DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF GRANITIC ROCKS IN BRITTLE-PLASTIC TRANSITION ZONE

Field studies and seismic data show that semi-brittle flow of fault rocks probably is the dominant deformation mechanism at the base of the seismogenic zone at the so-called frictional-plastic transition. As the bottom of seismogenic fault, the dynamic characteristics of the frictional-plastic transition zone and plastic zone are very important for the seismogenic fault during seismic cycles. Granite is the major composition of the crust in the brittle-plastic transition zone. Compared to calcite, quartz, plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine, the rheologic data of K-feldspar is scarce. Previous deformation studies of granite performed on a quartz-plagioclase aggregate revealed that the deformation strength of granite was similar with quartz. In the brittle-plastic transition zone, the deformation characteristics of granite are very complex, temperature of brittle-plastic transition of quartz is much lower than that of feldspar under both natural deformation condition and lab deformation condition. In the mylonite deformed under the middle crust deformation condition, quartz grains are elongated or fine-grained via dislocation creep, dynamic recrystallization and superplastic flow, plagioclase grains are fine-grained by bugling recrystallization, K-feldspar are fine-grained by micro-fractures. Recently, both field and experimental studies presented that the strength of K-feldspar is much higher than that of quartz and plagioclase. The same deformation mechanism of K-feldspar and plagioclase occurred under different temperature and pressure conditions, these conditions of K-feldspar are higher than plagioclase. The strength of granite is similar to feldspar while it contains a high content of K-feldspar. High shear strain experiment studies reveal that granite is deformed by local ductile shear zones in the brittle-plastic transition zone. In the ductile shear zone, K-feldspar is brittle fractured, plagioclase are bugling and sub-grain rotation re-crystallized, and quartz grains are plastic elongated. These local shear zones are altered to local slip-zones with strain increasing. Abundances of K-feldspar, plagioclase and mica are higher in the slip-zones than that in other portions of the samples (K-feldspar is the highest), and abundance of quartz is decreased. Amorphous material is easily formed by shear strain acting on brittle fine-grained K-feldspar and re-crystallized mica and plagioclase. Ductile shear zone is the major deformation mechanism of fault zones in the brittle-plastic transition zone. There is a model of a fault failed by bearing constant shear strain in the transition zone:local shear zones are formed along the fractured K-feldspar grains; plagioclase and quartz are fine-grained by recrystallization, K-feldspar is crushed into fine grains, these small grains and mica grains partially change to amorphous material, local slip-zones are generated by these small grains and the amorphous materials; then, the fault should be failed via two ways, 1)the local slip-zones contact to a throughout slip-zone in the center of the fault zone, the fault is failed along this slip-zone, and 2)the local slip-zones lead to bigger mineral grains that are in contact with each other, stress is concentrated between these big grains, the fault is failed by these big grains that are fractured. Thus, the real deformation character of the granite can't be revealed by studies performing on a quartz-plagioclase aggregate. This paper reports the different deformation characters between K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz under the same pressure and temperature condition based on previous studies. Then, we discuss a mode of instability of a fault zone in the brittle-plastic transition zone. It is still unclear that how many contents of weak mineral phase(or strong mineral phase)will control the strength of a three-mineral-phase granite. Rheological character of K-feldspar is very important for study of the deformation characteristic of the granitic rocks.     

龙门山断层脆-塑性转化带流变结构与汶川地震孕震机制

汶川地震发震断层为高角度逆断层,这种断层滑动和发生强震需要断层深部具备特殊的力学条件。发震断层地区地表出露若干韧性剪切带,其中不同类型石英变形具有不同的变形温度。细粒糜棱岩中的石英表现为高温位错蠕变,变形温度为500~700℃;含残斑初糜棱岩中的石英表现为中温位错蠕变,其变形温度为400~500℃;早期石英脉中的石英表现为低温位错蠕变,变形温度为280~400℃;晚期石英脉以碎裂变形为主,其变形温度为150~250℃。石英的这些变形特征显示出断层带经历了多期脆-塑性转化。根据糜棱岩中的重结晶石英的粒度估计的断层塑性流动应力为15~80MPa。石英和长石内的微量水以晶体缺陷水、颗粒边界水和流体包裹体水的形式存在,水含量随岩石的应变增加而升高,变化范围为0.01~0.15wt%。断层脆-塑性转化带内石英含有大量与裂隙愈合相关的次生流体包裹体,其捕获温度为330~350℃,流体压力为70~405MPa,估计的流体压力系数为0.16~0.9,代表强震发生后,断层带内产生的大量微裂隙逐渐愈合过程中的流体特征。在考虑断层带流体压力和应变速率变化条件下,利用石英流变参数建立了从间震期到地震成核阶段断层脆-塑性转化带流变结构和震后快速蠕滑阶段断层脆-塑性转化带流变结构。结果表明,在间震期、地震成核阶段、震后快速滑动阶段,断层强度和脆-塑性转化深度随应变速率和流体压力变化而变化,且脆-塑性转化特征与石英的变形机制、断层速度弱化和强化转化深度、汶川地震震源深度等吻合,显示映秀-北川断层具备摩擦滑动速度弱化和地震成核的基础,而断层带内存在高压流体可能是触发高角度逆断层滑动和汶川地震发生的主要机制。     

断层脆塑性转化带的强度与变形机制及其流体和应变速率的影响

野外、实验和地震数据表明:浅部地壳的变形以脆性破裂为主,深部地壳的变形以晶体塑性流动为主.在这种认识的基础上,提出了地壳变形的2种机制模型,即发生脆性变形的上部地壳强度基于Byerlee摩擦定律以及发生塑性变形的下部地壳强度基于幂次蠕变定律.而位于其间的脆塑性转化带的深度与浅源地震深度的下限具有很好的一致性.然而,二元结构的流变模型局限性在于其力学模型过于简单,往往过高估计了脆塑性转化带的强度.问题的根源在于对脆塑性转化带的变形机制的研究已有很多,但没有定量的力学方程来描述脆塑性转化带强度;而且以往对断层脆塑性转化带的研究主要集中在温度引起的脆塑性转化方面,对因应变速率和流体对脆塑性转化的影响方面的研究也比较薄弱.对断层带内矿物变形机制研究表明,某些断层带脆塑性转化发生在相同深度(温度和压力)内,发生脆塑性转化的原因是应变速率的变化,而这种变化被认为与地震周期的同震、震后-间震期蠕变有关,这种变化得到了主震-余震深度分布变化的证实.对断层流体特征分析表明,断层带内可能存在高压流体,这种高压流体会随断裂带的破裂及愈合而周期性变化,在地震孕育及循环中起着关键性作用.高压流体的形成(裂隙愈合)有多种机理,其中,压溶是断层带裂隙愈合的主导机制之一.研究在水作用下的压溶,可以对传统的摩擦-流变二元地壳强度结构及其断层强度进行补充与修正.通过以上分析,认为有必要通过野外变形样品和高温高压实验,深入研究应变速率及流体压力对断层脆塑性转化的影响,同时,通过实验建立压溶蠕变的方程,近似地估计脆塑性转化带的强度.     

红河断裂带中南段断层岩FT测年及其地质意义

通过对红河断裂带中南段18个糜棱岩、12个角砾岩、10个碎裂岩和8个砂砾岩的显微结构详细观察,部分典型样品的磷灰石裂变径迹测年(简称FT测年,以下同),获得了红河断裂带中南段断层活动转换过程中微观特征的变化:糜棱岩的微结构特征显示红河断裂带早期断层活动为左旋走滑,糜棱岩和未变形的砂砾岩FT年龄均>20Ma,表明这期间红河断裂带曾发生一次构造热事件;碎裂岩和角砾岩的微结构特征显示红河断裂带后期断层活动为右旋走滑,微结构特征不同的碎裂岩和角砾岩的FT年龄可分3个时段(9.9～12.7,6.8～8.4,2～4.6MaBP),表明红河断裂带中新世以来曾发生3次断层位错事件     

越南红河断裂活动性研究

通过中越两国对越南红河断裂带开展的联合野外考察,获取了地震、地质、地貌和年代学等反映该断裂最新活动的相关证据。综合研究表明,越南红河断裂带第四纪以来的右旋走滑活动延续和保持了在中国境内自北向南逐渐减弱的总体趋势。其第四纪主要活动时代为中更新世中晚期,且总体活动水平明显低于中国云南境内部分,特别是自晚更新世以来越南红河断裂带的活动已表现得十分微弱。结合断裂现今地震活动和区域GPS大地形变特征分析认为,自晚第四纪以来,来自青藏高原的"侧向挤出"动力作用对红河断裂右旋走滑活动在时间、空间和强度等方面的影响可能非常有限。文中还探讨了造成这一有限影响可能的大地构造和深部构造原因     

红河断裂带中南段糜棱岩分形特征及主要流变参数的估算

红河断裂带是一条经历了长期构造演化的块间构造变形带,该断裂的西南侧出露一套经韧性剪切形成的糜棱岩。研究区糜棱岩宏观上发育多种变形组构,如构造面理、线理、S-C组构等。微观变形特征有云母鱼、长石碎斑、长石和角闪石压扁拉长、碎斑旋转形成的压力影等;尤其是石英普遍变形,其特征有波状消光、核幔构造、动态重结晶、单颗粒压扁拉长及石英条带等;石英动态重结晶新颗粒尤其发育,重结晶的新颗粒边界具有锯齿状或港湾状等不同的微观特征,这些不同的特征记录了变形时的温压环境和流变速率。石英新颗粒分维几何统计分析表明:研究区石英动态重结晶颗粒边界形态具有自相似性,表现出分形特征。分维数值为1.150～1.180,变形温度大约500℃,同构造变质环境属高绿片岩相-低角闪岩相;初步估算应变速率可能低于10-8.4s-1,根据石英重结晶的粒径估算变形古应力为42.0～58.0MPa     

红河断裂带大型右旋走滑运动与伴生构造地貌变形

调查研究表明,自中新世以来,红河断裂大规模右旋走滑运动及其伴生构造变形有如下一些主要特征在几何结构上,可将整个红河断裂系分为北、中、南3个变形区。北区东侧为滇西北伸展裂陷区,以轴向NNW,NNE和近SN向3组上新世以来的裂陷型断盆为特征,北段西侧为兰坪—云龙古近纪、新近纪压缩变形区;中段变形以右旋剪切走滑运动为特征,南部断裂东侧有滇东中新世以来的压缩变形,西侧为藤条河中新世拉伸断陷区。上述变形特征反映在构造地貌上为北部盆岭构造、中段线性断谷断盆构造及南部压(张)性盆地变形,其中苍山—洱海一带断裂两侧主夷平面的巨大落差是红河断裂上新世以来断陷正断作用的显著代表。在时空演化上,从古近纪经中新世至上新世,断裂主体活动部位在南段,并呈由南向北的“撕裂”格局,上新世以后至第四纪,尤其是晚第四纪以来,主体活动部位已转移至北段,表现为由N向SE的滑移伸展变形;变形区的范围大小和变形幅度表明红河断裂的东盘地块始终是作为地块相对运动的主动盘     

THE HOLOCENE SEISMIC EVIDENCE ON SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF THE RED RIVER FAULT ZONE

Nine earthquakes with M≥6 have stricken the northern segment of the Red River fault zone since the historical records, including the 1652 Midu M7 earthquake and the 1925 Dali M7 earthquake. However, there have been no earthquake records of M≥6 on the middle and southern segments of the Red River Fault, since 886 AD. Is the Red River fault zone, as a boundary fault, a fault zone where there will be not big earthquake in the future or a seismogenic structure for large earthquake with long recurrence intervals?This problem puzzles the geologists for a long time. Through indoor careful interpretation of high resolution remote sensing images, and in combination with detailed field geological and geomorphic survey, we found a series of fault troughs along the section of Gasha-Yaojie on the southern segment of the Red River fault zone, the length of the Gasha-Yaojie section is over ten kilometers. At the same time, paleoseismic information and radiocarbon dating result analysis on the multiple trenches show that there exists geological evidence of seismic activity during the Holocene in the southern segment of the Red River fault zone.     

红河断裂带南段中新世以来大型右旋位错量的定量研究

红河断裂带南段(元江—元阳一带)穿经盆地内的“中谷断裂”,是一条新构造期明显活动的主平移断裂。它的新近活动将中新世红河盆地一分为二,右旋切错至倮头山—大曼迷一带。与此相伴,山前断裂则以正断活动为主。沿“中谷断裂”高角度切错中新统的剪切走滑断面,被断错的中新世条形盆地内发育轴向NE的挤压褶皱及压缩变形的空间变化特征,下中新统、中上中新统、上新统及第四系的分布依次自SE向NW有序迁移且在“中谷断裂”的东北盘节节错后分布等,均表明红河断裂南段中新世以来自SE向NW的不断破裂扩展和右旋走滑位错;区段内中下中新统较厚的山前磨拉石沉积建造、卷入“中谷断裂”剪切变形的强度中新统明显强于上新统等表明,红河断裂南段大规模的右旋走滑运动应发生在中中新世前后,其FT年龄约为距今13.7Ma;根据切错的中新统的平面尺度、用平衡剖面法恢复压缩前盆地的长度和由断层变形带宽度等计算,求得红河断裂带南段中新世以来大型右旋位错总量介于62~69km,中值为65km。研究资料还表明,红河断裂右旋走滑运动作为一个过程,经历转换活动期(N1)、右旋走滑初始期(N21)、大型右旋走滑期(N31—N21)和右旋走滑扩展期(N22—Qp1)等多个发生、发     

滇西红河断裂北段部分地区相态汞的构造地球化学特征

本文通过对红河断裂北段相态汞的构造地球化学特征研究,认为表生条件下土壤汞主要以氯化汞和硫化汞存在。可用土壤相态汞进行活动断层勘查,其中反映较好的有气态汞、总汞、氯化汞和硫化汞。红河断裂上部较高的气态汞含量反映其强烈活动性。本文最后讨论了表生条件下土壤相态汞的可能转化模式。     

红河断裂深部震源环境介质力学性质分析

应用震源波谱分析对红河断裂带深部震源环境介质力学性质和地质资料的研究,证明在弥渡以南的红河断裂深部存在有利于蠕滑活动的环境介质条件,从而对红河断裂地震活动的不均匀性提出了新的解释     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE XIANSHUIHE FAULT ZONE

In order to analyze 3-dimensional movement and deformation characteristics and seismic risk of the Xianshuihe fault zone, we inverted for dynamic fault locking and slip deficit rate of the fault using the GPS horizontal velocity field of 1999-2007 and 2013-2017 in Sichuan-Yunnan region, and calculated annual vertical change rate to analyze the vertical deformation characteristics of the fault using the cross-fault leveling data during 1980-2017 locating on the Xianshuihe fault. The GPS inversion results indicate that in 1999-2007, the southeastern segment of the fault is tightly locked, the middle segment is less locked, and the northwestern segment is basically in creeping state. In 2013-2017, the southeastern segment of the fault is obviously weekly locked, in which only a patch between Daofu-Bamei is locked, and the northwestern segment is still mostly in creeping state, in which only a patch at southeastern Luhuo is slightly locked from surface to 10km depth. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate of the Zhuwo, Gelou, Xuxu and Goupu sites on the northwestern segment is larger, which means vertical movement is relatively active, and annual vertical change rate of the Longdengba, Laoqianning, and Zheduotang sites on the southeastern segment is small, which means the fault is locked, and the vertical movement changes little before and after the Wenchuan earthquake. Combining with the 3-dimensional movement and deformation, seismic activity and Coulomb stress on the Xianshuihe Fault, we consider the seismic risk of the southeastern segment is larger, and the Wenchuan earthquake reduced the far-field sinistral movement and the fault slip deficit rate, which may reduce the stress and strain accumulation rate and relieve the seismic risk of the southeastern segment.     

红河断裂带北、中段近期重力变化及深部变形

地表地质调查与深部地球物理探测结果表明,红河断裂带北、中段地壳结构与变形具有显著的横向差异性。为检测其地壳现今深部物质迁移和变形特征,文中利用红河断裂带北、中段2013—2019年3条流动重力剖面的观测资料,经分析和去除地表垂直运动、地表水循环、剥蚀和冰川均衡调整引起的重力效应,获取了地壳深部物质迁移引起的趋势性重力变化信息。结果表明,红河断裂带近期的重力动态变化具有分段性特征:北段、中段和中南段剖面的平均变化率为(-0.39±1.30)μGal/a、(0.16±1.57)μGal/a和(0.29±1.25)μGal/a,北段剖面以红河断裂为界,NE侧呈负变化、 SW侧呈正变化,SW侧相对NE侧以(3.1±0.55)μGal/a·100km的重力变化率增加,反映出青藏高原物质东流背景下深部物质跨越红河断裂带后受澜沧江刚性块体阻挡、质量不断累积的特征;中段剖面断裂带区域的重力变化率比两侧低,体现了红河断裂的深部控制作用;中南段剖面的重力整体呈正变化,反映了印支、华南块体与川滇菱形地块间相互侧向挤压、深部物质累积的性质。基于重力变化反演的莫霍面变形结果表明:近期红河断裂带的莫霍面平均以0....     

USING DEFORMED FLUVIALTERRACES OF THE QINGYIJIANG RIVER TO STUDY THE TECTONIC ACTIVITY OF THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF LONGMENSHAN FAULT ZONE

On 20 April 2013, a destructive earthquake, the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake, occurred in the southern segment of the Longmenshan Fault zone, the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau in Sichuan, China. This earthquake did not produce surface rupture zone, and its seismogenic structure is not clear. Due to the lack of Quaternary sediment in the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone and the fact that fault outcrops are not obvious, there is a shortage of data concerning the tectonic activity of this region. This paper takes the upper reaches of the Qingyijiang River as the research target, which runs through the Yanjing-Wulong Fault, Dachuan-Shuangshi Fault and Lushan Basin, with an attempt to improve the understanding of the tectonic activity of the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone and explore the seismogenic structure of Lushan earthquake. In the paper, the important morphological features and tectonic evolution of this area were reviewed. Then, field sites were selected to provide profiles of different parts of the Qingyijiang River terraces, and the longitudinal profile of the terraces of the Qingyijiang River in the south segment of the Longmenshan fault zone was reconstructed based on geological interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing images, continuous differential GPS surveying along the terrace surfaces, geomorphic field evidence, and correlation of the fluvial terraces. The deformed longitudinal profile reveals that the most active tectonics during the late Quaternary in the south segment of the Longmenshan Fault zone are the Yanjing-Wulong Fault and the Longmenshan range front anticline. The vertical thrust rate of the Yanjing-Wulong Fault is nearly 0.6~1.2mm/a in the late Quaternary. The tectonic activity of the Longmenshan range front anticline may be higher than the Yanjing-Wulong Fault. Combined with the relocations of aftershocks and other geophysical data about the Lushan earthquake, we found that the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake is the range front blind thrust and the back thrust fault, and the pop-up structure between the two faults controls the surface deformation of the range front anticline.     

大凉山断裂带北段石棉断裂的古地震

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