多目标优化下平原河网引调水改善水环境效果评估

引调水是改善平原河网地区水环境的重要方法之一,通过构建太湖流域走马塘东南片平原河网区一维水动力水质数学模型,研究不同引调水方案对区域水环境改善效果,确定引调水过程中的异质性因子.从决策目标、水质指标、空间指标3个层面综合考虑,构建环境效益与经济效益结合的多目标函数及评价体系,对引调水方案进行评估优选.结果表明:引调水流量较大时,能够在一定程度上改善区域水环境状况,规划方案下引调水5 d后,高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷的平均改善率分别为30.7%、22.2%、26.4%;引调水时,区域河网中不同空间点位、不同水质指标之间的水质改善过程与效果都存在一定异质性;引调水水量、调度模式及污染源分布都会对调水后的河网区水质产生差异性影响;本研究建立的多目标评价体系较现有方法能够有效涵盖引调水中存在的异质性因子,从多个目标层面优选引调水方案,实现水量水质综合优化调控,为平原河网地区水环境长效管理与科学决策提供理论参考.     

太湖流域高度城镇化地区畅流活水多目标调度决策研究

随着城市化进程的加快,高污染负荷、弱水动力条件、强人工干预导致的平原河网地区河道水质恶化、生态衰退已成为制约城市高质量发展的瓶颈之一。结合太湖流域高度城镇化地区水文水动力特性,构建了水动力-水质耦合模型,模拟了不同情景下河网水动力与水质情况。统筹考虑水质改善、水动力提升、经济成本等多目标,建立了活水调度多目标决策体系,基于模糊层次分析法确定评价体系水质改善、水动力提升与经济成本指标层权重分别为0.390、0.345、0.265,为各指标层设计对应的要素层,并利用模糊综合评价法进行评价。结果表明,针对不同调度情景下水质改善、水动力提升及经济成本等多目标的决策,利用多目标调度决策方法可有效确定效果最佳的工程调度情形。太湖流域高度城镇化地区区域性控制工程对畅流活水效果的影响要远大于锡山区控制工程,运东大包围城市防洪工程调度模式对研究区活水效果的影响最大。比选出的最优活水方案实现的研究区活水效果为水质达标率82%,水质平均提升率31%,Ⅲ类水断面占比61%,平均流速0.10 m/s,较优流速占比39%,滞水率32%。相较于传统的单指标或多指标简单比较的决策方法,多目标调度决策方法更具有综合性、...     

太湖流域典型滨湖河网水动力与水质时空异质性

基于中国太湖梅梁湾东部的无锡市滨湖区河网29个监测点在丰水期、平水期和枯水期的流速和水质监测数据,将河网分为梁溪河、曹王泾、骂蠡港、城市河网南区以及城市河网北区5个区域,对流速和典型水质指标的时空异质性进行分析,结合主成分分析和相关性分析,得到各区域水动力与水质现状及其成因.结果显示:梁溪河和曹王泾的水质条件和水动力条件较好,多数水质因子与流速表现出了强相关性;骂蠡港的水质和流速区域变化明显,表现弱相关性;城市河网北区和南区的流速较缓,河道污染负荷较大,流速与水质因子之间的相关性较低.通过在滨湖河网开展流速和水质的野外监测,分析流速对于河网水环境的实际效果,验证不同水质指标与流速之间的响应关系,为滨湖河网区水质保护和科学的水污染治理技术提供基础支撑.     

流域水系自动提取的方法和应用

讨论由栅格数字高程模型(DEM)自动提取流域水系的原理和方法,并以西苕溪中上游流域为研究区进行了河网生成实验. 研究表明:在山地丘陵区和平均地形坡度不小于3°的区域,所生成河网具有很高的可靠性. 为了解决在平均地形坡度小于3°的平坦区域河网生成中产生的虚拟河网与自然水系偏差较大的问题,提出了利用主干河道和平原水系数字化作为约束条件的生成河网的方法,取得了与实际情况比较接近的结果,从而使水文要素的模拟更具有实际意义.     

加拿大河网水动力学模型在望虞河的应用

本文利用水动力学的基本理论,结合加拿大模型的求解方法,建立了一个适合太湖流域河网特点的水动力学模型,并利用该模型对太湖的主要排水河道望虞河及其支流进行了河网水利计算。计算结果表明该模型计算方法可行,计算精较高。     

基于熵值环境基尼系数法的平原河网区污染物总量分配

为制定科学合理的水污染物总量控制方案,以典型平原河网地区——张家港市为例,构建与人口、资源、经济和水污染物承受能力相协调的单因子环境基尼系数模型,并通过贡献系数判断引起不公平的主要污染物分配单元.利用熵值—环境基尼系数最小化模型,确定张家港市各乡镇基于多元公平性原则的氨氮总量分配方案.结果表明:在水污染物总量分配过程中,污染物削减比例的大小和污染物现状排放量之间并不具有一致性,最终的分配方案要综合考虑多方因素确定.本研究构建的熵值—环境基尼系数最小化模型综合考虑了研究区域社会、经济、资源等多种客观因素,对于平原河网地区,由于其特殊的地理位置和自然条件,人口、资源等分布相对比较均匀,故基于该模型所得到的分配方案充分表现了多元公平性原则,更公平合理.     

城市化对平原河网水系结构及功能的影响——以苏州市为例

针对城市化对平原河网水系结构的影响所引起的洪涝灾害频发等一系列水文问题,以我国典型平原河网地区苏州市为例,根据不同城市化程度分为主城区、市辖区、其他市县区,基于1991、2001和2015年三期遥感影像与1960s、1980s和2010s三个时期的水系数据,应用RS/GIS等技术,构建水系结构参数指标,重点探讨了城市化对河网水系结构及功能的影响.结果表明：城镇用地迅速增长,主要以牺牲水田、水域等土地利用方式为代价,到2015年全区城镇用地面积所占比重已达到41.35%,土地利用类型的变化规律与城市化进程的差异性保持一致;水系结构变化主要受城市化影响,且基本与城市化进程呈现同步性.近50年来,全区的水面率、河网密度、支流发育系数、主干河流面积长度比、河网复杂度和河网结构稳定度分别减少了19.63%、6.91%、7.34%、1.06%、5.49%和7.87%,城市化水平与各指数均呈负相关关系;人类活动不仅直接影响河流功能,也间接地通过改变平原河网的水系结构导致其功能发生改变,如河网调蓄能力下降、河流生态功能受损等.该研究为城市化地区河流水系保护及防洪减灾提供参考与理论支撑.     

“五水共治”让生态与经济协调发展

水是生产之基、生态之要、生命之源。在人类文明史上,历朝历代莫不把治水作为兴邦富国的首选方略。浙江域内河网水系发达,河道交错,塘漾棋布。随着经济的发展,水环境却承受着极大的压力,江南水乡,为找到能游泳的河流寻寻觅觅,平原水网,不时为饮用水被污染的传闻困扰。治水对于浙江来说,既有历史意义,更有现实意义。     

苏州平原河网区浅水湖泊叶绿素a与环境因子的相关关系

运用回归统计方法,研究苏州平原河网区60个浅水湖泊水体叶绿素a与水温、pH、Do、CODMn、TN、TP等环境因子的相关性,建立相应的同归方程,同时分析了湖泊水体叶绿素a的时空分布特征.研究表明,平原河网区浅水湖泊水体叶绿素a含量具有一定的时空差异性,冬季叶绿索a平均含量比夏季低,但冬、夏季叶绿素a含量空间分布具有一定相似性,整个区域呈现较明显的东高两低的分布趋势;湖泊水体叶绿素a含量与理化环境因子水温、pH、DO、CODMn呈显著正相关,水温可能是平原河网区浅水湖泊浮游植物生长的限制性因子:叶绿素a与NO2-N呈显著正相关,与NH4 -N无明显负相关,与NO3-N无显著正相关,与TN无显著相关,而叶绿素a的对数与TP的对数呈一定的正相关,与TN/TP的对数呈显著负相关.平原河网区浅水湖泊可能是一定程度的磷限制性湖泊.     

河道型水库水动力特征与气候条件的响应关系

气候条件(降雨、气温)的变化对流域内水资源、河道、湖库的径流影响较大.河道型水库由于具有河道和湖泊的双重特点,受气候条件的影响则更为显著.本文以广东省梅州的河道型水库——长潭水库为例,耦合流域分布式水文模型SWAT与环境流体动力学模型EFDC,研究了河道型水库水动力特征(以水龄表征)与气候条件的响应关系.根据梅县气象站1953-2010年共58年的年均降雨量资料的频率分析,选取降雨量保证率分别为20%(丰水年)、50%(平水年)和90%(枯水年)年份的气候条件作为3种气候方案,对应的典型年分别为1992、1988和2004年,并将各典型年的日均降雨量和气温作为SWAT水文模型的输入条件,模拟了进入长潭水库各主要支流的日均变化过程.并将该流量过程作为长潭水库库区水动力模型的入流边界,模拟了各种降雨典型年情景下长潭水库的水动力变化过程.结果表明,长潭水库库区水龄沿程逐渐增大,呈指数增长的趋势,且受气候条件的影响很大.与丰水年相比,平水年、枯水年年降雨量分别减少了14%和49%,入库径流分别减少了23%和62%,水库出库坝址附近水龄分别增大了66%和247%,支流区域水龄增幅可达81%和290%左右,可见水库水动力特征受气候条件影响很大,而支流区域受气候条件影响更显著.不同气候条件下,河道型水库分别呈现出河道和深水湖泊的双重特性.丰水年时,坝址附近垂向上水体交换频繁,水龄均匀,呈现出河道的特性;平水年与枯水年时,坝址附近水体垂向交换较弱,逐渐呈现出深水湖泊的垂向分层特性.另外,流域分布式水文模型SWAT与环境流体动力学模型EFDC的联用,为弥补历史长系列高频监测资料的缺失,提高湖库水动力模型模拟的精度提供了有效的方法.     

River networks system changes and its impact on storage and flood control capacity under rapid urbanization

Urbanization significantly affects both the drainage network structure and the storage capacity of river channels in lowland plain river networks. The Yangtze River Delta region has experienced a rapid and profound urbanization of any region worldwide in the past 30 years. The southeast Yinfeng plain in the Yangtze River Delta region was used as the study area to assess changes in the river network structure from 1990 to 2010, using river feature parameter analyses and GIS spatial analysis. The elastic method was adopted to analyse river network pattern response to both urbanization and climate change, and the rates at which these factors contributed to changes in the river network pattern were investigated. Changes in the storage capacity and flood control capacity of the channel network over the past 21 years were then analysed. The results indicated that: (1) the number of river networks, and the complexity of the river network spatial structures were reduced, the drainage density decreased by 20%, the water surface ratio by 36%, the river area–length ratio by nearly 18% and the fractal dimension of the river networks by 4.5%; (2) the river network changes were due more to human activities than to climate change in this study period. Limited changes occurred in the structure of the river system, as indicated by an urbanization variability rate of less than 20% and precipitation variability range of ?5% to ?15%, although the stream structure gradually decreased with increasing urbanization variability; and (3) the storage capacity of the main river network decreased earlier (1990–2003) and was restored later (2003–2010) because of dredging and widening activities. In addition, the number of lower‐order rivers decreased, which resulted in significant decreases in the storage and flood control capacities of the river networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of changes in river system structure on hydrological processes in Taihu Basin,China

ABSTRACT

With the rapid economic development and urbanization in Taihu Basin (eastern China), the river system has decayed and the connectivity of rivers and lakes has weakened, resulting in frequent floods. The impact of changes in river system structure on hydrological processes in the plain river network area was analysed against a background of urbanization. An indicator system was built to describe the quantitative, morphological and spatial structure of the river system. Analysis of the change in annual average and extreme water levels revealed the influencing mechanism of the changes in river system structure on the hydrological processes. The results indicate a decreasing tendency in the density of the river system in the study area, with a reduction in water surface ratio by about 20% in the past 50 years. Since the 1960s, the maximum and annual average water levels have increased. The degree of change in the mean monthly, annual lowest and annual highest water levels was great, with that in the non-flood season being higher than in the flood season. The decrease in the number of rivers directly reduced the storage and adjustable capacity of the basin.     

Watershed delineation using hydrographic features and a DEM in plain river network region

Watershed delineation is a required step when conducting any spatially distributed hydrological modelling. Automated approaches are often proposed to delineate a watershed based on a river network extracted from the digital elevation model (DEM) using the deterministic eight‐neighbour (D8) method. However, a realistic river network cannot be derived from conventional DEM processing methods for a large flat area with a complex network of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and polders, referred to as a plain river network region (PRNR). In this study, a new approach, which uses both hydrographic features and DEM, has been developed to address the problems of watershed delineation in PRNR. It extracts the river nodes and determines the flow directions of the river network based on a vector‐based hydrographic feature data model. The river network, lakes, reservoirs, and polders are then used to modify the flow directions of grid cells determined by D8 approach. The watershed is eventually delineated into four types of catchments including lakes, reservoirs, polders, and overland catchments based on the flow direction matrix and the location of river nodes. Multiple flow directions of grid cells are represented using a multi‐direction encoding method, and multiple outflows of catchments are also reflected in the topology of catchments. The proposed approach is applied to the western Taihu watershed in China. Comparisons between the results obtained from the D8 approach, the ‘stream burning’ approach, and those from the proposed approach clearly demonstrate an improvement of the new approach over the conventional approaches. This approach will benefit the development of distributed hydrological models in PRNR for the consideration of different types and multiple inlets and outlets of catchments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1991年太湖地区洪涝灾害评估与人类活动的影响

1991年6、7月间,太湖地区遭受特大洪涝灾害,受灾面积达3309km~2,直接经济损失达106亿元。梅雨暴雨是造成这次洪灾的直接原因,短时间内,降雨量达899mm,为100—200年一遇,超过该地区的承受能力。人类活动对加重灾情亦有着重要影响,包括:围垦与泥沙淤积,使河湖调蓄功能下降;太湖出口河道74.6％被封淤堵死,致使太湖水位达4.79m,超过历史最高记录;圩外面积减少及城市化发展等。治理对策包括充分发挥河湖调蓄功能;合理安排圩外调蓄流量,打通骨干排水河道及城市防洪系统建设等。     

Validation of a full hydrodynamic model for large‐scale hydrologic modelling in the Amazon

A key aspect of large river basins partially neglected in large‐scale hydrological models is river hydrodynamics. Large‐scale hydrologic models normally simulate river hydrodynamics using simplified models that do not represent aspects such as backwater effects and flood inundation, key factors for some of the largest rivers of the world, such as the Amazon. In a previous paper, we have described a large‐scale hydrodynamic approach resultant from an improvement of the MGB‐IPH hydrological model. It uses full Saint Venant equations, a simple storage model for flood inundation and GIS‐based algorithms to extract model parameters from digital elevation models. In the present paper, we evaluate this model in the Solimões River basin. Discharge results were validated using 18 stream gauges showing that the model is accurate. It represents the large delay and attenuation of flood waves in the Solimões basin, while simplified models, represented here by Muskingum Cunge, provide hydrographs are wrongly noisy and in advance. Validation against 35 stream gauges shows that the model is able to simulate observed water levels with accuracy, representing their amplitude of variation and timing. The model performs better in large rivers, and errors concentrate in small rivers possibly due to uncertainty in river geometry. The validation of flood extent results using remote sensing estimates also shows that the model accuracy is comparable to other flood inundation modelling studies. Results show that (i) river‐floodplain water exchange and storage, and (ii) backwater effects play an important role for the Amazon River basin hydrodynamics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maintaining the connected river-lake relationship in the middle Yangtze River reaches after completion of the Three Gorges Project

After operation of the Three Gorges Project(TGP), there is a new evolution tendency for rivers and lakes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River(i.e. the Ching River reaches). In recent years, the weakening connection relationship between the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake has resulted in a series of problems for flood regulation, water resources utilization, and aquatic ecosystem protection in the river-lake joint area. In this paper, the hydrological characteristics and fluvial processes within the river-lake joint area are studied, and possible management strategies to maintain the connected river-lake relationship are proposed. To achieve this objective, the evolution tendency, such as the zero-flow problem and river regime for three major outlets(i.e. the Songzi Outlet, Taiping Outlet, and Ouchi Outlet) to Dongting Lake from the Yangtze River, is analyzed. It is believed that the Songzi Outlet has a comparative advantage in flow diversion over the other two outlets. The Range of Variability Approach is introduced to identify hydrological characteristics at the Songzi Outlet. Several characteristic values of flow diversion from this outlet during drought periods are determined. Then, the fluvial processes in the river-lake joint area are studied by comparing topographic maps and using control gauge station data of various years. The water and sediment flux are analyzed before and after operation of the TGP. Finally, based on the results obtained, two possible management strategies are recommended and corresponding parameters are estimated to strengthen and maintain the connected river-lake relationship. This analysis takes into account operation of the TGP, mainstream shift and increasing riverbed scour in the Ching River channel.To restore the flow diversion condition to that in the 1950 s or 1960 s(i.e. 140 m~3/s of flow diversion corresponding to 5500 m~3/s of flow at the Zhicheng station), it is estimated that the river channel around the Songzi Outlet should be dredged 1.4 m under the current riverbed situation, and other corresponding improvement measures for Songzi River channels should also be implemented.     

鄱阳湖湖泊流域系统水文水动力联合模拟

本文以鄱阳湖湖泊流域系统为研究对象,鉴于该湖泊流域系统尺度较大,下垫面自然属性呈现高度空间异质性且具有流域-平原区-湖泊不同机制的水文水动力过程,为了真实描述湖泊流域间的水文水动力联系及反映不同过程间的作用机制,构建了鄱阳湖湖泊流域联合模拟模型.该模型基于自主研发的流域分布式水文模型WATLAC和湖滨平原区产流模型以及水动力模型MIKE 21 3个不同功能子模型的连接来实现该复杂系统的模拟.模型的联合采用输入-输出驱动及子模型的顺序执行进程,即将五大子流域与平原区入湖径流量作为输入条件来驱动湖泊水动力模型,模拟湖泊水位对流域入湖径流量的响应.以2000-2005年鄱阳湖流域6个水文站点的河道径流量、流域基流指数以及湖泊4个站点的水位资料来率定模型,其中各站点日径流量拟合的纳希效率系数E_ns为0.71~0.84,确定性系数R²介于0.70~0.88之间,而湖泊各站点水位拟合的纳希效率系数E_ns变化为0.88~0.98,确定性系数R²为0.96~0.98,均取得令人满意的率定结果.本文提出的鄱阳湖湖泊流域系统水文水动力联合模拟模型能较为理想再现湖泊水位对流域降雨-径流过程的响应.水位模拟结果进一步表明,该联合模型能用来获取重要的水动力空间变化特征.该模型可作为有效工具定量揭示湖泊流域系统水文水动力过程对气候变化和流域人类活动的响应.