MEMS传感器在锚杆加固边坡监测中的应用研究

滑坡破坏各种建筑工程,严重影响了人民生产生活以及国民经济的发展。锚杆作为边坡治理的主要手段之一,其施工质量与锚固效果难以直接监测。随着微机电系统(MEMS)技术的兴起与不断发展,MEMS传感器具有体积小、造价低和精度高等优点,使其从常规监测手段中脱颖而出,为地质工程监测提供了新的可能。通过设计模型试验,基于MEMS传感器探讨锚杆对边坡的加固作用。试验采用天然河砂,通过撒砂法堆坡,边坡坡角为45°,分有锚杆加固和无锚杆加固2组。以降雨触发滑坡,将MEMS传感器布设在边坡内部,实现对边坡内部各点的加速度、角度和角速度的实时连续监测。研究表明:当未加固边坡蠕滑开始时,边坡内部和坡脚处的加速度与角度发生渐变,边坡后缘与表面处的加速度和角度变化不明显,表明边坡蠕滑主要发生在边坡内部与坡脚处;滑坡发生时,边坡内部与坡脚处的加速度和角度率先发生突变,边坡后缘与表面的参数随后发生突变,表明砂土坡破坏的瞬间,其内部与坡脚处先发生滑动,边坡后缘与坡面随后滑动,为典型的牵引式滑坡。采用锚杆加固后,边坡只发生蠕滑,边坡内部、坡脚处与坡面的加速度和角度有明显渐变,边坡后缘的各指标几乎无变化,表明降雨条件下,加固后的边坡发生整体蠕滑,边坡坡角降低,不发生破坏。MEMS传感器能够实现低成本、高精度的连续实时监测边坡蠕滑的渐变规律,捕捉到滑坡发生时运动的明显突变,对研究边坡的滑动机制及滑坡预警有一定的应用价值,在地质工程监测领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

Time evolution and spatial accumulation of progressive failure for Xinhua slope in the Dagangshan reservoir,Southwest China

This paper presents a preliminary study of time evolution and spatial accumulation of progressive failure for ancient landslide deposits in Xinhua slope. According to the geological response after impoundment, the Xinhua slope has shown the spatial accumulation of deformation, such as ground cracks in the rear edge, toe collapse, local shallow slides in intense rainfall, and progressive creep displacement. Approximately 2 years of monitoring was performed for the Xinhua slope with the assistance of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and field investigations. The deformation process of a reservoir landslide is considered to be a comprehensive and complicated combination of geological influence from various adverse factors. Field investigations and monitoring indicate that the major serious influence after completion of dam construction comes from the initial large-scale impoundment, the fluctuation of water level, and the existence of a flood season. The creep/slip deformation of slope deposits is a result of integration with adverse hydraulic conditions, e.g., strong rainfall, intense currents and transient seepage flow inside the slope deposits, and activation by water level fluctuation, which can be verified from the twofold evident deformation in the flood season. For the reservoir with daily regulation ability, the occurrence of evident deformations in July highlights that the regulation plan for water level in the flood season is important for controlling the deformation of slope deposits, where the fluctuation of the water level is no more than 10 m in the operation period.     

预加固高填方边坡滑动破坏的离心模型试验研究

2009年10月3日,攀枝花机场260×104 m3万方的高填方预加固边坡整体失稳,沿基覆界面下滑,并超覆于其下方的易家坪老滑坡之上,使易家坪老滑坡再次复活。这一填方边坡失稳事件最终导致机场停航两年。通过大型离心模型试验,再现了攀枝花机场预加固高填方边坡的滑动失稳过程,获得了边坡变形破裂的特征参量,阐明了边坡的滑动失稳机制。研究表明：天然工况下,边坡变形以坡顶沉降和沿基覆界面软弱层的蠕滑为主,坡体总体处于蠕滑变形状态;降雨和地下水工况下,坡体中后部拉张破裂和中前部挤压变形显著,具有塑性流动及推移式破坏特征,并最终产生溃滑失稳;预加固抗滑桩承受较大的边坡变形推力,且越靠近坡体后部的桩推力越大,最终从后向前逐排产生累进性剪断破坏,说明该填方边坡多排抗滑桩的平面布置和受力确定欠合理;降雨和地下水工况下,坡体的最大孔隙水压力是天然工况下的3.7倍,孔隙水压力对坡体失稳有重要作用;通过模型和原型的综合对比分析,该边坡的滑动失稳机制为推移式蠕滑-累进性折断-溃滑与超覆。     

基于离心机模型试验的甘肃江顶崖古滑坡复活机理研究

位于白龙江断裂带的甘肃舟曲江顶崖古滑坡规模巨大,受断裂活动、降雨入渗与河流侵蚀和人类工程活动等因素影响,多次发生复活-堵塞白龙江灾害事件,造成极大危害。为研究江顶崖古滑坡的复活机理,本文在野外地质调查的基础上,重点开展了滑体在含水率为10%、15%和20%条件下的离心机模型试验。研究表明:在滑体含水率为10%情况下,试验结束后仅在坡体中后部产生少量裂缝,但滑坡体整体还处于稳定状态; 而在滑体含水率为15%和20%情况下,滑坡均发生了破坏,在滑体含水率分别为15%、20%情况下坡体失稳所需离心加速度分别为100g和50g。试验测试分析表明,江顶崖古滑坡为推移式滑坡,其变形先从坡体中后部开始,坡体中后部产生裂缝,随后裂缝逐渐向前缘扩展,最终裂缝贯通造成滑坡滑动破坏。滑坡体的变形过程主要分为3个阶段: ①变形启动阶段(裂缝开始形成阶段); ②变形加速阶段(裂缝加速发展阶段); ③失稳阶段。通过离心模拟试验,结合野外调查分析,认为江顶崖古滑坡复活的因素主要受降雨和孔隙水压力的影响,是受前缘河流侵蚀牵引、降雨入渗造成滑坡中后部推移的耦合滑动。     

滑坡对降雨响应的多指标监测及综合预警探析:以赣南罗坳滑坡为例

降雨量和位移是当前降雨型滑坡监测预警最常用的指标。然而,降雨量和位移监测结果只能反映降雨作用下滑坡的变形情况,不能揭示滑坡内在物理力学性状对降雨的响应。因此,除降雨量和位移监测之外,建立包括体积含水率、基质吸力等反映滑坡动态演化过程的关键指标监测体系必将成为今后更真实地把握滑坡内在演化趋势、更准确地建立滑坡综合预警判据的最有效手段。笔者对赣南地区典型降雨型滑坡进行了多指标监测及综合预警示范研究。结果表明:(1)在降雨条件下滑坡土体内部体积含水率、基质吸力和温度等多指标均产生有规律的动态响应;(2)随着降雨的持续,滑体体积含水率与基质吸力的变化均具有显著的滞后现象;(3)体积含水率和基质吸力变化速率与滑体位移具有显著的正相关性;(4)滑体温度分布变化规律受大气温度和体积含水率的共同影响。以实测数据的滑坡稳定性分析为基准,在考虑实际降雨入渗深度与滑坡稳定性的关联度上,建立了包括日降雨量、体积含水率增加速率、基质吸力减小速率以及位移速度多元指标预警方法体系,提出了基于关键指标综合预警体系及确定方法,旨在为降雨滑坡准确预警提供新模式。     

基于离心模型试验的库岸滑坡变形特征研究

三峡库区蓄水后，大量库岸滑坡发生复活变形，为研究滑坡随库水位升降的变形特征和机制，以库区典型直线形滑面形态滑坡为地质原型，概化设计了大尺度离心模型试验，通过模拟两个水位升降过程，布设高速相机和传感器，获取了滑坡变形演化全过程高清影像、孔压和土压?时间变化曲线，可得以下研究结果：在水位首次下降时，孔压和土压逐渐减小，当下降15 min后滑坡发生整体蠕滑变形，首先是前部产生横向张拉裂缝，中后部则是以竖直位移为主的蠕滑压密变形过程，水位停止下降2 min后变形停止，表明变形对库水位变化具有一定滞后性；当水位再次下降时，前部沿原破裂面再次下滑并失稳，中后部则无变形，变形演化具有典型牵引式特征。在库水首次入渗滑坡时，坡体孔隙水压力对库水位升降具有明显的滞后性，而在下一次水位升降过程中，这种滞后性明显减弱。该类滑坡受水位下降的动水压力效应影响较大，在滑坡变形过程中，中后部滑体变形在竖直方向的蠕滑压密行为使得中后部稳定性有所提高，因此，在后期蓄水过程中不再发生变形，试验现象与实际库岸滑坡吻合。试验揭示了三峡库区该类滑坡在水位升降条件下的变形破坏模式及长期演化趋势，为库区地灾防治提供了参考依据。     

有限元法分析降雨条件下斜坡稳定性——以邻水县马鞍坪滑坡为例

通过对华蓥市马鞍坪滑坡现有变形监测情况表明,斜坡变形位移与降雨的关系十分密切,马鞍坪滑坡的后部强变形区,斜坡位移与50mm以上持续降雨几乎呈对应关系。研究人员采用工程地质条件分析与有限元分析法相结合,对马鞍坪滑坡进行了滑坡体在降雨条件下饱和一非饱和渗流分析与坡体稳定性分析。分析结果表明,降雨量是华蓥山地区斜坡失稳下滑的主要引发因素,不同雨量决定斜坡演化成滑坡的不同阶段,其影响作用也不近相同。计算结果表明,当日降雨量达到150mm左右且累积降雨量超过300mm的情况下,斜坡土体将出现变形,出现滑坡可能性大。该分析结果为今后华蓥山地区地质灾害监测预警示范中的地质灾害单体预警预报,提供了可靠预警参数。     

A fluidized landslide on a natural slope by artificial rainfall

An experiment to induce a fluidized landslide by artificial rainfall was conducted on a natural slope at Mt. Kaba-san in the village of Yamato, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. The experimental slope was 30 m long, 5 m wide, and the average slope gradient was 33°. A landslide initiated 24,627.5 s (410 m/27.5 s) after the start of sprinkling at a rainfall intensity of 78 mm/h. The landslide mass was 14 m long and 1.2 m deep (at maximum). It first slid, then fluidized, and changed into a debris flow. The travel distance was up to 50 m in 17s. The apparent friction angle of the fluidized landslide was 16.7°. Formation of the sliding surface was detected by soil-strain probes. Motion of the surface of the failed landslide mass was determined by stereo photogrammetry.     

通江县沙窝寺滑坡变形破坏分析及防治设计

随着我国山区公路建设的加快,许多公路的修建无法避免会引起边坡灾害,本文以通江县两河口乡沙窝寺滑坡工程为例,通过分析边坡变形历史、滑坡体边界特征及坡体稳定性,得出滑坡体处于缓慢蠕变阶段,属于中型土质滑坡,在遭遇20年一遇强降雨情况下,坡体处于不稳定状态,有可能再次发生滑动。根据滑坡体分布范围、危险区范围、滑坡性质,提出采用桩板墙与后缘裂缝填埋并设置排水沟的治理措施,可以很好地抑制边坡变形,为此类滑坡的治理提供参考,为公路边坡的治理提供示范作用。     

湘西陈溪峪滑坡变形机理及稳定性评价

浅层滑坡在我国广泛分布,但在区域范围内分布规律性较差,且具有突发性、隐蔽性和破坏性强等特点。湘西武陵山区地质条件复杂、降雨丰沛、人类工程活动强烈,突发性地质灾害频发,尤以降雨诱发的浅层滑坡为主。文章以湘西地区慈利县陈溪峪滑坡为例,开展了降雨量、基质吸力、地下水位和地表变形等的监测;结合滑坡的现场调查及监测成果,分析滑坡的形成条件和变形机理;在此基础上,考虑基质吸力对边坡稳定性的贡献,将强度折减有限元法推广到非饱和土边坡,计算得到了不同降雨工况下滑坡稳定性。结果表明:当强降雨降落到滑坡体上时,坡内基质吸力值均迅速减小,直至一定值后（9.5 kPa左右）不再变化;坡内地下水位受季节性降雨影响显著,短时强降雨引起地下水变化幅度不如长时间降雨对地下水位造成的影响大;陈溪峪滑坡的地质力学成因为蠕滑推移式土质滑坡,运动形式为沿基覆界面的浅层滑坡;短时强降雨是诱发滑坡变形的最关键因素。陈溪峪滑坡在持续降雨条件下的降雨量预警值约为280 mm,在短时强降雨条件下的降雨强度预警值约为240 mm/d。     

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗模型研究

传统的入渗模型未考虑坡角和降雨强度对滑坡入渗过程的影响,为了更好地描述黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗过程,在Green- Ampt入渗模型的基础上推导了考虑坡体倾角和小降雨强度影响的降雨入渗模型。为了获取改进的入渗模型参数,在黄土坡滑坡1#崩滑体上进行了双环渗透试验与降雨、土的含水率和基质吸力现场监测。结果表明,黄土坡滑坡1#崩滑体饱和渗透系数为4.81×10-5 m/s;降雨时体积含水率增加,降雨停止后体积含水率降低,深部表现出一定的滞后特性;基质吸力变化趋势与体积含水率相反,降雨使其减小,降雨停止后逐渐增大。通过双环渗透试验与现场监测,获取了黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗模型参数值。将入渗模型计算值与现场监测数据进行对比,该模型计算值与现场监测数据吻合,说明该降雨入渗模型可用于黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗分析。     

考虑径流影响的滑坡降雨入渗二维有限元模拟及应用

降雨是滑坡失稳的常见诱发因素之一,现有数值模拟方法由于不能考虑来自基岩边坡的径流对滑体渗流的补给而低估了真实的降雨入渗水量,导致在评价降雨对滑坡稳定性特别是深层滑动影响时存在一定不足。以Richards方程和有限元法为基础,忽略降雨对渗透性极低的滑床和滑带的影响,将滑坡渗流计算域缩小为滑体,以避免因滑体与滑床（滑带）渗透性差异巨大引起的数值计算困难;依据基岩边坡水平长度和滑体降雨入渗边界饱和情况,修正降雨入渗边界,实现了考虑径流补给的滑坡降雨入渗简化数值模拟。算例表明,该方法所得渗流场更加符合实际情况。以三峡库区某滑坡为例,模拟了2006年10月～2009年12月间滑坡在库水升降和降雨条件下的渗流场和安全系数的演化过程;计算结果表明,考虑径流补给时滑坡后部的渗流场饱和区域明显较大,稳定系数降低较多,与位移监测资料显示的佐证较为吻合;若不考虑径流补给,则降雨对滑坡稳定性影响不大。     

某山区机场高填方滑坡变形特征分析

西南山区某机场高填方边坡在雨季结束后不久产生了变形。通过现场调查,坡体后部土面区出现了三条拉张裂缝,左右侧界也有明显变形迹象,坡脚五级马道水沟挤压变形严重,坡脚挡墙产生一小段垮塌变形。通过地表宏观变形判断坡体处于挤压变形阶段。对此段填方体滑坡及时实施了应急变形监测与工程地质勘察。通过地表变形监测曲线分析,由于错过了初始变形阶段的监测,该滑坡变形一开始就处于等速变形阶段。该滑坡在抗滑桩开挖过程中,变形明显加剧。坡体变形进入加速阶段后,变形速率及变形加速度较等速变形阶段成倍增加。在变形进入临界状态前,及时实施了坡体后部刷方减载,坡脚堆载反压的应急治理措施。应急治理措施实施后,坡体变形速率迅速减小,为永久治理工程的实施争取了时间。     

优势流入渗与坡体变形关系研究及应用

部分降雨型滑坡的地表裂缝会随着变形的不断增加逐渐形成完整配套的裂缝体系，针对此类滑坡的降雨入渗过程，指出沿地表裂缝形成的优势通道而形成的优势流入渗主导着滑坡稳定性的恶化过程，促进变形的持续发展。系统分析了优势流入渗与地下水位升降、坡体变形之间的相互关系。在此基础上，以王家坡滑坡为典型案例，分析了优势流入渗通道形成的时空规律及对应的变形特征，发现滑坡累积位移曲线上的变形加速区间呈不规则阶跃状，并将加速区间的起点与终点定义为加速拐点和减速拐点。然后以W3监测点的实际监测资料对滑坡变形过程中的地下水升降特征进行反演并获取对应的稳定性演化规律，发现变形加速区间上的加速拐点和减速拐点与稳定性出现变化的起点和终点相吻合，依此可建立确定变形加速区间的方法，进而获取位移速率阈值。     

Micro-sheeting of granite and its relationship with landsliding specifically after the heavy rainstorm in June 1999, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan

Certain types of granite in mountainous areas are microscopically sheeted to a depth of 50 m due to unloading under the stress field that reflects slope morphology. Micro-sheets generally strike parallel to major slope surfaces and gently dip downslope, forming cataclinal overdip slopes. The cataclinal overdip slope accelerates creep movement of micro-sheeted granite, which in turn loosens and disintegrates granite via the widening or neoformation of cracks, probably in combination with stress release, temperature change, and changes in water content near the ground surface. The surface portion of micro-sheeted granite is thus loosened with a well-defined basal front, which finally slides in response to heavy rain. Innumerable landslides of this type occurred in Hiroshima Prefecture, western Japan, following the heavy rainstorm of 29 June 1999. Following such landslides, the weathering of micro-sheeted granite exposed on the landslide scar recommences, setting the stage for future landslide.     

Laboratory simulation to understand translational soil slides and establish movement criteria using wireless IMU sensors

Landslide monitoring and warning using inertial measurement units (IMUs) has shown the potential for remote and real-time applications. However, the studies conducted using the IMU sensors are limited to rainfall-induced landslide detection using soil moisture sensors and accelerometers for predicting slide and measuring tilt, respectively. The tilting of the slope might not occur during a slow-moving translational slide, and it may not always be possible to accurately record the soil moisture condition. The use of raw acceleration data, which is the combination of linear and gravitational accelerations, for calculating tilt or motion is another drawback of the existing studies. Hence, there is a need for a better approach to monitor slides. This paper presents two methods to define movement thresholds and criteria to identify the translational soil slides based on our understanding of the sensor data recorded during the two laboratory experiments. BNO055 sensor devices (IMU sensors) with 3-axis accelerometers and 3-axis gyroscopes were selected for this study. The linear accelerations, gravitational accelerations, and angular velocities were utilized to understand the translational soil slides by correlating the sensor behavior to that of the slope. The interpretation of the movements during the failure at each sensor location was further verified by referring to the videos recorded by two pi-cameras. The outcomes of this study confirm the applicability of the proposed IMU sensor system and the movement thresholds for effective and reliable monitoring and warning of translational soil slides.     

四川茂县周场坪滑坡发育特征与变形监测分析

位于四川茂县南新镇的周场坪滑坡是一大型古滑坡,曾于1982年发生大规模快速复活,目前滑体半堰塞岷江。野外地质调查表明,周场坪滑坡在平面上呈不规则长舌形,长约850 m,滑体前后缘高差约350 m;在剖面上发育3级滑动,钻探揭露滑带埋深以50~70 m为主,推测潜在失稳滑坡体积为1 500×10 ⁴~2 000×10 ⁴ m ³。周场坪滑坡在平面上分为4个变形区,在滑体中后部和前缘坡脚发育大量拉裂缝与下错陡坎,拉裂缝宽度以0.2~3.0 m为主,陡坎下错高度2~10 m。在野外调查和钻探分析的基础上,对该滑坡开展了地表位移(GNSS)、深部蠕滑变形(钻孔测斜仪)和雨量等监测。监测分析表明,目前周场坪滑坡后缘变形速率达0.80 m/a,中部和前缘分别为0.69 m/a和0.51 m/a,呈推移式滑动变形,整体向NW310°方向滑动;地表位移速率在监测期内基本在1~3 mm/d之间波动,波动主要受降雨量影响,且略滞后于降雨量;滑移加速度基本在0~6 mm/d ²范围波动。ZK2钻孔测斜仪监测数据表明,滑坡在80 m深度内主要沿2层滑带蠕滑,其中浅层滑带埋深在22 m左右,深层滑带埋深在46 m左右,滑移速率在0~5 mm/d范围波动。综合研究认为,周场坪滑坡目前处于缓慢变形的深层蠕滑中,其变形速率受降雨和河流侵蚀等因素的影响,在极端内、外动力条件下,可能会加速滑动,并再次整体复活,造成堵塞岷江等危害。     

基于降雨响应的黄土丘陵区滑坡危险性预测研究——以宝鸡市麟游县为例

极端降雨易造成群发滑坡灾害,难以作为单体预测.为预测评估黄土丘陵区不同降雨强度诱发滑坡灾害危险性,论文在区域滑坡灾害特征研究的基础上,分析降雨强度特征及滑坡分布特征.以岭南滑坡为代表分析降雨诱发黄土-丘陵区滑坡的形成机制,介绍了无限斜坡模型原理、参数选取,利用GIS空间建模与分析功能,定量完成了无降雨、25 mm、50...     

Field monitoring of groundwater responses to heavy rainfalls and the early warning of the Kualiangzi landslide in Sichuan Basin,southwestern China

The Kualiangzi landslide was triggered by heavy rainfalls in the “red beds” area of Sichuan Basin in southwestern China. Differing from other bedrock landslides, the movement of the Kualiangzi landslide was controlled by the subvertical cracks and a subhorizontal bedding plane (dip angle < 10°). The ingress of rainwater in the cracks formed a unique groundwater environment in the slope. Field measurement for rainfall, groundwater movement, and slope displacement has been made for the Kualiangzi landslide since 2013. The field monitoring system consists of two rainfall gauges, seven piezometers, five water-level gauges, and two GPS data loggers. The equipments are embedded near a longitudinal section of the landslide, where severe deformation has been observed in the past 3 years. The groundwater responses to four heavy rainfall events were analyzed between June 16 and July 24 in 2013 coincided with the flood season in Sichuan. Results showed that both of the water level and the pore-water pressure increased after each rainfall event with delay in the response time with respect to the precipitation. The maximum time lag reached 35 h occurred in a heavy rainfall event with cumulative precipitation of 127 mm; such lag effect was significantly weakened in the subsequent heavy rainfall events. In each presented rainfall event, longer infiltration period in the bedrock in the upper slope increased the response time of groundwater, compared to that of in the gravels in the lower slope. A translational landslide conceptual model was built for the Kualiangzi landslide, and the time lag was attributed to the gradual formation of the uplift pressure on the slip surface and the softening of soils at the slip surface. Another important observation is the effect on the slope movement which was caused by the water level (H _w) in the transverse tension trough developed at the rear edge of the landslide. Significant negative correlation was found for H _w and the slope stability factor (F _s), in particular for the last two heavy rainfall events, of which the drastic increase of water level caused significant deterioration in the slope stability. The rapid drop (Δ?=?22.5 kPa) of pore-water pressure in the deep bedrock within 1 h and the large increase (Δ?=?87.3 mm) of surficial displacement were both monitored in the same period. In the end, a four-level early warning system is established through utilizing H _w and the displacement rate D _r as the warning indicators. When the large deformation occurred in flood season, the habitants at the leading edge of the landslide can be evacuated in time.     

基于数据挖掘的三峡库区特大滑坡变形关联规则研究

从实测数据中分析滑坡灾害的成因机理,对于准确识别潜在危险区与及时制定防治措施十分重要。由于现场监测数据的数量庞大、来源多样,常规的数据处理方法难以从海量监测数据中提取出有用的信息,进而对滑坡变形演化趋势作出正确评价和预测。本文基于经典数据挖掘方法中的两步聚类法与关联规则分析,提出了滑坡变形行为的关联分析挖掘技术,并以长江三峡库区新铺滑坡为例,对库水位波动及降雨影响下的特大滑坡位移速率进行了关联分析。结果表明:该滑坡的变形受库水位高程水平、库水位波动速率与降雨强度等因素的多重影响,水位下降、强降雨与滑坡变形密切相关;滑坡不同空间位置处的变形影响因素存在差异,由坡脚至坡顶,库水位波动的影响水平依次降低,降雨强度的影响水平逐渐增强。本文提出的数据挖掘方法可定量分析滑坡变形的控制因素,并通过与实测数据的对比验证了相关规则的可靠性,这对于海量监测数据条件下滑坡灾害的成因分析有重要意义。