三维激光扫描技术与断层面形貌量化分析在基岩区古地震研究中的应用

由于对第四纪地层的严重依赖,传统古地震探槽研究方法在基岩区难以发挥作用,导致无法获取基岩区断层的强震活动历史。本研究以山西地堑系的交城断裂为目标断裂,以断裂北段2处基岩断层面为研究对象,通过三维激光扫描技术获取基岩断层面高精度形貌,基于变差函数法结合滑动窗口操作量化断层表面形貌特征,开展在基岩区提取断裂古地震信息的实例研究。结果显示,2处基岩断层面的形貌在高度上具有明显的分段特征,指示了断层面在地震事件作用下的分段出露过程。这种断层面形貌分段特征可以用来识别古地震事件和同震位移量。在思西村基岩断层面上,识别出由老到新的3次古地震事件,同震倾滑位移量依次为2.0 m、1.9 m和2.3 m,在上兰镇基岩断层面上,识别出由老到新的3次古地震事件,同震倾滑位移量依次为1.4 m、2.5 m和2.0 m,指示了交城断裂北、中段具有产生同震位移量大于2 m、震级大于7.5级的破裂型地震的能力。上述研究成果表明,基于三维激光扫描和形貌量化分析方法开展基岩断层面古地震研究,可以准确而高效地识别古地震事件次数和同震位移量,扩展古地震的研究对象,拓宽古地震的研究空间。在未来的研究中,可以适时地开展宇宙成因核素测年以测定断层面的暴露年龄,获得发震年代,给予地震序列年龄框架。     

NEW EVIDENCES OF HOLOCENE ACTIVITY IN THE JIANGSU SEGMENT OF ANQIU-JUXIAN FAULT OF THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

Anqiu-Juxian Fault is an important fault in the Tanlu fault zone, with the largest seismic risk, the most recent activity date and the most obvious surface traces. It is also the seismogenic fault of the Tancheng M8 1/2 earthquake in 1668. There are many different views about the southern termination location of surface rupture of the Tancheng earthquake and the Holocene activity in Jiangsu segment of this fault. Research on the latest activity time of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, particularly the termination location of surface rupture of the Tancheng earthquake, is of great significance to the assessment of its earthquake potential and seismic risk. Based on trench excavation on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, we discuss the time and characteristics of its latest activity. Multiple geological sections from southern Maling Mountain to Chonggang Mountain indicate that there was an ancient seismic event occurring in Holocene on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault. We suggest the time of the latest seismic event is about(4.853±0.012)~(2.92±0.3)ka BP by dating results. The latest activity is characterized by thrust strike-slip faulting, with the maximum displacement of 1m. Combined with the fault rupture characteristics of each section, it is inferred that only one large-scale paleo-earthquake event occurred on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault since the Holocene. The upper parts of the fault are covered by horizontal sand layers, not only on the trench in the west of Chonggang mountain but also on the trench in Hehuan Road in Suqian city, which indicates that the main part of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault was probably not the surface rupture zone of the 1668 Tancheng M8 1/2 earthquake. In short, the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault has experienced many paleo-earthquake events since the late Pleistocene, with obvious activity during the Holocene. The seismic activities of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault have the characteristics of large magnitude and low frequency. The Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault has the deep tectonic and seismic-geological backgrounds of big earthquakes generation and should be highly valued by scientists.     

祁连山与龙首山断层的分维特征

本文利用分维几何学方法对祁连山和龙首山断层进行了定量性研究。结果表明,分维数可以表征断层的不均匀性、不规则性和复杂性等,但是,与地震活动无明显的相关关系。分维数的大小与断层分枝数、断层迹线的展布面积有一定关系。     

日本横手盆地东缘陆羽逆断层系的同震地表破裂特征及其分段性

通过对陆羽逆断层系上１８９６年同震地表破裂特征、长期活动习性和断错地貌等的研究，给出了可识别的逆断层型段落边界的标志，它们是断层崖形态持久性变化的过渡地段、断层抬升盘山地分水岭高程明显变化的转折部位、剖面几何结构转换区和断层下降盘盆地内的隐伏横向基岩脊等；指出逆断层上公里量级的空缺和阶区不能有效地终止或延缓逆断层型同震地表破裂的横向扩展，因此，不能作为逆断层型段落的边界，最后对陆羽逆断层系的千屋段和横手段的地震危险性进行了简要评估     

活断层运动区段的划分问题

断层运动是复杂而多变的,在一条巨大的断裂带上经常以区段为单位活动,每次活动的区段长度、运动量等都不相同,且往往具有一定的迁移规律等。为工程建设和强震的预测,划分活断层运动区段越来越迫切。以一次强震活动序列、跨断层大地测量网的复测、直接鉴定断层新活动、并结合地形地貌和地下水位变化等途径来划分断层运动的区段     

significance of high-resolution loess stratification based on grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis to paleo-earthquake study: a case study of dongyugou loess section,at hongtong,shanxi province

As an important technology to paleoseismologic research, trenching has been used to identify paleo-earthquakes recorded in strata, combined with dating technology. However, there have been some bigger uncertainties and limitations. For instance, subtle strata in loess sediment cannot be interpreted only by naked-eye, which seriously affects identifying paleo-earthquake horizon and time. Therefore, how to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty of paleo-earthquake identification is the important problem we are currently facing. Dongyugou loess section, located in the northeastern corner of Linfen Basin, Shanxi Province, cuts across the Huoshan piedmont fault. The section exposes not only the well-developed loess sequence, but also several obvious faulting events. Thus, this loess section is a better site to make a high resolution study to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty of paleo-earthquake identification. Based on the high-resolution grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis, and associated with visual interpretation by naked-eye, we made a high-resolution stratification of Dongyugou loess section, including high-resolution thickness of each stratum and its upper and bottom boundaries. Based on the high-resolution stratification and their comparison between two fault walls, we identified three earthquake events, which occurred after formation of u5-7, u4 and u2, corresponding to their stratification depth of 7.1m, 4.7m and 2.9m in hanging wall. Based on results of OSL dating and average sedimentation rate of hanging wall, we estimated that the three events occurred around 45.8ka(between (48.1±1.5)～(43.2±2.5)ka), 32.8ka(between (35.0±2.4)～(30.6±1.3)ka) and 23.3ka(between (26.4±0.8)～(20.9±0.7)ka). According to the thickness difference of three loess-paleosol sedimentary cycles between two fault walls, we calculated the coseismic vertical displacements of the three events as 0.5m, 0.4 and 1.3m, respectively. Compared with other segments of the Huoshan piedmont fault zone, we found the southernmost segment is the weakest, with longer recurrence interval of about 11ka and lower vertical slip rate of 0.048mm/a. The high-accuracy grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis offers an effective method for reducing the uncertainties of the paleo-earthquake research in loess area.     

汶川M_S 8.0地震基岩中的地表破裂

在汶川MS8.0地震中,地表破裂变形带多表现为挠曲坎或断层坎,地表基岩破裂少见,作者在安县肖家桥附近基岩中发现了出露完整的地震地表破裂带。在仔细分析该破裂带变形特征和内部结构构造的基础上,结合区域上地震地表破裂特点,认为:这次地震的地表破裂主要沿先存的映秀-北川断裂发生和扩展,地震断层作用形式以右旋斜冲运动为主,安县肖家桥附近映秀-北川断裂的最大垂直同震位错为5.4m,与通过挠曲坎或断层坎测量的结果基本一致     

The Research of the Activity of the Piedmont Fault on the Tangshankou Segment of the Yuguang Basin Southern Marginal Fault

The Yuguang basin is a half-graben basin in the basin-range tectonic zone in northwest Beijing, located at the northern end of the Shanxi graben system, and the Yuguang basin southern marginal fault (YBSMF) controls the formation of this basin. A linear fault escarpment has formed in the proluvial fan on the piedmont fault zone of the Tangshankou segment of YBSMF. A trench across this escarpment reveals three paleo-earthquake events on two active faults. One fault ruptured at about 9ka for the first time, and then faulted again at about 7.3ka, causing the formation and synchronous activity of another fault. Finally, they faulted for the third time, but we cannot determine the faulting time due to the lack of relevant surface deposition. The accumulative vertical displacement of these three events is about 8.1m. We estimate that the average recurrence period of the piedmont fault is about 1.7ka, and the average slip rate of the piedmont fault is about 1.6mm/a. We also estimate the reference magnitude of each event according to the empirical formula.     

大青山山前活动断裂带分段与潜在震源区划分

潜在震源区的划分主要包括潜在震源区范围的划定以及震级上限的确定,目前遵循地震构造类比和地震活动重复等原则。而活断层的分段特性也是潜在震源区划分时必须考虑的一个重要因素。大青山山前断裂带至今有3种不同的分段方案,文中比较分析了前人对大青山山前断裂带的分段,并在此基础上对大青山及山前盆地的潜在震源区作了新的划分。鄂尔多斯块体周缘被拉张性断陷盆地围绕,这些断裂系地震构造相似,且除呼包盆地外均有历史8级以上地震记录。文中将大青山山前断裂带与鄂尔多斯块体周缘断裂系进行了构造对比,特别是与华山山前断裂进行了断裂活动性定量对比,得出雪海沟到土左旗段的震级上限为8级,断裂两端潜源震级上限均为7.5级     

双山—李家庄断裂地表破裂特征与最新活动性研究

利用地质地貌调查、 探槽、 工程探测以及年代测试等方法, 对双山—李家庄断裂的地表破裂形态、 最新活动性以及古地震事件展开研究。 结果表明: ① 双山—李家庄断裂的最新活动时代为晚更新世, 在 (17.0±0.85) ka～(21.4±1.7) ka B.P.之间, 总体以左旋走滑正断为主, 局部逆断。 依据第四纪活动特征和破裂形式, 从南往北可分为两段, 即南段(双山—大马山)和北段(大马山—五里)。 其中南段又可分为3个小段: 双山—丹河水库小段表现为左阶斜列状展布的两条断层, 以左行走滑兼正断活动为主; 丹河水库—营子小段表现为两条相交的断裂, 东支在剖面上则表现为正断活动, 第四纪以来不活动; 西支在剖面上以逆冲破裂为主, 最新活动时代为晚更新世; 营子—大马山小段隐伏于第四系之下, 具有正断走滑破裂特征。 北段总体表现为多条近平行的断裂构造系, 破裂形式以逆断为主。 ② 双山—李家庄断裂晚第四纪以来可能发生过两次古地震事件, 分别发生在(17.0±0.85) ka～(21.4±1.7) ka B.P.和(77.0±3.8) ka～(84.0±4.2) ka B.P.。 ③ 1829年青州、 临朐61/4级地震的发生与上五井断裂和双山—李家庄断裂构成的“X”型共轭构造密切相关, 双山—李家庄断裂很可能就是这次地震的发震构造。 鲁西断块内发育的多条与双山—李家庄断裂相似的NW向晚更新世活动断裂, 均具有发生6级左右地震的构造条件, 因此, 今后应加强这些断裂的活动断层探测和地震监测研究, 为地震防御工作提供可靠依据。     

由地震活动参数分析安宁河-则木河断裂带的现今活动习性及地震危险性

利用区域台网地震资料, 分析了川西安宁河-则木河断裂带不同段落的现今活动习性，进而鉴别潜在大地震危险的断裂段. 文中由异常低b值的分布圈绘出凹凸体，发展和应用了由多个地震活动参数值的组合判定断裂分段活动习性的方法，尝试了利用凹凸体段的震级频度关系参数估计特征地震的平均复发间隔. 结果表明，该研究断裂带存在5个不同现今活动习性的段落. 其中，安宁河断裂的冕宁-西昌段属于高应力下的闭锁段，其核心部分为一较大尺度的凹凸体；则木河断裂的西昌-普格段则表现为低应力下的微弱活动状态. 重新定位的震源深度分布，显示出上述闭锁段和微弱活动段的断层面轮廓. 冕宁-西昌段是未来大地震的潜在危险段. 该段从最晚的1952年6.7级地震起算，至未来特征地震的平均复发间隔估值为55～67年, 未来地震的震级估值为7.0～7.5. 本研究也初步表明，同-断裂段的活动习性可随时间动态演变.      

郯庐断裂带白山-卅铺段第四纪以来的活动习性

根据构造地貌遥感解析,发现郯庐断裂带沿庐江白山到桐城卅铺一线显示1组平行断层,现场地震地质调查验证其为1组活动断层。通过断层剖面观测、样品采集及样品测试分析和宏微观构造分析,结果表明,郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺一带第四纪以来仍具有黏滑、蠕滑交替的变形活动。其中,在柯坦—卅铺一带,最年轻的水系被NE向断层组右旋扭折,其断层物质的微观观测和测龄结果表明该断裂段第四纪时的活动具有脆、塑性过渡变形特征,强烈活动时间处于早、中更新世;而白山剖面断层泥年龄测试结果则反映相应断层段在中、晚更新世曾有过较强烈的活动。断层泥超微(SEM)和显微观测结果亦表明该断裂段曾发生黏滑、蠕滑交替的构造变形事件,且表现为先黏滑后蠕滑;结合水系呈现缓慢扭折表征,近年来沿断裂有不少微震发生,表明郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺段的最新滑移方式主要表现为蠕滑,也就是说,该段积累的应力以蠕滑或微震等方式缓慢释放,据此推测未来一定时期内不易孕育强烈地震     

RESEARCH ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES OF SU-XI-CHANG FAULT

Running across the urban areas of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou, the NW-trending Su-Xi-Chang Fault is an important buried fault in Yangtze River Delta. In the respect of structural geomorphology, hilly landform is developed along the southwest side of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault, and a series of lakes and relatively low-lying depressions are developed on its northeast side, which is an important landform and neotectonic boundary line. The fault controlled the Jurassic and Cretaceous stratigraphic sedimentary and Cenozoic volcanic activities, and also has obvious control effects on the modern geomorphology and Quaternary stratigraphic distribution. Su-Xi-Chang Fault is one of the target faults of the project "Urban active fault exploration and seismic risk assessment in Changzhou City" and "Urban active fault exploration and seismic risk assessment in Suzhou City". Hidden in the ground with thick cover layer, few researches have been done on this fault in the past. The study on the activity characteristics and the latest activity era of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault is of great significance for the prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster losses caused by the destructive earthquakes to the cities of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou. Based on shallow seismic exploration and drilling joint profiling method, Quaternary activities and distribution characteristics of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault are analyzed systematically. Shallow seismic exploration results show that the south branch of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault in Suzhou area is dominated by normal faulting, dipping to the north-east, with a dip angle of about 60° and a displacement of 3~5m on the bedrock surface. The north branch of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault in Changzhou area is dominated by normal faulting, dipping to the south, with a dip angle of about 55°~70° and a displacement of 4~12m on the bedrock surface. All breakpoints of Su-Xi-Chang Fault on the seismic exploration profiles show that only the bedrock surface was dislocated, not the interior strata of the Quaternary. On the drilling joint profile in the Dongqiao site of Suzhou, the latest activity of the south branch of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is manifested as reverse faulting, with maximum displacement of 2.9m in the upper part of Lower Pleistocene, and the Middle Pleistocene has not been dislocated by the fault. The fault acts as normal fault in the Pre-Quaternary strata, with a displacement of 3.7m in the Neogene stratum. On the drilling joint profile in the Chaoyang Road site of Changzhou, the latest activity of the north branch of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is manifested as reverse faulting too, with maximum displacement of 2.8m in the bottom layer of the Middle Pleistocene. The fault acts as normal fault in the Pre-Quaternary strata, with a displacement of 10.2m in the bedrock surface. Combining the above results, we conclude that the latest activity era of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is early Middle Pleistocene. The Su-Xi-Chang Fault was dominated by the sinistral normal faulting in the pre-Quaternary period, and turned into sinistral reverse faulting after the early Pleistocene, with displacement of about 3m in the Quaternary strata. The maximum magnitude of potential earthquake on the Su-Xi-Chang Fault is estimated to be 6.0.     

色尔腾山山前断裂得令山以东段晚第四纪活动特征与古地震事件

色尔腾山山前断裂得令山以东段属全新世活动断裂。距今约 30ka以来 ,断裂上升盘的平均抬升速率为 :大佘太段 0 19mm/a ,乌兰忽洞段 0 2 0mm/a。探槽揭露 ,大佘太段 ,约 32kaBP以来 ,发生过 4次古地震事件 ,事件发生时间依次为 (316 90± 1770 ) ,(2 30 0 0± 132 0 ) ,(15 42 0± 870 ) ,(74 40± 4 40 )aBP ,相应的位移量分别为 2 6 ,1 6 ,2 2 ,1 4m ;乌兰忽洞段 ,约 2 5kaBP以来 ,也发生过4次古地震事件 ,事件发生时间依次为 (2 5 130± 14 30 ) ,(14 5 70± 82 0 ) ,(116 6 0± 6 5 0 ) ,(72 2 0± 4 0 0 )aBP ,相应的位移量分别为 2 6 ,1 8,1 3,1 2m。根据位移量限定法 ,两个活动段落的古地震活动历史是完整的     

山西罗云山山前断裂带中段龙祠-峪口全新世活动证据

通过断错地貌调查和探槽开挖,获得了临汾盆地西界罗云山山前断裂带龙祠-峪口段的最新活动信息:该段山前洪积扇后缘断断续续存在高2.5m、5.2m、8m左右的地表地貌陡坎;附近冲沟的Ⅰ级阶地热释光测年为距今7500a左右;在NW向的席坊沟内存在拔沟3.5m、8m、18m左右的3级阶地,与地貌陡坎有对应关系;席坊沟探槽揭示罗云...     

2008年于田Ms7.3地震地表破裂带特征及其构造属性讨论

新疆于田M<‘s>7.3地震发生在西昆仑块体与昆仑-柴达木-祁连块体之间的阿尔金断裂西南端NE向张剪切段邻近区域,也是阿尔金断裂、康西瓦断裂和昆仑断裂带西端玛尔盖茶卡断裂等交会部位,对理解青藏高原的变形及其动力学演化过程具有十分重要的作用.高分辨率卫星影像解译和野外考察表明,于田地震在阿什库勒火山群南部玉龙喀什河源头近...     

基岩断层面古地震研究的主要方法与选点原则

随着断层面形貌测量、宇宙成因核素测年、地球化学元素测定和光释光等一系列新兴技术的突破,基岩断层面在古地震研究方面的特征优势被不断发掘,日益成为国际古地震研究的热点与前沿.国内外学者从不同专业角度开展了大量的基岩断层面古地震研究,取得了一系列丰硕成果.本文在系统介绍基岩断层面古地震研究的进展、梳理归纳各类研究方法特点的基...     

COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES EXPOSURE DATING FOR BEDROCK FAULT SCARP: RECONSTRUCTING THE PALEOEARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE

The bedrock scarps are believed to have recorded the continuous information on displacement accumulation and sequence of large earthquakes. The occurrence timing of large earthquakes is believed to be correlated positively with the exposure duration of bedrock fault surfaces. Accordingly, cosmogenic nuclides concentration determined for the bedrock footwall can offer their times, ages, and slip over long time. In general, multiple sites of fault scarps along one or even more faults are selected to carry out cosmogenic nuclide dating in an attempt to derive the temporal and spatial pattern of fault activity. This may contribute to explore whether earthquake occurrence exhibits any regularity and predict the timing and magnitude of strong earthquakes in the near future. Cosmogenic nuclide ³⁶ Cl dating is widely applied to fault scarp of limestone, and the height of fault scarp can reach as high as 15~20m. It is strongly suggested to make sure the bedrock scarp is exhumed by large earthquake events instead of geomorphic processes, based on field observation, and data acquired by terrestrial LiDAR and ground penetration radar (GPR). In addition, it is better for the fault surface to be straight and fresh with striations indicating recent fault movement. A series of bedrock samples are collected from the footwall in parallel to the direction of fault movement both above and below the colluvium, and each of them is~15cm long,~10cm wide, and~3cm thick. The concentrations of both cosmogenic nuclide ³⁶ Cl and REE-Y determined from these samples vary with the heights in parallel to fault scarps. Accordingly, we identify the times of past large earthquakes, model the profile of ³⁶ Cl concentration to seek the most realistic one, and determine the ages and slip of each earthquake event with the errors. In general, the errors for the numbers, ages, and slips of past earthquake events are ±1-2, no more than ±0.5-1.0ka, and ±0.25m, respectively.     

断层崖演化与古地震研究

从断层崖演化模型及其理论分析入手 ,给出了模型的数学分析解 ,导出了一次突发事件和蠕动成因断层崖演化的等时地形 (地层 )线、最大坡度和崖下堆积体截面积的精确表达式 ,据此分析了可能造成的几何与沉积构造特征。根据野外观察、实验分析及理论研究 ,探讨了断层崖演化及其古地震学研究的一些重要问题 ,提出了与断层崖相关的古地震几何形态、沉积结构和实验分析的综合标志 ,并具体研究和确定了与红果子贺兰山东麓断层崖和孟家湾F2 0 1断层崖相关的 8次古地震事件及其近地表特征和复发周期 ,前者为 2 .0～ 3.0ka,平均 2 .4ka ,后者为 3.3～ 4 .0ka ,平均 3.6ka