外源氮输入对草地土壤微生物特性影响的研究进展

大气氮沉降作为全球变化的重要现象之一,沉降量不断增加所带来的一系列生态问题日趋严重.草地作为陆地生态系统的主体类型之一,对大气氮沉降的响应不仅体现在地上植被生长和群落动态的变化,其地下各种生态过程的变化更加值得关注.此外,世界范围内的草地生态系统大部分面临不同程度的退化,草地施氮是寻求草地恢复的有益尝试.综述了大气氮沉降和人为施氮引起的外源氮输入变化对草地生态系统土壤微生物特性(微生物数量、微生物量、微生物呼吸、微生物多样性和土壤酶)影响的研究进展,研究表明:①施氮有利于细菌数量的增加,但对真菌数量的影响甚微或是降低真菌的数量.②长期施氮降低土壤微生物量,但短期施氮的影响效应具有不确定性.③施氮对草地土壤微生物呼吸的影响效应取决于微生物可获得的碳源的量.输入地下的植物碳量增加促进土壤微生物呼吸,输入地下的有机质减少则抑制微生物呼吸.④施氮改变了土壤微生物的群落结构组成和底物利用方式,对土壤微生物多样性的影响表现出负效应.⑤施氮提高了β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶和大部分糖苷酶的活性,降低了脲酶的活性.迄今为止,施氮对草地土壤微生物特性的影响效应仍存在很大的不确定性,今后的研究中应开展氮输入对草地生态系统影响的长期试验研究、加强对土壤微生物呼吸的影响研究以及合理确定我国草地生态系统可持续发展的氮饱和阈值,并进一步完善和发展测量土壤微生物多样性的新方法.     

Regional Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone Based on Different Land Uses

Based on the results of regional eco-geochemical survey in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone and the local land use patterns, two conventional risk assessment models are introduced to evaluate the ecological risk of eight heavy metals in the topsoil (0~20 cm) of Pearl River Delta. The spatial distribution characteristics of risk caused by metals in the region were characterized by GIS. Results show that As、Cd、Cu and Hg in the topsoil are the primary heavy metals posing risk to the Pearl River Delta while Cr and Zn are negligible. Meanwhile, 23.89% of soil samples have a hazard index of more than 1 which suggests that it is likely to cause chronic diseases in the region. The soils with high hazard index are mainly distributed in the Quaternary area. 37.22% of soil samples have a negligible chronic risk level, of which the spatial distribution is consistent with granite area. Moreover, the spatial distribution of carcinogenic risk is similar to chronic risk, where 25.68% of samples exceed the cancer risk index (1×10^-4) recommended by USEPA. Furthermore, the evaluation results presented at administrative units indicate that there are both higher chronic and cancer risk in Panyu and Nansha district where more attentions should be paid to.     

祁连山南坡不同海拔土壤与植被位移后土壤碳氮的短期变化特征

在祁连山冷龙岭南麓坡地进行不同海拔的土壤-植被的整体双向移地实验,以探讨气候变化对土壤碳、氮含量及其比例的影响.结果表明:土壤-植被移植后土壤因原生状态不同而存在差异,移地后土壤有机质含量总体表现出随海拔升高而升高,部分移植后在海拔3 600～3 800m处略有下降;土壤全氮变化比较复杂.从不同高度移植到各海拔后,除从海拔3 400m移到各海拔的土壤碳氮比先升高后降低外,其它3个高度移植后土壤碳氮比随海拔升高而升高.受气候影响和原生植被类型差异,土壤碳、氮及碳氮比波动变化明显.