不同泥质分布形式泥质砂岩导电规律实验研究

本文利用人工制作的不同含量分散泥质和层状泥质砂岩岩心样品,测量不同矿化度和不同含油饱和度的岩心电阻率,从实验角度研究了不同泥质分布形式和含量的岩心导电规律,结果表明,泥质分布形式或含量不同,则泥质砂岩导电规律不同.基于层状泥质与分散泥质砂岩的并联导电实验规律,以及分散粘土和地层水混合物的导电规律可用HB电阻率方程描述,建立了考虑泥质分布形式影响的泥质砂岩电阻率模型.通过1组不同泥质分布形式泥质砂岩人造岩心实验数据的测试,表明该模型可以描述分散泥质砂岩、层状泥质砂岩和混合泥质砂岩地层的导电规律.分散泥质,层状泥质,人造岩样,实验测量,并联导电,HB方程,电阻率模型     

骨架导电的混合泥质砂岩通用孔隙结合电阻率模型研究

在水介质中顺序添加分散粘土颗粒、油珠、导电骨架颗粒、层状泥质,并对每一种成分进行连续积分,建立了一种适用骨架导电及含有分散粘土和层状泥质的泥质砂岩通用电阻率模型.通过对该模型的影响因素分析,发现泥质分布形式对模型计算的含水饱和度有很大影响;对应两个不同粘土颗粒电阻率或骨架颗粒电阻率的地层电导率之差,几乎与总含水饱和度无关,而对应两个不同层状泥质电阻率的地层电导率之差,随总含水饱和度增大而增大;骨架胶结指数变化对地层电导率与总含水饱和度关系曲线的影响最大,而粘土胶结指数变化对地层电导率与总含水饱和度关系曲线的影响最小;饱和度指数对地层电导率与总含水饱和度关系曲线的影响随总含水饱和度的增大而减小.通过一组骨架导电的人造岩样的试验,表明当地层水电阻率.小于颗粒电阻率时,该模型可以用于不含粘土的骨架导电的岩石.通过两组分散泥质砂岩岩样实验测量数据和一组层状泥质砂岩测井资料及实际测井资料的计算,表明本文给出的电阻率模型既适用于分散泥质砂岩地层解释又适用于层状泥质砂岩地层解释,同时,还适用于含有分散粘土和层状泥质的混合泥质砂岩地层解释.     

基于三水导电模型的裂缝性致密砂岩测井解释方法与应用

裂缝性致密砂岩的解释模型是测井定量评价的基础。依据黄桥地区龙潭组地层裂缝性致密砂岩地质特点和孔隙空间的组成,利用三水模型分析了裂缝性致密砂岩的导电机理,提出了该地区的测井解释理论和方法,实现了组分孔隙度和饱和度的定量计算。应用表明,计算的三水导电组分孔隙度与核磁共振测井结果一致,测井解释结果与测试结果一致,认为该方法适用于该地区裂缝性致密砂岩的测井评价。     

应用Bayes逐步判别方法识别东辛油田沙四段储层流体性质

东辛油田沙四段储层存在相当数量的低阻油层,油层、油水同层、水层测井响应特征比较接近,常规交会图法难以准确识别储层流体性质.本文介绍了Bayes逐步判别方法原理和技术流程,综合应用声波时差、自然伽马、自然电位、深探测电阻率、浅探测电阻率测井资料和生产动态资料建立了油层、油水同层、水层的判别函数.应用效果表明,Bayes逐...     

低阻油层成因机理及测井评价方法综述

为了提高低阻油层测井识别评价的精度,本文基于大量的文献调研,通过对前人研究成果的吸收继承,梳理了国内外关于低阻油层的定义,归纳总结了低阻油层一般成因机理,研究了低阻油层的常规测井响应特征及其一般识别评价方法,进而探讨了低阻油层识别评价测井新技术和新思路.研究表明,低阻油层一般成因和影响因素包括十个方面;低阻油层常规测井响应呈现为高自然伽马、较高声波时差及高中子测井值、自然电位异常幅度低和密度测井值低等特征,低阻油层常规测井响应特征随其成因机理而异;低阻油层一般识别评价方法有九种之多;核磁共振测井、阵列感应测井及MDT等测井新技术可有效识别评价低阻油层;非线性数学方法为低阻油层识别评价提供了新思路.     

基于核磁共振实验的低渗透砂岩岩电参数分类及应用——以东营凹陷南坡沙四段为例

低渗透砂岩储层孔隙结构复杂, 储层有效性识别及饱和度准确计算难度较大.笔者以东营凹陷南坡沙四段（Es4）低渗透砂岩为研究对象, 根据压汞、物性、薄片及核磁等资料, 将研究区孔隙结构分为三大类、五小类.在岩样孔隙结构分类基础上, 明确了孔隙结构类型与岩电参数之间存在确定的关系, 而核磁共振T2谱定量特征参数在一定程度上能够表征孔隙结构类型及其细节信息, 通过提取T2谱中T2几何平均值（T2g）、T2均值（）、峰度（KG）、可动流体分量（Smf）及区间孔隙分量等孔隙结构参数, 建立了基于核磁T2谱特征参数的孔隙结构识别图版, 显示核磁T2谱孔隙结构参数对不同类型的储层有较好的识别效果, 进而探讨核磁孔隙结构参数和岩电参数之间的关系, 结果表明, T2谱峰度值与孔隙胶结指数（m）值相关性较高, 进一步确定了岩电参数m的核磁计算公式.最终, 将该套方法应用于研究区井筒剖面中, 有效地提高了饱和度计算精度, 也为东营凹陷南坡低渗透砂岩油藏储量估算与高效开发提供了依据.     

一种动静态结合的等时剩余油饱和度动态评价方法及应用

油气藏进入二次、三次开发后,剩余油饱和度的空间分布以及随时间的动态变化对于开发方案调整变得尤为重要.目前,基于测井曲线、测试资料的常规剩余油饱和度评价存在不等时性,即测井、开发和评价时刻不等,导致在某一评价时刻绘制的剩余油饱和度等值线图不能准确反映油水的空间分布特征,不同评价时刻的等值线图对比也不能反映油水的动态变化以及开发效果.将研究目的层划分为未投产未水淹、未投产水淹、在产水淹、在产未水淹4种情况,以地质和工程资料为约束,提出了一种动静态结合的等时剩余油饱和度动态定量评价方法.首先,依据测井资料、开发资料定性判别开发区块中的单井、单层在评价时刻是否水淹、是否在产.其次,根据注水受效、水淹、在产情况,依据测井曲线、产水率与评价时刻的匹配关系选取对应的基于动态资料(产水率)、静态资料(测井曲线)的剩余油饱和度评价方法,绘制目的工区目标层在特定时刻的等时剩余油饱和度分布等值线图.最后,绘制时间推移的等时剩余油饱和度动态变化图,进而分析剩余油饱和度随时间的变化规律,评价开发方案效果.在某断块油藏某层的应用效果表明,该方法呈现出不同时刻剩余油饱和度分布与注水井分布、作业情况吻合得很好,能够描述开发后剩余油的动态变化,评价开发效果.

     

Effect of exchangeable Mg on saturated hydraulic conductivity, disaggregation and clay dispersion of disturbed soils

Different opinions exist regarding the specific effect of Mg on soil physical and chemical properties. We hypothesized that Mg²⁺, compared with Ca²⁺, reduces saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) via promoting clay swelling, disaggregation, and clay dispersion. Two soils (mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) in packed soil columns were leached with either Ca- or Mg-containing solutions at the successive concentrations of 250, 10, 2, 0.5, and 0 mM. Critical flocculation concentration (CFC) in either Ca or Mg systems was determined with flocculation series tests. Aggregate stability and mean weight diameter (MWD) were assessed by wet-sieving. The CFCs were higher in Mg than in Ca for both soils, indicating that Mg is more dispersive than Ca. The MWDs measured using 1–2 mm aggregates of both soils were significantly larger for Ca-soils than for Mg-soils (P=0.05). The K_sr (normalized with initial K_s) started to decline at higher concentrations for Mg than for Ca, and the reduction was much greater in Mg than in Ca above 0.5 mM. The K_sr and percent transmittance (inversely related to turbidity) of leachate at a given eluted pore volume following ‘steady state’ were higher in Ca than in Mg for both soils (P=0.1), indicating lower permeability and more clay dispersion with the Mg treatment. Swelling and disaggregation, which reduced large pores, appeared to be the dominant process causing the rapid initial decline of K_sr. Clay dispersion and subsequent pore plugging became progressively important when electrolyte concentration was reduced to below CFCs.     

石墨-石英模型电导率的数值模拟研究及地球物理应用

地壳高导异常及各向异性成因是地学研究的热点之一,断裂带区域常呈现出高电导率特征,对于石墨富集的断裂带,石墨形态及分布对导电性的影响已经引起关注.本文利用有限元数值模拟方法,构建了石墨-石英三维模型,探讨了石墨含量、排列方式、孔隙度及温度对模型电导率的影响.结果表明,石墨连通前,温度的增加能使模型电导率显著增大,而在石墨连通后,石墨含量的增加、片状石墨沿导电方向的定向排列以及石墨直径与厚度比值的增大,均能导致模型电导率发生显著增加,孔隙度的增大则导致模型电导率减小.同时,这些参数的变化也会使模型电导率突变时的石墨含量阈值发生改变,当石墨排列方向改变时,这一阈值变化显著,对于石墨富集的一些断裂带区域,石墨定向排列可能是引起高导的一种成因.

     

A relationship between phonon conductivity and seismic parameter Φ for silicate minerals

Summary The relationship between the phonon conductivity at room temperature (K _N ) and the seismic parameter () for silicate minerals is suggested. The considerations are based on the Debye model of thermal energy transport phenomena in solids and on the seismic equation of state for silicates and oxides given byAnderson (1967). The semiempirical relationship is the formK _N = 0.43^0.82 where is in km²/s² andK _N in mcal/cm s K, and the empirical relationship isK _N =(0.528±0.006) –(8.18±2.11). The laboratory data on thermal and elastic properties for several silicates were taken fromHorai andSimmons (1970).     

泥质砂岩中接触胶结泥质定量估算及对砂岩弹性的影响

在泥质砂岩的岩石物理建模中,明确泥质砂岩中泥质胶结物的接触类型及其含量对正确认识泥质的胶结作用对泥质砂岩声速的影响以及合理地建立岩石物理模型至关重要.现阶段,尚未有实验室定量估算胶结泥质的方法,导致应用胶结砂岩理论模型预测胶结砂岩地层的声速时往往由于胶结物含量被高估从而导致预测声速结果偏高.本文通过观察铸体薄片中泥质与颗粒之间的接触关系和相对分布提出了一种区分胶结泥质和分散泥质的方法：与两个或两个以上颗粒接触的连续分布的泥质为胶结泥质;与一个颗粒接触或者不与颗粒接触的泥质为分散泥质.基于这一准则,本文基于像素拾取法估算了人造泥质砂岩的胶结泥质含量,并将胶结泥质含量作为胶结砂岩模型的输入参数优化CCT模型.对比原始模型,本文方法声速误差下降了20%,预测准确度显著提高.本文方法适用于弱胶结地层的岩石物理建模,能够准确的预测声速以结合地震和测井资料识别有利储层,定量评价储层参数.

     

Comparison of conductivity averaging methods for one-dimensional unsaturated flow in layered soils

One of the important factors influencing the accuracy of the numerical solution of 1D unsaturated flow equation (Richards’ equation) is the averaging method applied to compute hydraulic conductivity between two adjacent nodes of the computational grid. A number of averaging schemes have been proposed in the literature for homogeneous soil, including arithmetic, geometric, upstream and integrated means, as well as more sophisticated approaches, based on the local solution of steady state flow between the neighboring nodes (Darcian means). Another group of methods have been developed for the case when a material interface is present between the nodes. They range from simple arithmetic averaging to more complex schemes using the pressure- and flux-continuity conditions at the interface. In this paper we compare several averaging schemes for a number of steady and unsteady flow problems in layered soils. The first group of methods is applied in the framework of the vertex-centered approach to spatial discretization, where the nodes are placed at the material interfaces, while the second group is used with the cell-centered approach, where the material interfaces are located between computational nodes. The resulting numerical schemes are evaluated in terms of accuracy and computational time. It is shown that the averaging schemes based on Darcian mean principle [19] used in the framework of either vertex-centered or cell-centered approach compare favorably to other methods for a range of test cases.     

水合物合成及导热系数测定

设计了一套实验装置,结合瞬态面热源法来测量混合气水合物导热系数及含混气水合物的沙子多孔介质的有效导热系数.在-10℃～5℃,压力6.6MPa下,含体积比甲烷90.01%,乙烷5.03%,丙烷4.96%的混合气与0.971mol/m3十二烷基磺酸钠水溶液生成的水合物的导热系数约为0.55W/(m·K),并且其值随温度的上升而增高,呈玻璃体导热特性.由于“爬壁”效应的存在,混合气与饱含SDS水溶液的沙子多孔介质反应生成含混合气水合物的沙子多孔介质的有效导热系数（约1.2W/(m·K)）显著低于含四氢呋喃水合物的沙子多孔介质的值（约1.9W/(m·K)）.虽然本实验使用了SDS来加速和促进水合反应的进行,但是水合物样品中依然存在游离水,因此本研究采用了温度振荡法来进一步促进含SDS水溶液的水合反应进行,研究发现当浴槽温度在-10℃～4℃间周期变化时,游离水在水的相变温度区附近转变为水合物,通过几个周期的温度振荡,样品中的游离水被完全消耗掉.最后通过对含不同浓度SDS的四氢呋喃水合物导热系数测试,讨论了实验中加入SDS对水合物导热系数的影响,结果认为本实验中加入的SDS量对测试结果影响很小（±1.5%）.     

Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity and its impact on assessments of heat flux

The variability of sedimentary thermal conductivities with increasing temperature are explored for their impact on estimates of present-day heat flux and subsurface temperature gradient. For sand thicknesses less than about 10–20 km, or shale thicknesses less than about 40–80 km, the subsurface temperature is closely linearly proportional to the thermal resistance integral obtained in the absence of the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. Estimates of heat flux should be increased (decreased) by about 5% for sands and decreased by about 1% for shales. For salt, because of the much shorter temperature range over which its thermal conductivity decreases, effects produced by the temperature dependence are more noticeable: heat flux should be increased by around 13%, salt thicknesses in excess of 5 km will yield major (around 30–100°C) changes in their temperature regimes solely as a consequence of the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, and the linear increase of temperature with increasing thermal resistance is not an adequate approximation but has to be replaced with a more exact exponential increase.The impact of the variations, particularly in the case of salt, for geologic processes is briefly considered.     

The application of electrical conductivity as a tracer for hydrograph separation in urban catchments

Two‐component hydrograph separation was performed on 19 low‐to‐moderate intensity rainfall events in a 4·1‐km² urban watershed to infer the relative and absolute contribution of surface runoff (e.g. new water) to stormflow generation between 2001 and 2003. The electrical conductivity (EC) of water was used as a continuous and inexpensive tracer, with order of magnitude differences in precipitation (12–46 µS/cm) and pre‐event streamwater EC values (520–1297 µS/cm). While new water accounted for most of the increased discharge during storms (61–117%), the contribution of new water to total discharge during events was typically lower (18–78%) and negatively correlated with antecedent stream discharge (r² = 0·55, p < 0·01). The amount of new water was positively correlated with total rainfall (r² = 0·77), but hydrograph separation results suggest that less than half (9–46%) of the total rainfall on impervious surfaces is rapidly routed to the stream channel as new water. Comparison of hydrograph separation results using non‐conservative tracers (EC and Si) and a conservative isotopic tracer (δD) for two events showed similar results and highlighted the potential application of EC as an inexpensive, high frequency tracer for hydrograph separation studies in urban catchments. The use of a simple tracer‐based approach may help hydrologists and watershed managers to better understand impervious surface runoff, stormflow generation and non‐point‐source pollutant loading to urban streams. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The electrical conductivity of eclogite in Tibet and its geophysical implications

The electrical conductivity of Tibetan eclogite was investigated at pressures of 1.5–3.5 GPa and temperatures of 500–803 K using impedance spectroscopy within a frequency range of 10-1–106 Hz. The electrical conductivity of eclogite increases with increasing temperature(which can be approximated by the Arrhenius equation), and is weakly affected by pressure. At each tested pressure, the electrical conductivity is weakly temperature dependent below ~650 K and more strongly temperature dependent above ~650 K. The calculated activation energies and volumes are 44±1 kJ/mol and-0.6±0.1 cm3/mol for low temperatures and 97±3 kJ/mol and-1.2±0.2 cm3/mol for high temperatures, respectively. When applied to the depth range of 45–100 km in Tibet, the laboratory data give conductivities on the order of 10-1.5–10-4.5 S/m, within the range of geophysical conductivity profiles.