全球变暖停滞的研究进展回顾

1998—2012年,全球平均地面增温速率较之前明显趋缓,出现全球变暖停滞现象,该现象的成因与机制是当前气候变化研究的一个热点领域。主要从外部强迫和内部变率2个角度回顾全球变暖停滞产生机制的研究进展。从气候系统外部强迫影响来说,全球变暖停滞主要受到太阳活动、火山爆发、气溶胶以及平流层水汽等的影响。从气候系统内部调控作用来看,全球增温速率减缓主要受到太平洋、大西洋、印度洋和南大洋自然变率以及相应的热量再分配过程的影响。全球变暖停滞期间气候系统内部能量并没有减少,其中一部分能量被转移并储存在了海洋中深层,从而对全球增温减缓产生影响。同时,重点回顾了针对部分耦合强迫作用的"起搏器"试验,该类试验是研究全球变暖停滞的特征、成因及机制的有力手段。此外,也总结了全球变暖停滞现象对气候系统能量收支平衡、资料、模拟以及相关政策制定等方面带来的挑战,展望了未来的研究重点。     

Research on the Global Warming Hiatus

A global warming “hiatus” has been observed since the beginning of the 21st century despite the increase in heat-trapping greenhouse gases, challenging the current global warming studies. Focusing on the phenomena and mechanisms of the global warming “hiatus”, the National Key Research Program of China launched a project in July, 2016. The main research themes of this project cover: ①Revealing the spatial and temporal variability of the global warming hiatus, and quantifying the contributions of external forcing and internal (natural) variability, respectively; ②Revealing the role of the atmosphere in the global heat and energy redistribution under global warming hiatus; ③Revealing the role of the ocean in the global heat and energy redistribution under global warming hiatus; ④Investigating the predictability of the global warming hiatus. The key scientific issues to be resolved include: ①Identifying characteristics of the global warming hiatus and discerning the roles of decadal, multi-decadal oscillations; ②Revealing the role of ocean-atmosphere dynamical processes in the global redistribution of heat and energy; ③Understanding the predictability of the global warming hiatus. The research aims to predict the future development of the global warming hiatus, and to point out the possible impacts on China and other important areas, including “The Belt and Road” core area and the Polar Regions.     

全球气候变暖争议中的核心问题

综合分析了全球气候变暖争议中的3个核心问题:①全球变暖停滞了吗?回答是不一定。虽然根据HadCRUT3序列显示1999—2008年温度增量很小,但是这10年仍是过去30年中最暖的10年。而根据NASA GISS序列,则同期温度增量仍达到0.19℃/10a。目前全球地表气温在一个较暖平台上振荡,不能忽视自然气候变率。②气候变暖完全是由人类活动造成的吗?回答是否定的。虽然温室效应加剧可能是全球变暖的主要原因。但是,ENSO、太阳活动、火山活动、热盐环流等对全球变暖也有影响,在年代际及年际尺度上其影响甚至有时可能超过人类活动的作用。其中,太阳活动对气候变化的影响是需要重点考虑的因素。③气候变暖的影响有十分明显的迹象吗?回答是肯定的。近几年冰雪圈融化的速率及海平面上升的速率均超过了2007年IPCC第四次评估报告的估计,因此对未来SL上升的预估值也增加了。     

Advances and Challenges in the Study on the Tropical Rainfall Changes Under Global Warming*

Since tropical rainfall is important in the global energy and hydrologic cycle, the tropical rainfall changes under global warming have attracted extensive attention around the world in recent decades. The advances in the observational studies and model projection for the tropical rainfall changes under global warming were reviewed here. The frontiers in the mechanism of regional tropical rainfall changes and the approaches of rainfall change research are summarized. The large intermodel spread in the multi-model projections, the sources of uncertainty and the methods to reduce the uncertainty were also introduced. Finally, the challenges about the tropical rainfall changes were discussed.     

全球变化背景下的敏感性研究综述

敏感性研究是全球变化科学研究的重点领域,通过认识全球变化和生态安全之间的相互关系,为人类适应全球变化提供科学依据。基于对敏感性概念的辨析,探讨了全球变化背景下敏感性的科学内涵,提出了敏感性研究的框架,列举了敏感性分析与评价各自的研究方法、对象和目标,从生物学实验、实地观测、计算机模型以及统计分析4个方面系统总结了敏感性分析的方法与实践,概述了非脆弱性和脆弱性框架下的敏感性评价方法与实践。发现在很多研究中敏感性评价是脆弱性框架中的重要一部分,但是评价自然生态系统对环境变化的敏感性则往往不依赖于脆弱性框架,是独立完整的研究。最后总结了敏感性研究的阶段性特征,指出了未来的研究重点和发展方向。     

Rainfall Variability and Changes in Southern Africa during the 20th Century in the Global Warming Context

Rainfall variability and changes in Southern Africa over the 20th century areexamined and their potential links to the global warming discussed. After a shortreview of the main conclusions of various experiments with Global AtmosphericModels (GCM) forced by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases for SouthernAfrica, a study of various datasets documents the observed changes in rainfall featuresat both daily and seasonal time steps through the last century. Investigations of dailyrainfall parameters are so far limited to South Africa. They show that some regionshave experienced a shift toward more extreme rainfall events in recent decades.Investigations of cumulative rainfall anomalies over the summer season do notshow any trend to drier or moister conditions during the century. However, closeexamination reveals that rainfall variability in Southern Africa has experiencedsignificant modifications, especially in the recent decades. Interannual variabilityhas increased since the late 1960s. In particular, droughts became more intense andwidespread. More significantly, teleconnection patterns associated with SouthernAfrican rainfall variability changed from regional before the 70s to near global after,and an increased statistical association to the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is observed. Numerical experiments with a French GCM indicate that these changes in teleconnections could be related to long-term variations in the Sea-Surface-Temperature background, which are part of the observed global warming signal.     

全球变化下地表反照率研究进展

地表反照率表征地球表面对太阳辐射的反射能力,决定着地表与大气之间辐射能量的分配过程,是影响地球气候系统的关键变量。在全球变化日益突出的今天,地表反照率与全球变化的相互影响机制已经成为地球科学研究领域的热点问题之一。地表反照率的细微变化,会影响到地气系统的能量收支平衡,进而引起区域以至全球气候变化。详细介绍地表反照率影响...     

近20年气候变暖对北京时令旅游的影响--以北京市植物园桃花节为例

北京植物园桃花节是赏花专题时令旅游的典型代表,以近20年植物园桃花节的起讫时间、持续时间及相关气温、物候期等数据为依据,探讨了气候变暖对时令旅游的影响。结果表明：1994年前后桃花节开始日期存在着显著的均值差异,后一时段比前一时段约提前6天,植物园桃花节的开始日期在总体上响应了以山桃始花为代表的北京春季物候提前的变化趋势。同时,桃花节开始日期与上年山桃始花日期、上年年均温度存在显著相关性,反映人们对桃花节的决策是参照上一年的物候现象做出的,相对于气候年际波动存在1年的滞后。桃花节结束日期受人为因素影响较大,但总的来说气候变暖有利于桃花节持续日数的延长。此外,桃花节响应气候变化的滞后性,使得气候波动容易引起时令旅游产品的不稳定,不利于时令旅游的经济效益和社会效益。     

全球变暖情景下黑河山区水循环要素变化研究

利用有关水文气象台站的观测资料,对近50年来黑河上游山区流域降水、气温与径流深等水循环要素的变化进行了分析,结果表明：该区域的平均气温变化总体上呈上升的趋势,且其升温幅度高于全球过去50年的升温幅度;降水与径流的变化均呈增加的趋势,但增幅不是十分显著,且径流增长的增幅要大于降水量,这意味着径流的增长并不完全依赖降水的增加,气温上升导致的冰川和高山积雪及地下冻土层融水增加也是影响黑河上游山区流域径流变化的重要原因。根据降水和气温未来的变化趋势,预计在未来50年中, 除非遭遇到特别极端的气候组合,黑河山区径流仍将维持过去50年来缓慢增加的趋势,但增幅非常有限,最大变幅基本在目前多年均值的±5%左右。     

东亚区域能量和水分循环对我国极端气候影响研究的一些初步进展

介绍了2009年项目"全球变暖背景下东亚能量和水分循环变异及其对我国极端气候的影响"的主要研究目标和内容,着重叙述了项目实施以来的主要科研进展,包括西北敦煌和临泽区陆气交换加强观测试验、我国极端气候的变化分析和模拟研究以及气候预测新方法和新系统的研制等方面.最后概要介绍了项目未来几年的主要研究工作计划.     

全球气候变暖对西北地区秋季降水的影响

分析了在全球气候变暖背景下,西北地区秋季降水的时空变化特征和主要影响因素,发现秋季降水量的均值突变现象在四季中最为明显,西北地区东部和西部降水在年代际尺度上具有相反的变化趋势.El Nino年秋季,新疆脊偏强,印缅槽偏弱,西北地区东部降水偏少;La Nina年秋季降水形势相反.CO₂倍增情况下的数值试验表明,西北地区西部夏季降水增加明显,而秋季不明显;西北地区东部夏季降水呈减少趋势,而秋季降水增加明显.     

全球气候变化的几个关键问题辨析

基于对全球气候变化事实与国家气候变化行动的分析,就当前全球气候变化科学认识和行动中的几个关键问题的不同观点与争论进行了辨析。指出：①应以比较确定的科学事实和“共同但有区别的责任”作为应对气候变化的出发点;②全球增温的幅度被高估了;③近百年全球变暖主要归因于人类活动的论断科学证据不足;④全球变暖的影响有利有弊,具体问题需具体分析;⑤气候预估不等于气候预测,气候预测尚待时日,气候预估的不确定性也非常大;⑥当前应对全球变暖的行动应采取“适应为主、减缓为辅”的战略。     

全球变暖对新疆水循环影响分析

随着全球气候变暖,新疆地区降水量、冰川数量、径流量、地下水位等自20世纪80年代中后期以来发生了很大的变化.通过对61个国家水文、气象站点20世纪50年代到2000年的降水量、气温、冰川、径流量、湖泊水量、地下水位的变化资料分析,探讨了新疆水循环的变化趋势和原因.结果表明:新疆地区降水量增加主要是由于全球水循环速度加快引起的.通过分析新疆高山冰川的变化,试图揭示全球气候持续变暖对新疆乃至整个西北地区水资源可能造成的巨大影响.     

全球气候增暖对甘肃农作物生长影响的研究进展

系统总结了甘肃省科技攻关重大项目“甘肃干旱生态环境对全球气候变暖的响应研究”等3个课题的主要成果和研究进展。在揭示甘肃省现代气候变化基本特征是冬暖夏干的基础上,比较系统地综述了越冬作物（冬小麦、冬油菜）、喜凉作物（春小麦、马铃薯、胡麻）和喜温作物（玉米、棉花、酿酒葡萄）等8种主要农作物的生长发育、适生种植区高度和种植面积、产量和品质等对现代气候变化的响应特征。现代气候变化对甘肃农作物生长的影响非常突出,已对农作物安全生产与农业可持续发展构成了严重威胁。其研究结果为建立现代农业发展模式,旱作农业生产机制,农作物安全生产提供科学的指导意见。     

Review and Prospect of Global Operational Ocean Forecasting

The marine environmental forecast plays an increasingly important role in economic growth and infrastructure development, and touches upon many fields and aspects, including marine security, energy resources development and protection, ocean shipping and fisheries. Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) OceanView supports the national research groups providing them with coordination and technical support among the partners. Forecasting centers develop and establish global operational ocean forecast systems. The global operational ocean forecasting system uses the ocean dynamic numerical model as the dynamic framework, and the near real-time high-quality observation input field is integrated into the model by data assimilation to realize the future environmental forecasts of the marine conditions covering the multi-time scale. The products are routinely validated with observations in order to assess their quality. This paper briefly introduced and reviewed the development process and current situation of the global ocean forecasting system covered by GODAE OceanView, and outlined the future development of global ocean forecasting.     

Studies on the Coral Reefs of the South China Sea: From Global Change to Oil-Gas Exploration

Studies on the coral reefs of the South China Sea (SCS) was the theme of the 6th Session of the 3rd Conference on Earth System Science (CESS) in Shanghai, 2014. This session discussed the most recent study developments on the SCS coral reefs, including coral reefs’ responses to global changes, coral reefs’ records on past climatic variations, and the activities about constructions and oil gas explorations in the coral reefs areas of the SCS. Disturbed by intensive anthropogenic activities and global climate warming, coral reefs in the SCS have declined dramatically, reflecting the up to 80% decrease of living coral cover and many areas having less than 20% of living coral cover. Geochemical data of SCS coral skeletons clearly show that since the Industry Revolution, the pollution situation of the SCS have dramatically increased and the seawater pH values have been continuously lowering, i.e. oceanic acidification. All these environmental phenomenon are further stressing the healthy development of the coral reef ecosystem in the SCS. Meanwhile, the poor coral reef ecosystems in the SCS are facing more anthropogenic disturbances such as coastal developments and engineering constructions. Obviously, the SCS coral reefs will be faced with more environmental challenges in the coming future. We therefore suggest that the policy makers should realize the extreme importance and the fragile of the coral reef ecosystems, and scientifically and with great cautions design construction project when in coral reef areas. We initiated the concept of “green engineering” for future developments in coral reef areas. Coral reefs are widely spreading in the whole SCS, and most of them developed since Miocene. Variations in coral reef structures provide good future oil-gas exploration. Because the SCS coral reefs have a long-developing history and a wide spatial distribution, they provide great potential in recording past environmental changes.     

小冰期以来中国季风温冰川对全球变暖的响应

中国的季风温冰川主要分布在青藏高原东南部、冰川覆盖面积为 １３ ２０３．２ ｋｍ２,占我国冰川 总面积的２２．２％．由于这类冰川的特性、对气候变暖极为敏感自小冰期最盛时（１７世纪）以来,温冰 川区平均升温０．８℃,冰川面积减小相当现代面积的３０％,为３９２１．２ｋｍ２．预估中国季风湿冰川区 ２１００年的升温值２．１℃,届时冰川面积将减少７５％,达９９００ ｋｍ２左右,考虑到降水增加趋势等因 素,实际冰川退缩比例不大于８０％,但这已足以说明温冰川的大规模衰退．其后果将对当地水资源 和环境产生重大影响     

全球变暖背景下北美育空河流域化学风化增强

硅酸盐岩风化对气候变化和构造运动的反馈对长尺度气候变化可能起到重要的调节作用,对该反馈过程的定量认识有助于更确切理解地球碳循环的运行规律。通常认为风化类型可分为两种,分别是供应限制和动力学限制。全球变暖可能促进了动力学限制流域的化学风化作用,然而,关于这方面的认识仍很有限。育空河流域是典型的动力学限制风化区域,研究育空河的风化对气候变暖的响应有助于深入认识气候和大陆风化之间的相互作用。正演模型是区分河流风化端元的重要手段,文章利用正演模型对育空河流域从1975年到2019年的主要离子组成的数据集进行分析,并获得了该流域在过去几十年的化学风化速率的变化趋势。结果表明,育空河水化学性质主要受到碳酸盐岩风化和硅酸盐岩风化控制,两者多年平均碳汇通量分别为2.1×10¹¹ mol/yr和4.1×10¹⁰ mol/yr,处于世界主要大河碳汇通量的中间水平。更重要的是,在同一时期,伴随着2.2℃的温度增幅和13.7%的径流量增加,流域内的阳离子总通量增加了35.7%,其中硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化产生的阳离子通量分别增加了41%和35%,阳离子通量/风化速率对气候的敏感性与冰岛地区的研究结果符合的很好,与风化速率加快相对应的,硅酸盐岩风化碳汇通量相对增加了59.6%。尽管碳汇的增加在绝对通量上相比人类化石燃烧产生的碳排放通量微不足道,但是考虑到构造尺度内全球硅酸盐岩风化速率的增强,尤其是在较为寒冷的高纬度地区,额外的二氧化碳固定量可能对地球历史时期的全球气候产生重要影响。     

Abrupt Change of Lake Environment in West China:an Evidence for Global Climate Warming

ABRUPT CHANGE OF LAKE ENVIRONMENT IN WEST CHINA: AN EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE WARMINGtheNational(G19980 4 0 80 2 )andCAS’sKeyProjectonTibetanPlateauResearch(KZ951 A1 2 0 4 )     

1958-2008年山西气温变化的特征及趋势研究

With the original meteorological record, monthly report and informationized manufacture data of 109 stations during 1958-2008 archived by Shanxi Meteorological Information Center, the authors studied the variation trend and characteristics of average air temperature, average maximum and minimum air temperature, and average daily range of air temperature in Shanxi, the results show that: during the resent 51a, the warming trend of average air temperature, average maximum and minimum air temperature separately was 0.306℃/10a,0.337℃/10a and 0.363℃/10a in Shanxi, which was much higher than that of the corresponding period of the whole nation; the warming trend in winter, spring and autumn separately was 0.46℃/10a、0.35℃/10a和0.26 ℃/10a, the warming range was obviously higher than that of the whole nation, though, the warming range in summer was lower than that of the whole nation; the average daily range: was on descending trend in winter, summer and the whole year without exception, while in spring and autumn it was on weak upward trend. North Shanxi is not only the area where the seasonal and annual warming is the most obvious, but also is the area where the decreasing scope and extent of average daily range are maximum, Southwest Shanxi is the area where the increasing scope and extent of average daily range are maximum all the year round, in summer the air temperature appeared obvious dropping trend in the southeast of Shanxi; The contribution that the enhancing factor of urban heat island effect made to the seasonal average air temperature rising of moderate cities and above, is the highest in summer, and the lowest in winter.