大青山地区2.5 Ga紫苏花岗岩——对深熔石榴花岗岩成因模式的启示

华北克拉通北缘西部陆块早前寒武纪基底分布广泛,现有的研究普遍认为经历 2.5 Ga,2.45~2.37 Ga,1.95 Ga和1.85 Ga变质热事件影响。华北克拉通北缘阴山陆块中2.5 Ga的紫苏花岗岩研究已经成为了揭示华北克拉通北缘早前寒武纪构造演化的一个热点,但孔兹岩带中却鲜少有新太古代晚期构造热事件的相关报道。近年来,相继从大青山地区的孔兹岩带石榴黑云母片麻岩中分辨出一期具有2.45~2.37 Ga变质锆石年龄的大青山表壳岩,同时出露与其成因关系密切的深熔石榴花岗岩,但其深熔成因的模式存在争议。本文对大青山地区新发现的新太古代晚期紫苏花岗岩、石榴花岗岩及其围岩的野外空间产出关系和锆石年代学进行对比分析,为探究深熔石榴花岗岩成因模式提供重要的启示。     

大青山地区2.5 Ga紫苏花岗岩——对深熔石榴花岗岩成因模式的启示

华北克拉通北缘西部陆块早前寒武纪基底分布广泛,现有的研究普遍认为经历 2.5 Ga,2.45~2.37 Ga,1.95 Ga和1.85 Ga变质热事件影响。华北克拉通北缘阴山陆块中2.5 Ga的紫苏花岗岩研究已经成为了揭示华北克拉通北缘早前寒武纪构造演化的一个热点,但孔兹岩带中却鲜少有新太古代晚期构造热事件的相关报道。近年来,相继从大青山地区的孔兹岩带石榴黑云母片麻岩中分辨出一期具有2.45~2.37 Ga变质锆石年龄的大青山表壳岩,同时出露与其成因关系密切的深熔石榴花岗岩,但其深熔成因的模式存在争议。本文对大青山地区新发现的新太古代晚期紫苏花岗岩、石榴花岗岩及其围岩的野外空间产出关系和锆石年代学进行对比分析,为探究深熔石榴花岗岩成因模式提供重要的启示。     

辽西新太古代钓鱼台花岗岩成因及演化过程:来自岩石组构的证据

辽西兴城钓鱼台地区分布一套花岗质杂岩,是新太古代"绥中花岗岩"的重要组成部分。花岗质杂岩以似斑状花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩为主,少量细粒黑云闪长岩(包体)及脉状花岗岩,各类岩石接触关系明确,本文定义为"钓鱼台花岗岩"。锆石U-Pb同位素测试结果显示似斑状花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩、脉状花岗岩的形成年龄分别为2538±20Ma、2476±56Ma、2470±18Ma,同为新太古代末期热事件的产物。通过该花岗岩组合的宏观-微观组构解析表明,似斑状花岗闪长岩表现为均匀块状构造,具有深熔花岗质岩浆的典型堆晶结构;细粒黑云闪长岩为细粒结构,呈小型暗色包体分布在似斑状花岗闪长岩中,包体的塑性变形、捕掳晶、淬冷边及反向脉等组构发育,具有铁镁质基性岩浆加入同深熔花岗闪长岩并快速冷却的特征;暗色的石英闪长岩主要分布在似斑状花岗闪长岩之下,接触带附近似斑状花岗闪长岩中的钾长石变斑晶明显增多,显示闪长质岩浆"底垫"侵位加热的特征;脉状花岗岩同时穿切似斑状花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩,具有熔体富集脉体的结构特征。各类岩石中变形组构均不发育。钓鱼台花岗岩记录了新太古代末期地壳深熔和壳幔相互作用过程,岩石组构研究表明新太古代地壳再造作用是一个"静态"多期次的缓慢深熔过程,伴有同期幔源基性物质加入并混合,以及随后大规模的基性岩浆底侵。由此推断钓鱼台花岗岩形成的构造背景为幔源岩浆垂向底侵过程,可能是与俯冲带关联不明显的岩浆弧环境。     

内蒙古中部似斑状含榴石花岗岩特征及成因

通过对内蒙古中部新太古代似斑状含榴石花岗岩进行岩相学及岩石地球化学方面的研究,并与黑云片麻岩进行岩石地球化学特征对比,发现两者在宏观地质特征与岩石地球化学特征上具有紧密的继承性,因此认为该花岗岩为新太古代区域变质岩在高级变质作用条件下经历原地经深熔作用、混合岩化作用所形成。     

内蒙古大青山地区石榴花岗岩的地质特征和岩相学特征

内蒙古大青山地区石榴花岗岩出露于哈德门沟-平方沟-虎本汉沟一带,沿麻粒岩系与孔兹岩系之间的构造不整合面呈不规则带状分布,从其野外地质特征和岩相学特征可确定石榴花岗岩与围岩为渐变过渡关系.石榴花岗岩中的变质表壳岩以及部分包体不仅在岩性上可与外围的同类岩石对比,而且也显示了明显的深熔作用改造的痕迹.现有证据表明石榴花岗岩总体上是由孔兹岩系的石榴黑云片麻岩原地熔融形成的,为深熔作用的产物.石榴花岗岩的研究为本区的深熔作用演化提供了依据.     

华北克拉通北缘孔兹岩带两期深熔石榴花岗岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

华北克拉通北缘孔兹岩带大青山地区和集宁—凉城地区石榴花岗岩与深熔源岩(泥质片麻岩)在野外空间上渐变过渡、密切共生。石榴花岗岩中含有大量的源岩包体、残留体、残留矿物相/转熔矿物相,深熔源岩中也存在大量的石榴花岗岩团块,这些混合岩的岩性在宏观上具有不均一性。岩相学研究表明,石榴花岗岩与泥质片麻岩矿物组成相近,二者具有特征十分相似的石榴石,主要为残留矿物相/转熔矿物相。地球化学研究表明,石榴花岗岩与泥质片麻岩拟合程度较好,均具有高TFeO/MgO值和Al₂O₃质量分数,K₂O/Na₂O值和CaO质量分数存在较大变化,相对富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Ta、Nb、Ti和P等元素。与世界上典型的S型花岗岩成分偏离,大青山地区和集宁—凉城地区石榴花岗岩具有低SiO₂质量分数(50.30%～73.10%)和高MgO+TFeO质量分数(1.6%～14.8%)。研究认为偏离正常S型花岗岩的成分范围与石榴石残留体带入和幔源物质添加有关。结合前人资料,认为大青山地区和集宁—凉城地区石榴花岗...     

华北地台前寒武花岗岩类,陆壳定化与克拉通形成

通过华北前寒武幻花岗岩类的研究,提出英云闪长岩和奥长花岗岩代表不成熟陆壳组成,Ｔ１,Ｔ２Ｇ１Ｇ２代表半成熟陆壳组成,花岗闪长岩和花岗岩代表成熟陆壳组成,讨论了大陆根的形成与性质。识别出华北地台内１０个太古陆核。讨论了中太古代初始陆核,新太古代陆核;新太古代末两个微大陆尺度的陆核的形成;早元古代两个成熟陆核的构造拼合并形成华北克拉通。     

华北地台前寒武花岗岩类、陆壳演化与克拉通形成

通过华北前寒武纪花岗岩类的研究,提出英云闪长岩和奥长花岗岩（Ｔ１Ｔ２）代表不成熟陆壳组成,Ｔ１Ｔ２Ｇ１Ｇ２代表半成熟陆壳组成,花岗闪长岩和花岗岩（Ｇ１Ｇ２）代表成熟陆壳组成。讨论了大陆根的形成与性质。识别出华北地台内１０个太古陆核。讨论了中太古代初始陆核、新太古代陆核;新太古代末两个微大陆尺度的陆核的形成;早元古代两个成熟陆核的构造拼合并形成华北克拉通     

华北克拉通乌拉山地区早前寒武纪岩浆作用和变质作用——锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及岩石地球化学研究

乌拉山地区位于大青山地区西侧,变泥砂质岩石大范围出露,并有一定数量变质岩浆侵入岩存在。本文对6个变质岩浆侵入岩进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年。片麻状闪长岩、片麻状英云闪长岩、片麻状花岗闪长岩和片麻状紫苏花岗岩等4个样品的锆石U-Pb数据点沿谐和线分散分布,n(~(207)Pb)/n(~(206)Pb)年龄从约2.5Ga到约1.8 Ga。变质辉长岩和眼球状石英二长岩锆石U-Pb数据点在谐和线上较集中分布,n(~(207)Pb)/n(~(206)Pb)年龄从约2.0Ga到约1.8 Ga。n(~(207)Pb)/n(~(206)Pb)年龄越小的锆石域通常显示越强烈的重结晶。结合已有研究和地球化学资料,可得出如下结论。(1)乌拉山地区存在新太古代晚期(约2.5 Ga)和古元古代中晚期(约2.0 Ga)岩浆侵入岩,后者形成于伸展构造环境。(2)乌拉山地区遭受新太古代晚期一古元古代早期和古元古代晚期两期构造热事件叠加改造。(3)乌拉山地区部分变泥砂质岩石形成于新太古代晚期,大青山地区原认为形成于古元古代早期的"大青山表壳岩"很可能也形成于新太古代晚期。(4)乌拉山地区和大青山具有类似或相同的早前寒武纪地质演化历史。     

九资河—天堂寨地区燕山晚期花岗岩与大别造山带核部隆升

大面积分布在大别造山带核部九资河－天堂寨地区、构成著名的天堂寨花岗质杂岩体主体的燕山晚期花岗岩,包括九资河片麻状花岗岩、吴家山花岗闪长岩、天堂寨斑状花岗岩、薄力峰细粒花岗岩和笔架山浅色花岗岩等和个岩石类型（单元）。其围岩为遭受角闪岩相区域变质和混合岩化的新太古代大别杂岩。根据其与研究区主体构造－巨型ＮＥ向右行走测韧性剪切带的关系,这些花岗岩可分为同构造、无构造和构造后等３个构造类型。从岩石角度看,     

华北地台北缘集宁地区古元古代片麻状石榴花岗岩的深熔成因及地质意义

本文对华北克拉通北缘集宁地区空间上密切共生的片麻状石榴花岗岩和孔兹岩系富铝片麻岩的岩相学、地球化学及年代学特征进行了对比研究。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年方面,在富铝片麻岩中获得了1910±10Ma和1839±13Ma变质锆石年龄,在片麻状石榴花岗岩中获得了1919±17Ma的变质重结晶锆石年龄。在石榴花岗岩的石榴石包裹体中识别出与富铝片麻岩相对应的进变质阶段(M1)和峰期阶段(M2)的矿物组合,由此确认富铝片麻岩的变质作用和导致石榴花岗岩形成的深熔作用是同一构造热事件的产物。通过对二者变质作用演化及特征变质矿物的对比,认为深熔作用主要发生在峰期后等温降压阶段(M3),石榴花岗岩中的石榴石为深熔作用过程中的残留矿物相或转熔矿物相,而石榴花岗岩则是混合有大量残留矿物相的熔体结晶的产物。对片麻状石榴花岗岩和富铝片麻岩的地球化学组成特征进行了对比分析,片麻状石榴花岗岩既有一定的继承性,又有十分明显的变异性。变异性表现为:1)石榴花岗岩主量和微量元素含量分布极不均匀,微量元素含量普遍低于源岩(Cs、Rb、Th、U、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等);2)大离子亲石元素Cs和生热元素U、Th亏损明显,Sr相对富集;3)高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti的明显亏损;4)铕异常变化大,存在铕富集型、铕平坦型和铕亏损型共存的稀土配分曲线的岩石,这是深熔成因石榴花岗岩最突出的表现,也可能是原地-半原地深熔花岗岩的主要地球化学标志。综合区域上的地质资料,认为深熔作用与碰撞后伸展构造背景下基性岩浆底侵事件有关。     

Petrology and geochemistry of Jura granite and granite gneiss in the Neelum Valley,Lesser Himalayas (Kashmir,Pakistan)

Late Proterozoic rocks of Tanol Formation in the Lesser Himalayas of Neelum Valley area are largely green schist to amphibolite facies rocks intruded by early Cambrian Jura granite gneiss and Jura granite representing Pan-African orogeny event in the area. These rocks are further intruded by pegmatites of acidic composition, aplites, and dolerite dykes. Based on field observations, texture, and petrographic character, three different categories of granite gneiss (i.e., highly porphyritic, coarse-grained two micas granite gneiss, medium-grained two micas granite gneiss, and leucocratic tourmaline-bearing muscovite granite gneiss), and granites (i.e., highly porphyritic coarse-grained two micas granite, medium-grained two micas granite, and leucocratic tourmaline-bearing coarse-grained muscovite granite) were classified. Thin section studies show that granite gneiss and granite are formed due to fractional crystallization, as revealed by zoning in plagioclase. The Al saturation index indicates that granite gneiss and granite are strongly peraluminous and S-type. Geochemical analysis shows that all granite gneisses are magnesian except one which is ferroan whereas all granites are ferroan except one which is magnesian. The CaO/Na₂O ratio (>0.3) indicates that granitic melt of Jura granite gneiss and granite is pelite-psammite derived peraluminous granitic melt formed due to partial melting of Tanol Formation. The rare earth element (REE) patterns of the Jura granite and Jura granite gneiss indicate that granitic magma of Jura granite and Jura granite gneiss is formed due to partial melting of rocks that are similar in composition to that of upper continental crust.     

内蒙古贺兰山地区古元古代晚期的花岗岩浆事件及其地质意义: 同位素年代学的证据

位于华北克拉通西缘的贺兰山杂岩主要由孔兹岩系和变形花岗岩(正片麻岩)所组成,前者主要由夕线石榴片麻岩、石榴二长片麻岩、变粒岩和少量的大理岩及麻粒岩所组成,后者主要包括黑云斜长片麻岩、石榴子石花岗岩、斑状花岗岩和片麻状变质闪长岩.本文报道了该区变形花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果.黑云二长片麻岩和石榴子石花岗岩分别形成于2053±58Ma和2047±42Ma,斑状花岗岩和片麻状闪长岩分别在1955Ma和1920Ma侵位.大量的年代学资料表明,在华北克拉通北缘存在一条古元古代晚期的花岗杂岩带,该带中的花岗杂岩主要形成于三个阶段,第一阶段大于2.0Ga,第二阶段主要出现在2.0～1.87Ga期间,第三阶段的花岗杂岩在1.85～1.80Ga期间侵位.年代学研究还表明,古元古代晚期的花岗岩浆作用常常与变质事件紧密相关.     

Geochemical constraints on restite composition and unmixing in the Velay anatectic granite, French Massif Central

The main anatectic granite of the Velay complex is unique among major French Massif Central Hercynian granitoids in that rather than having an entirely lower crustal source, it formed by mixing between partial melts of the meta-igneous lower crust and ‘upper crustal’ country rock schists and orthogneisses. The geochemical variations in the Velay main anatectic granites cannot, however, be explained by mixing alone as their compositions range to lower SiO₂, with higher Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ and lower Na₂O and CaO, than either end member in mixing. The variations are interpreted as being due to the presence of up to 35% restite in minimum melts of country rock compositions. Primary restites form equilibrium assemblages represented by biotite, ilmenite and surmicaceous enclaves which consist of biotite ± apatite, zircon and almandine. The main anatectic granites more rarely contain schist and gneiss enclaves, quartz resisters and plagioclase restites. Secondary restites are mainly represented by cordierite, and possibly K-feldspar, which formed by recrystallisation of primary biotite-rich restites. The unique characteristics of the Velay main anatectic granites are likely to be due, in part, to its late formation close to the end of the Hercynian orogeny. The metasedimentary lower crust may have become too refractory to yield large volumes of melt following partial melting to form the other major Massif Central granitoids. The heat necessary for partial melting at higher crustal levels was transferred from the lower crust by the intrusion of I-type granites and low volume diorites from the mantle. Upper crustal anatexis was mainly controlled by muscovite breakdown reactions (< 830 to 850 °C) and the liberation of water due to the recrystallisation of biotite to cordierite. The temperatures necessary for biotite breakdown were only achieved locally and resulted in the formation of high-LREE granites.     

The significance of garnet and cordierite from the Sioux Lookout region of the English River gneiss belt,Northern Ontario

Garnet and cordierite bearing Archean gneisses are a common rock-type in the English River gneiss belt of the Superior Province, northern Ontario. Bulk compositions of such gneisses are found to be depleted in potassium with respect to the garnet and/or cordierite-free biotite gneisses. The mineral assemblages of the garnet and cordierite gneisses indicate that they have equilibrated at higher metamorphic grades than the garnet and/or cordierite-free biotite gneisses. These, observations suggest that anatexis has occurred in the garnetiferous regions of the gneiss belt resulting in a granite melt which had migrated from the source rocks, thereby depleting the garnetiferous restite in potassium.     

Age of granite emplacement in the Norseman region of Western Australia

Ion probe U‐Th‐Pb dating of zircons from the Late Archaean granites of the Norseman region of the southeastern Yilgarn shows the existence of two distinct magmatic episodes. Large regional tonalite and granodiorite plutons were emplaced between 2685 and 2690 Ma, whereas large regional granite, and small tonalite and leucogranite plutons that intrude the greenstones have ages of 2660–2665 Ma. A small body of granite that intrudes the western edge of the greenstones has an inferred emplacement of 2672 ± 7Ma, and contains inherited zircon that is ～2800 Ma. The monzogranite core from a second pluton in a similar structural position also contains ～2800 Ma zircon; this age is similar to published Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr whole rock ages for banded gneisses associated with other members of this suite of domal plutons and is interpreted as representing the age of a significant component within the source region for these distinctive rocks.

Available geochemical and isotopic data are interpreted as indicating derivation of both the older granodiorite and younger granite suites through anatexis of pre‐existing crust of broadly andesitic composition, whereas both the domal granites and the small, late tonalite plutons could have been derived by anatexis of heterogeneous material similar to that represented by the banded gneisses.

If regional metamorphism was related to the emplacement of large volumes of felsic magma within the upper crust, as suggested by Binns et al. (1976), then the Norseman area has probably undergone two periods of regional metamorphism of comparable intensity at approximately 2660 and 2685 Ma.     

Spurenelemente in Biotiten aus Graniten und Gneisen

91 biotites (53 from granites, 35 from highly metamorphic gneisses, 3 from redwitzites) were separated and analyzed for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cl, Sn, Ni, Co, Or, Cu, V, Mo, Pb. Biotites from gneisses contain much more Ni, Co, Cr, V but less Fe, Mn, Zn than those from granites. However, the distinction between biotites from gneisses and from granites on the basis of these elements is not certain. If a gneiss undergoes anatexis, the contents of Ni, Co, Cr, V, Zn and Sn of the preexistent biotite fractionate: Zn, Sn and Pe enter the anatectic melt readily while Ni, Co, Cr and V concentrate in the remaining matter (restite). Ni, Co, Cr and V are strongly positively correlated with one another but negatively with Fe and Zn, the latter being positively correlated with Pe. The chemical composition of biotites from granites depends not only on a potential degree of secondary decomposition into chlorite and muscovite but much more on the percentage of biotite in the rock: The more biotite, the higher the content of Ni, Co, Cr, V and the lower Fe, Zn and Sn in the biotite. Thus, it is possible to distinguish between normal and abnormal concentrations of an element in a biotite and in a rock. This might be useful in geochemical prospecting. Abnormal high concentrations of Sn and Zn were found in biotites from some granites which are connected with mineralizations of these elements. It is impossible hitherto to gain informations about the history and the parental material of a granitic magma from the minor elements in the rock or the biotite because their concentrations depend on how much biotite could be incorporated by the melt. The distribution coefficient of Cl between the lattice of 4 biotites and their fluid inclusions was determined to be 0,08.     

内蒙古大青山地区新太古代晚期岩浆作用:来自锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年的证据

本文报道了华北克拉通西部大青山地区新太古代晚期变质深成侵入岩的锆石SHRIMP年龄。本文涉及的3个样品取自大青山的石拐南部,岩性为黑云母二长花岗质片麻岩、紫苏石英闪长质片麻岩和闪长质片麻岩。根据矿物组合,黑云母二长花岗质片麻岩和紫苏石英闪长质片麻岩遭受高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相变质,闪长质片麻岩遭受角闪岩相变质。锆石具核-幔-边或核-边结构。岩浆锆石年龄为2484±7Ma、2494±12Ma和2495±10Ma,考虑到岩石遭受后期构造热事件强烈改造,岩浆锆石发生不同程度变质重结晶,振荡环带变得模糊,年龄很可能偏年轻,岩浆锆石真实的形成年龄应更大一些,形成于新太古代晚期。2个样品记录早期变质锆石年龄为2441±7Ma和2481±10Ma;2个样品记录晚期变质锆石年龄为1847±35Ma和为1919±73Ma。结合前人工作,可得出如下结论:1)石拐地区存在新太古代晚期二长花岗岩、石英闪长岩和闪长岩等不同类型变质深成侵入岩。新太古代晚期岩浆作用在整个大青山地区很可能广泛发育,古元古代晚期孔兹岩带是在太古宙基底之上或其邻区发展起来的。2)与大青山地区其它古元古代早期以前的地质体类似,新太古代晚期变质深成侵入岩普遍遭受古元古代早期和晚期构造热事件叠加改造。