形规律也不相吻合.通过对全区地震精细解释及原始地震速度谱的分析判定,构造东高点深层地震反射不是真实构造形态的反映,而是由于地震异常低速造成同相轴"下拉"导致的构造形态畸变.进而,在排除影响地震速度的地表、处理流程、地下特殊岩性体等主要因素的基础上,通过石油地质综合研究认为,构造东高点紧邻生气凹陷、深层储、盖配置良好、晚期成藏,具备形成大型天然气藏的地质条件.圈闭含气是构造东高点深层地震产生低速异常的主要原因.     

莺歌海盆地东方13-2气田地震勘探技术应用研究

东方13-2气田的发现揭开了莺歌海盆地中深层高温高压领域勘探的序幕,研究表明东方13-2气田储层为西物源海底扇重力流沉积,该海底扇储层具有多期次发育、由南向北逐渐迁移的特征,各期次海底扇朵叶砂体纵向上互相叠置,横向上连片分布,受常规窄方位地震资料分辨率限制,砂体接触关系及储层连通性研究难度大;其次,多口井的钻探证实东方13-2气田储层横向非均质性强,优质储层和差储层均表现为相同的地震反射特征,振幅类属性无法表征该区储层属性,气田气水分布也非常复杂,存在孤立水体,开发井井深设计钻遇优质储层的同时考虑如何规避孤立水体难度大.分析认为常规采集的三维地震资料已不能满足东方13-2气田砂体精细刻画描述、烃检及气田ODP优化工作的需求.针对以上研究面临的问题,本文采用多方位、高密度地震采集技术,通过联合多次波衰减技术、宽频处理技术、双方位高精度层析成像技术及Kichhoff叠前深度偏移技术等处理手段,为该区岩性储层的精细描述及ODP优化工作的需要提供了高品质地震资料.     

气枪主动源与天然地震信号的传播特征对比研究

应用S变换对比分析云南宾川地震信号发射台单次气枪激发信号与同当量天然地震信号在传播过程中的波形和频率特征,并基于参考台聚类分析结果,对其他接收台站的地震信号进行线性叠加和相位加权叠加,研究结果表明:(1)气枪信号传播过程中主频为3~6 Hz,可以在距离为151 km的台站检测到信号,传播过程中能量衰减较慢。天然地震信号主频较高,在传播7.7 km时的主频为10~20 Hz,传播距离约为60 km,传播过程中能量衰减较快;(2)经过2 000余次的线性叠加和相位加权叠加,可以分别在距离为225 km和350 km的台站检测到气枪信号。与天然地震信号相比,气枪信号数据丰富、衰减慢、传播距离远,利用气枪数据可以研究更大范围的地壳介质结构。     

南海北部白云凹陷深水油气区的重-震数据处理与分析

白云凹陷位于南海北部陆缘深水地带,是我国深水油气资源勘探的重要地区。开展重-震成像研究,是分析该区烃源岩分布特征、大型构造圈闭、成藏层系与储层条件的重要方法。本文通过重力异常、地震Vs波速结构模型及地震勘探剖面分析,获得研究区自由空间重力异常、布格重力异常、水平和垂向梯度、密度反演图像、Vs波速度结构图像以及高分辨率地震勘探剖面图像。重力图像揭示:白云凹陷中心的强负值异常图像与较厚沉积和基底起伏有关;凹陷东侧相对高正值局部重力圈闭与中生代残余地层有关;凹陷北侧条带状正异常则与陆坡向洋盆过渡时基底下凹有关。白云凹陷的主凹陷和南凹陷存在明显的层状负剩余密度或相对低密度区,是有利的含油气层位。地震图像揭示:白云凹陷由北向南存在明显的细颈化带、外缘隆起带、洋陆过渡带等结构。在陆缘地壳强烈伸展薄化期间,白云凹陷形成大型三角洲-湖相烃源岩沉积环境的凹陷结构,沉积物源主体来自北侧。随着地壳强烈减薄的细颈化,凹陷出现明显的台阶式沉陷,导致陆架坡折带由南向北迁移,形成陆架边缘三角洲、深水重力流水道和深水扇等有利的储层。高分辨率地震资料获取的地震勘探剖面图像上,可以识别出许多浅层气运移通道,表明白云凹陷丰富的中、浅层气大多来源于深部地层。      

珠江口盆地白云凹陷下地壳伸展与陆架坡折的关系

随着深水油气勘探和深水盆地研究的推进,白云凹陷陆架坡折在张裂结束后发生快速跃迁、上下地壳伸展存在不均一性等一系列地质现象逐渐受到学者的关注,这些问题的解决对被动大陆边缘演化过程的认识具有重要的推动作用.根据中国海洋石油总公司(CNOOC)提供的地震地球物理数据,计算出白云凹陷地壳的拉张因子(β)分布.并选取白云凹陷内13条精确解释的长地震剖面,分别计算出沿剖面的上下地壳拉张因子,并获得拉张因子的平面分布,揭示上下地壳在拉张过程中的不同贡献.结果显示:白云凹陷全地壳拉张因子由西北向东南逐渐变大,反映了地壳由陆向洋减薄的特征.上地壳拉张因子较小,而下地壳比上地壳的拉张贡献大,表明白云凹陷新生代变形受脆性伸展作用控制不大,而主要受韧性伸展作用控制.数值模拟计算过程表明白云凹陷初始地壳应为热减薄地壳.下地壳拉张因子由北部向深海盆边缘逐渐增大,并出现两个拉张中心,分别对应于白云凹陷和荔湾凹陷.在23.8和13.8 Ma这两个时期,陆架坡折形态都与下地壳拉张因子等值圈闭的外缘走向近似,且都处于下地壳强烈变化的地区,推测由下地壳伸展和下地壳流动引起的盆地沉积沉降作用是控制陆架坡折发育位置的一个重要因素.     

基于岩石物理统计的亮点预测含气性的应用分析——以莺歌海盆地东方1-1北探区为例

传统亮点技术在莺歌海盆地气田的勘探过程中存在多解性,制约着盆地新区的勘探工作,因此必须针对亮点技术检测目标含气性的精度及规律开展研究.本文在详细讨论莺歌海盆地东方区含气砂岩、不含气砂岩、泥岩的波阻抗随深度变化规律的基础上,分析了气亮点的形成机理,认识到埋深、压力是影响亮点技术预测目标含气性精度的关键因素;同时指出盆地内莺歌海组具有地震振幅与含气信息有效对应的特征,是运用亮点直接检测目标含气性的最有效层段.最后将研究结果作为一项新的判别依据应用于勘探新区,并结合地震属性描述技术、储层反演和烃类检测等地球物理手段,有效地避免了地质情况复杂造成的假亮点,发现并落实了A气田,打开了新区勘探的良好局面.     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷新生代构造-热演化模拟

珠江口盆地是我国海洋油气勘探的重点区域,白云凹陷是珠江口盆地内最大新生代凹陷,具有齐全的新生代地层及丰富的钻井地震资料,是构造-热演化模拟研究的理想区域.本文基于多期次非瞬时伸展模型,选取白云凹陷6条地震解释剖面进行新生代构造-热演化模拟,以揭示白云凹陷热演化的时空差异性,为探讨珠江口盆地演化机制及深部动力学过程提供依据.模拟结果表明:白云凹陷经历了两期拉张过程,第一期(47.8～33.9 Ma)拉张自始新世发生,凹陷中心及白云西洼拉张强度高,基底古热流快速上升,最高达到～80 mW·m^-2;第二期(23～13.8 Ma)拉张发生于中新世,此次拉张在白云凹陷南部更强烈,白云凹陷基底主体在13.8 Ma达到最高古热流～100 mW·m^-2,此后基底热流值一直缓慢下降,逐渐接近稳态.白云凹陷拉张强度总体呈现西高东低,中间高、边缘低,北部一期高,南部二期高.第一期拉张主要受裂陷期强烈的裂谷作用控制,而伸展作用重启和高速层引起的"下地壳流"的共同作用可能是造成第二期拉张(裂后异常沉降)的主要动力学机制.     

地震波衰减规律及其恢复方法

针对地面地震分辨率低,不能有效识别薄层储层、薄层地层等问题,本文通过地震波衰减规律的分析,提出了一种恢复地震波高频衰减获得宽频带地震剖面的方法,从而大幅度地提高了地震分辨率.应用双井微地震测井资料对松辽盆地地震波动力学特征研究表明,地震波衰减规律是在近地表低速层和近地表低速层的近震源区地震波高频衰减巨大,而在高速层地震波高频衰减很小.药量大近震源区地震波高频衰减大,药量小近震源区地震波高频衰减小.那么,近震源区和近地表低速层对地震波的衰减是地面地震资料频带窄、分辨率低的主要原因.据此提出了如下确定性反褶积方法,用双井微地震测井资料求取近震源区、近地表低速层和虚反射等滤波因子,用其对地面地震资料作确定性反褶积处理,从而恢复近震源区、近地表低速层等几种因素的地震波衰减,将大药量激发地表接收的地面地震延拓成小药量激发高速层接收的宽频带地震.应用该方法对松辽盆地优势频带宽5~90 Hz,视主频50 Hz的地面地震资料处理后,地震剖面优势频带宽达5~360 Hz,视主频达180 Hz,使常规地震剖面分辨率提高2倍.具体的说松辽盆地中部含油组合的地面地震分辨能力由9~15 m提高到3~5 m.宽频带地震剖面与160 Hz的人工合成地震记录对比符合的很好,表明其处理结果是正确.该成果在油气勘探开发中的油气储层预测、构造学研究、沉积学研究等方面有重要的意义.     

基于三参数小波变换的吸收衰减梯度检测

时频分析是地震资料处理和解释中一种强有力的工具,通过对地震波信号进行时频分析,可以获得地震波的吸收衰减梯度属性,从而应用于储层的含油气性检测.将目前时域局部化性质很高的三参数(TP)小波变换和谱拟合方法引入吸收衰减计算中,通过对TP小波时频谱进行子波谱估计获得更平滑、能量聚焦性更好的时频谱,然后利用最小二乘曲线拟合从中提取稳定的地震波低频段和高频段吸收衰减梯度,以期更好地进行储层含气性检测.实际资料的处理分析结果表明,不论是低频吸收衰减梯度,还是高频吸收衰减梯度,对致密砂岩含气储层的预测结果均与实际情况吻合较好,能够清晰可靠地指示含气储层的部位,且与基于瞬时谱分析提取的归一化地层吸收剖面的分析结果一致,有利于刻画含气储层空间展布,直接指示油气存在,为油气检测提供了一种有效可行的手段.     

A comparative study on hydrocarbon detection using three EMD-based time–frequency analysis methods

Due to strong heterogeneity of marine carbonate reservoir, seismic signals become more complex, thus, it is very difficult for hydrocarbon detection. In hydrocarbon reservoir, there usually exist some changes in seismic wave energy and frequency. In their instantaneous spectrums there often exist such phenomena that show the characteristics of attenuation of high frequency energy and enhancement of low-frequency energy. The three EMD-based time-frequency analysis methods' instantaneous spectra all have certain oil and gas detection capability. In this paper, we introduced the Normalized Hilbert Transform (NHT) and a new method named the HU method for hydrocarbon detection. The model results in the Jingbian Gas Field which is located in the eastern Ordos Basin, China, show that NHT and HU methods can be adopted. They also detect the gas-bearing reservoir efficiently as the HHT method does. The three EMD-based methods, that is, the Hilbert–Huang transformation (HHT) and NHT and HU methods, were respectively applied to analyze the seismic data from the Jingbian Gas Field. Firstly, the seismic signals were decomposed into a finite number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) by empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. The second IMF signal (IMF2) of the original seismic section better indicates the distribution of the reservoir. Information on hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir is mainly in IMF2. Secondly, the HHT, NHT and HU methods were respectively used to obtain different frequency division sections from IMF2. Hydrocarbon detection was realized from the energy distribution of the different frequency division sections with these three EMD-based methods. The practical application results show that the three EMD-based methods can all be employed to hydrocarbon detection. Frequency division section of IMF2 using NHT method was better for the seismic data from the Jingbian Gas Field than when using the HHT method and HU method.     

Numerical simulation of frequency-dependent seismic response and gas reservoir delineation in turbidites: A case study from China

To simulate the frequency-dependent response of turbidite reservoirs in the JZ Area, near the Bohai Sea, China, we apply a diffusive and viscous wave equation (DVWE), which takes into account diffusive and viscous attenuation and velocity dispersion in fluid-bearing poroelastic media. We use a seismic data-driven geological model building approach to produce physical parameter sections, which are then used to numerically synthesize the frequency-dependent seismic response in the DVWE-based simulation. The DVWE-based synthetic section shows the characteristic reflection and geometry of turbidites and delineates the phase delay, instantaneous dominant frequency decrease and magnitude attenuation related to the gas-bearing reservoir. The common frequency sections obtained by instantaneous spectral decomposition of the synthetic section show that a low-frequency shadow (LFS) lies immediately beneath the reservoir. Next, following the implications of the numerical simulation, we then apply LFS and fluid mobility to the data volume. Both hydrocarbon indicators clearly delineate the bright gas reservoir and its spatial distribution. The workflow and methodologies can be expected to be applicable to other frequency-dependent hydrocarbon indicators.     

地震数据结构分析与油气预测方法

文中引入了地震资料数据结构的概念并解释了地震数据结构和地震数值之间的不同之处。我们的研究表明:地震数据结构与地层含油气性紧密相关,因此对地质和地球物理工作者精确地从地震资料解释含油层是非常有用的。此项技术可用于勘探开发的任何阶段。此方法已在中国一系列勘探井和开发井上试验,并已被证明是可靠的,试验成功率超过80%。此预测的新方法可应用于:(1)海相、三角州相或非海相的沉积环境;(2)非海相碎屑岩和灰岩岩层的沉积岩以及(3)埋深度从300m到2000m,油层最小厚度为8m(主频为约50周)。关键词:     

Laboratory measurements of seismic attenuation and Young's modulus dispersion in a partially and fully water‐saturated porous sample made of sintered borosilicate glass

We measured the extensional‐mode attenuation and Young's modulus in a porous sample made of sintered borosilicate glass at microseismic to seismic frequencies (0.05–50 Hz) using the forced oscillation method. Partial saturation was achieved by water imbibition, varying the water saturation from an initial dry state up to ～99%, and by gas exsolution from an initially fully water‐saturated state down to ～99%. During forced oscillations of the sample effective stresses up to 10 MPa were applied. We observe frequency‐dependent attenuation, with a peak at 1–5 Hz, for ～99% water saturation achieved both by imbibition and by gas exsolution. The magnitude of this attenuation peak is consistently reduced with increasing fluid pressure and is largely insensitive to changes in effective stress. Similar observations have recently been attributed to wave‐induced gas exsolution–dissolution. At full water saturation, the left‐hand side of an attenuation curve, with a peak beyond the highest measured frequency, is observed at 3 MPa effective stress, while at 10 MPa effective stress the measured attenuation is negligible. This observation is consistent with wave‐induced fluid flow associated with mesoscopic compressibility contrasts in the sample's frame. These variations in compressibility could be due to fractures and/or compaction bands that formed between separate sets of forced‐oscillation experiments in response to the applied stresses. The agreement of the measured frequency‐dependent attenuation and Young's modulus with the Kramers–Kronig relations and additional data analyses indicate the good quality of the measurements. Our observations point to the complex interplay between structural and fluid heterogeneities on the measured seismic attenuation and they illustrate how these heterogeneities can facilitate the dominance of one attenuation mechanism over another.     

Seismic attenuation qualitative characterizing method based on adaptive optimal-kernel time–frequency representation

The main issue of seismic attenuation characterizing method based on time–frequency analyzing method is the time–frequency resolution. The adaptive optimal-kernel time–frequency representation, which has high time–frequency resolution comparing with commonly used time–frequency analyzing method, is investigated. The seismic attenuation qualitative characterizing method based on adaptive optimal-kernel time–frequency representation is proposed. The synthetic data example and 3D field-data example reveal that the proposed method can qualitatively characterize seismic attenuation, and the attenuated anomaly of this field-data example coincides with gas reservoir well.     

云南地区散射衰减、吸收衰减及尾波衰减的综合研究

利用云南省地震局遥测台网记录的地震波形资料,采用多流逝时间窗分析方法,得到了云南地区不同台站的散射衰减和吸收衰减,并通过单次散射模型得到了不同台站的尾波衰减.研究结果显示,云南地区的散射衰减、吸收衰减、总衰减和尾波衰减空间分布以金沙江—红河断裂带为界,均表现出西部低,东部高的特征.云南地区地震波衰减以吸收为主,2~4 Hz、4~8 Hz、8~16 Hz三个频带各台站的吸收衰减Q^－1_i均大于散射衰减Q^－1_c,1~2 Hz除个别台站的吸收衰减明显小于散射衰减,其它台站均大于或接近散射衰减.尾波衰减Q^－1_c在1~2 Hz稍大于吸收衰减而小于总衰减,在2~4 Hz、4~8 Hz、8~16 Hz与总衰减接近,个别台站大于总衰减Q^－1_t.云南地区散射衰减与频率的关系为Q^－1_s=0.0138f^－1.61,吸收衰减与频率的关系为Q^－1_i=0.0119f^－0.86,总衰减与频率的关系为Q^－1_t=0.0247f^－1.1,尾波衰减与频率的关系为Q^－1_c=0.0129f^－0.71.与世界其它地区相比,云南地区的散射衰减处于中等偏低的水平,吸收衰减处于中等偏高的水平.     

Estimating gas saturation in a thin layer by using frequency‐dependent amplitude versus offset modelling

Various models have been proposed to link partial gas saturation to seismic attenuation and dispersion, suggesting that the reflection coefficient should be frequency‐dependent in many cases of practical importance. Previous approaches to studying this phenomenon typically have been limited to single‐interface models. Here, we propose a modelling technique that allows us to incorporate frequency‐dependent reflectivity into convolutional modelling. With this modelling framework, seismic data can be synthesised from well logs of velocity, density, porosity, and water saturation. This forward modelling could act as a basis for inversion schemes aimed at recovering gas saturation variations with depth. We present a Bayesian inversion scheme for a simple thin‐layer case and a particular rock physics model and show that, although the method is very sensitive to prior information and constraints, both gas saturation and layer thickness theoretically can be estimated in the case of interfering reflections.     

A new energy density calculation method for reservoir delineation using seismic low-frequency signal

In comparison to high-frequency signals, low-frequency seismic signals suffer less from scattering and intrinsic attenuation during wave propagation, penetrate deeper strata and thus can provide more energy information related to the hydrocarbon reservoirs. Based on the asymptotic representation for the frequency-dependent reflections in the fluid-saturated pore-elastic media, we first derive a novel equation of the reservoir energy density and present an efficient workflow to calculate the reservoir energy density using low-frequency seismic data. Then, within a low-frequency range (from 1 to 30 Hz), we construct an objective function to determine the optimal frequency, using the energy densities calculated from the post-stack seismic traces close to the wells. Next, we can calculate the reservoir energy density using the instantaneous spectra of optimal frequency at the low-frequency end of the seismic spectrum. Tests on examples for synthetic and field data demonstrate that the proposed reservoir energy density can produce high-quality images for the fluid-saturated reservoirs, and it produces less background artefacts caused by elastic layers. This method provides a new way to detect the location of hydrocarbon reservoirs and characterize their spatial distribution.