青藏高原的地震分布与震源机制

本文依据大量地震资料,阐述了青藏高原地震的空间分布规律和构造应力场特征.强震活动主要分布在高原周围边缘地带;震源深度以浅源为主,中源地震较多,无深源地震;构造应力场主压应力优势方向为NNE-SSW.     

关于上海及邻区震源深度的探讨

利用上海及邻区的最新地震资料,对其全区和四个小区的震源深度与震级、震源深度与频次的关系进行初步探讨,并对三个典型震(群)区的震源深度加以分析,最后提出了对上海地区地震活动性和震源深度研究的几点认识。     

青藏高原板内地震震源深度分布规律及其成因

青藏高原板内地震以浅源地震为主, 下地壳基本上没有地震, 地震震源多集中在15~40 km的深度范围, 主要在中地壳内, 呈似层状弥散分布.其中30~33 km深度是一个优势层, 与壳内分层有关.总体上青藏高原南、北部的震源面略呈相向倾斜特征.70~100 km深度区间出现了比较集中的震级较小的地震, 可能与壳幔过渡带的拆离作用有关.高原内部的正断层系与板内地震密切相关, 是板内浅源地震的主控构造.总之, 青藏高原地震震源沿着活动的上地壳脆性层与软弱层之间的脆-韧性过渡带分布.这些板内地震活动属于大陆动力学过程, 与板块碰撞和板块俯冲无关.初步认为青藏高原浅层到深层多震层的成因分别是韧性基底与脆性盖层、韧性下地壳与脆性上地壳、韧性下地壳与脆性上地幔的韧-脆性转换、拆离和解耦的产物.      

壳内低速层与地震活动关系

本文根据华北、扬子地台、青藏高原等地区的速度结构、介质特征、地震活动分布等特征,认为地壳中的低速层是在地壳中的弱化层,它与壳内低阻或高导层相对应,在地质构造上反映中地壳大型层间韧性剪切带,与地震活动的层状分布深度范围相对应,粘滑机制是壳内地震活动非常重要的机制,反映了岩石变形呈脆韧性过渡状态。     

川滇构造带及其邻区的地壳结构与地震分布

综合前人资料分析了川—滇构造带及其邻区地壳－上地幔速度结构与地震分布的关系。结果表明,川—滇构造带具有同青藏高原地壳－上地幔结构相似的某些特征;地震活动主要沿安宁河断裂带和小江断裂带分布。震源以永仁、渡口和会理三地所在区域最浅,向四周渐深     

用sPn震相测定1999年9月21日台湾集集地震震源深度

本文采用双层地壳结构的sPn-Pn时差方程,结合华南地区地壳速度模型,得出测算震源深度的方程;根据sPn震相的运动学和动力学特征,利用台网的优势,多台记录对比,正确识别sPn震相,依此测算1999年9月21日台湾集集地震的震源深度。     

可控震源在古汉山厚层砾石区的地震勘探效果

山前平原或近山前地区，近地表砾石发育，潜水位较深，是煤田地震勘探面临的一大难题，河南煤田地质局物探测量队在河南焦作古汉山井田达产采区的地震勘探中，通过多种手段的试验，首次利用可控震源激发获得突破，取得了明显的地质效果。值得在其它类似地区推广使用。     

汶川8.0级特大地震震源断裂特征及其动力学分析

笔者根据地壳表层地质构造和地震地质研究与地震测深和大地电磁测深成果,运用现代构造解析理论与方法,论证了汶川8.0级特大地震的深部构造环境,探讨了汶川8.0级特大地震震源区的地震断裂和震源断裂基本特征与相互关系,及其形成的地球动力学问题。笔者认为龙门山碰撞造山带深处隐伏壳幔韧性剪切带可能是汶川8.0级特大地震主震区的震源断裂,而地壳表层发育的映秀断裂带、北川断裂带和彭县—灌县断裂带等可能是汶川8.0级特大地震主震区的地震断裂,该区震源断裂与地震断裂既有显著区别,又有密切联系。研究表明,在印度板块与太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块对欧亚板块俯冲碰撞的动力学作用下,形成上扬子地块向青藏高原东缘碰撞—楔入以及青藏高原东缘向东仰冲,深部向东俯冲的动力学态势,造成龙门山碰撞造山带切割莫霍界面的壳幔韧性剪切带向中上地壳扩展,应力高度集中与能量快速释放破裂,从而引起汶川8.0级特大地震的发生,以及大型同震地表破裂带的形成。探索震源断裂与地震断裂区别与联系,对进一步研究地震机制与发震动力学以及防震减灾有重要意义。     

Depth variation of seismic source scaling relations: implications for earthquake hazard in southeastern Australia

Advances in earthquake data acquisition and processing techniques have allowed for improved quantification of source parameters for local Australian earthquakes. Until recently, only hypocentral locations and local magnitudes (M_L) had been determined routinely, with little attention given to the inversion of additional source parameters. The present study uses these new source data (e.g. seismic moment, stress drop, source dimensions) to further extend our understanding of seismicity and the continental stress regime of the Australian landmass and its peripheral regions.

Earthquake activity within Australia is typically low, and the proportion of small to large events (i.e. the b value) is also low. It is observed that average stress drops for southeastern Australian earthquakes appear to increase with seismic moment to relatively high levels, up to approximately 10 MPa for M_L 5.0 earthquakes. This is thought to be indicative of high compressive crustal stress, coupled with strong rocks and fault asperities. Furthermore, the data indicates that shallow focus earthquakes (shallower than 6 km) appear to produce lower than average stress drops than deeper earthquakes (between 6 and 20 km) with similar moment.

Recurrence estimates were obtained for a discrete seismogenic zone in southeastern Australia. Decreasing b values with increasing focal depth for this zone indicate that larger earthquakes (with high stress drops) tend to occur deeper in the crust. This may offer an explanation for the apparent increase of stress drop with hypocentral depth. Consequently, earthquake hazard estimates that assume a uniform Gutenburg–Richter distribution with depth (i.e. constant b value) may be too conservative and therefore slightly overestimate seismic hazard for surface sites in southeastern Australia.     

首波震相跟踪测定sPn震相与震源深度

在数字观测的优势条件下,利用sPn震相的动力学特征与运动学特征,sPn震相可以通过跟踪首波震相来快速、可靠地测定进而测出发生在地壳内地震的震源深度。     

2005年3月6日台湾宜兰海域6.1级地震速报总结及地震特征分析

对2005年3月6日台湾宜兰海域6.1级有感地震的速报情况进行总结,并对其地震特征进行了初步分析。     

1999年9月21日台湾集集地震的震源参数综合判定

本文利用半经验、半理论的方法对世界各主要地震汇集和研究机构所给出的集集主震基本震源参数进行了综合计算和评定。根据这些参数重新计算了集集主震的标量地震矩、破裂面积、应力降等。根据这些参数之间的内在联系,从地震分类学的角度,判定集集地震是发生于板块边缘的大地震。可供研究台湾岛上地震活动性以及台湾地区板块构造演化问题参考。     

1999年9月21日台湾集集地震的震源参数综合判定

本文利用半经验、半理论的方法对世界各主要地震汇集和研究机构所给出的集集主震基本震源参数进行了综合计算和评定。根据这些参数重新计算了集集主震的标量地震矩、破裂面积、应力降等。根据这些参数之间的内在联系 ,从地震分类学的角度 ,判定集集地震是发生于板块边缘的大地震。可供研究台湾岛上地震活动性以及台湾地区板块构造演化问题参考。     

层间隔震地震响应分析

为了研究层间隔震结构的减震效果和变化规律,通过运用SAP2000大型有限元分析软件,在建立层间隔震结构的三维模型基础上,设置所在不同的隔震层位置,对所建隔震结构模型进行仿真分析。输入选定的不同地震波,通过结构模型进行分析对比,得出层间隔震结构的变化规律和减震效果,同时讨论不同位置的隔震层对结构变化规律和减震效果的影响,从而验证层间隔震的有效性。     

福建省地震安全性评价与抗震设防要求信息系统设计

本文采用ASP技术设计地震安全性评价与抗震设防要求信息系统,并介绍了系统结构和部分功能模块。     

Improving the level of seismic hazard parameters in Saudi Arabia using earthquake location

Saudi Arabia is characterized as largely aseismic; however, the tectonic plate boundaries that surround it are very active. To improve characterization of seismicity and ground motion hazard, the Saudi Arabian Digital Seismic Network (SANDSN) was installed in 1998 and continues to be operated by the Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). This article describes research performed to improve seismic hazard parameters using earthquake location and magnitude calibration of the high-quality SANDSN data. The SANDSN consists of 38 seismic stations, 27 broadband, and 11 short period. All data are telemetered in real time to a central facility at KACST in Riyadh. The SANDSN stations show low background noise levels and have good signal detection capabilities; however, some stations show cultural noise at frequencies above 1.0 Hz. We assessed the SANDSN event location capabilities by comparing KACST locations with well-determined locations derived from ground truth or global observations. While a clear location bias exists when using the global average iasp91 earth model, the locations can be improved by using regional models optimized for different tectonic source regions. The article presents detailed analysis of some events and Dead Sea explosions where we found gross errors in estimated locations. New velocity models we calculated that should improve estimated locations of regional events in three specific regions include (1) Gulf of Aqabah—Dead Sea region, (2) Arabian Shield, and (3) Arabian Platform. Recently, these models were applied to the SANDSN to improve local and teleseismic event locations and to develop an accurate magnitude scale for Saudi Arabia. The Zagros Thrust presents the most seismic hazard to eastern Saudi Arabia because of the frequent occurrence of earthquakes. Although these events are 200 km or further from the Arabian coast, wave propagation through sedimentary structure of the Gulf causes long-duration ground motions for periods between 3 and 10 s. Such ground motions could excite response in large engineered structures (e.g., tall buildings and long bridges) such as was experienced after the November 22, 2005 Qeshm Island earthquake off the southern coast of Iran.     

Application of high-resolution seismic techniques in the evaluation of earthquake site response, Ottawa Valley, Canada

High-resolution seismic surveys, including P- and S-wave studies, have been conducted in an area of the Ottawa River valley located 80 km east of Ottawa (Canada). Based on dating of paleolandslides, the existence of paleoearthquake activity has been postulated in this area. The target zone for the seismic survey is characterized by surface disturbance and sediment deformation. P-wave seismic imaging was used to map the overburden–bedrock interface as well as to indicate reflecting boundaries within the overburden. The area of surface disturbance was found to overlie a buried bedrock basin, 8 km in diameter, infilled with a maximum thickness of 180 m of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. Preliminary results of core logging show the presence of sand overlain by deformed fine sediments within the disturbed area. Shear-refraction studies reveal differences in the velocity–depth profiles between the disturbed area and the surrounding undisturbed areas. The shear-wave reflection method was used to produce a fundamental resonant period map for the area. Surface sediment disturbance was probably due to a combination of ground-motion amplification due to the basin (thick soft sediments) and the presence of water-saturated sand at depth.     

陕西省恒温层深度主要影响因素及其估算

恒温层深度的预测与地热能开发利用、地下空间建设等密切相关,陕西省区域恒温层的研究工作进展较慢.通过探讨恒温层深度的影响因素认为:导热系数与恒温层深度呈弱负相关;地表与大气间表面传热系数与恒温层深度呈弱正相关;大气温度年振幅与恒温层深度呈正相关;导温系数与恒温层深度呈明显的正相关.介绍并验证了一种土壤恒温层深度的计算方法,通过该方法,计算了全省不同地貌单元恒温层深度的理论值.全省恒温层深度介于10.5~23.8 m之间:陕北地区恒温层深度为10.5~23.8 m;关中盆地恒温层深度为11~17.4 m;陕南地区恒温层深度为11.7~18.6 m.该研究系统地划分了陕西省区域恒温层的深度范围,为陕西省"绿色"追赶超越政策的实施做出贡献.