The Situation of Scientific Data Management and Its Enlightenment to Earth Sciences of China

Scientific data is an important scientific and technological basis and national strategic resource. With the coming of the era of big data, countries all over the world have added scientific data management into their national development strategies. In order to improve the scientific data management in our country and make full use of the development opportunity from big data, the General Office of the State Council officially issued “The Measures for the Administration of Scientific Data” in March, 2018. In the new international and domestic policy on data management, this study analyzed and summarized 11 aspects of international situation of scientific data management, and dissected the development models of developed countries’ scientific data centers deeply. And also, the study put forward new ideas for the policy-making of scientific data, the construction of scientific data centers, the life cycle management of scientific data, the capacity building of data organizations, the authentication of scientific data, the publication of data, the return mechanism of the data and the comprehensive integration, and the safety management of the data in the scientific data management of Earth sciences in China.     

地下水源热泵应用适宜性评价指标体系研究

本文通过分析影响我国区域地下水源热泵建设的几个重要因素,运用层次分析的方法,建立了我国区域地下水源热泵适宜性评价的指标体系。分析过程中通过运用Arcgis、Mapgis等绘图及空间分析软件,结合我国区域部分资料,对数据进行矢量化、分类与标准化,利用Arcgis的空间分析功能对地下水源热泵建设的适宜性进行了分区。将我国已经建立地下水源热泵的区域与评价结果进行分析比较,表明所建立的指标体系正确,评价结果可信,从而为地下水源热泵系统设计人员提供了一定的依据,为地下水源热泵因地制宜、合理有序的应用,提供了参考。     

面向数据共享的地球系统科学数据分类探讨

地球系统科学数据共享在国际、国内都有迫切的需求。由于地球系统科学固有的学科交叉性和综合性,如何建立科学、通用的数据分类体系是困扰该领域数据共享和服务的难题。首先综合分析了国际上地球系统科学领域主要的数据分类体系,重点对美国全球变化主目录(GCMD)分类系统及其2005—2013年的演变趋势进行分析,指出当前该数据分类呈现扁平化、两极化的显著特征。在此基础上,重点梳理了国家科技基础条件平台———地球系统科学数据共享平台的用户服务记录,揭示了用户访问频次最高的数据集和检索关键词。结合GCMD系统化、结构化的分类思想和国家地球系统科学数据共享平台用户化的数据服务需求,提出扁平化的地球系统科学数据目录分类和规范化的关键词表体系2种分类模式。     

水利现代化的内涵及评价指标体系的建立

立足于建立具有中国特色的水利现代化,考虑到地区间经济社会发展的不平衡和科技水平较低的现状,在借鉴国际上现代化标准和国内其他部门现代化水平的基础上遵循科学、实用及简明的原则,构建水利现代化评价指标体系,探索性地提出了水利现代化发展阶段的划分标准。     

估算冻结(融化)深度方法的比较及在中国地区的修正和应用

利用中国地区的冻土观测资料计算比较了常用冻土活动层深度估算的几种方法,并对影响估算的主要因子进行了讨论.结果表明:考虑了土壤水分变化、土壤水分相变潜热变化、积雪和植被效应的指数与实际观测值之间有较好的拟合;在采用分区插值方法对温度进行处理,并应用数字化高程、数字化植被和土壤数据的基础上,采用和观测值相关较高的Kudryavtsev指数计算、以ArcGIS为工具获取的中国地区冻土分布更为合理.     

三江源地区美丽中国建设存在的问题、成功案例与启示

长江、黄河与澜沧江源区（简称三江源区）是中华与亚洲“水塔”,是我国重要的生态安全屏障与水安全保障,是三大河流域经济带的共有源地,稳藏固疆的战略要地,美丽中国建设的战略高地。掌握该地区美丽中国建设进程,发现存在的问题,及时总结典型成功案例,有助于更好建设美丽高原,服务生态文明建设与社会经济高质量发展的全国战略部署。就建设内容与进程看,目前三江源区整体仍处于物质建设阶段,除畜牧业外,缺乏其他产业,忽视文化建设,美丽缺少内涵、不可持续;就建设成效而言,美丽乡村与美丽城镇工程建设成绩显著,但配套设施严重滞后,以及游牧文化与聚落文化的冲突,美丽仍流于形式;尽管存在这些问题,但亦涌现了若干成功案例,“岗龙模式”和“甘达模式”尤为典型,为三江源其他地区美丽中国建设提供了样板与发展启示：（1）找准优势资源,最大化资源潜力、实现经济“美”是高原美丽中国建设成功的物质基础;（2）领导人/团队/致富带头人是高原美丽中国建设成功的关键核心;（3）产业与因地制宜的运作机制是高原美丽中国建设可持续的强大支撑与必由之路;（4）不断探索永远走在发展路上是美丽中国建设成功的坚实动力。     

我国海洋生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究计划

国家海洋局于2005年启动了为期5年“海洋生态系统服务功能及其价值评估”研究计划。该计划的目标是建立具有我国海洋生态特征,适应我国社会经济发展水平的海洋生态系统服务功能定量模型和服务价值计算方法,并基于GIS技术开发生态系统服务价值评估系统,应用于评估渤海、黄海、东海和南海四大生态系统的服务价值和11个沿海省市区的近海服务价值,同时评估赤潮、病原生物和外来种导致的海洋生态系统服务价值损失,为实现人海和谐的海洋开发产业布局和用海活动提供定量评估技术支持,为基于生态系统的海洋管理提供理论支撑。目前,该计划已经建立了我国海洋生态系统服务功能分类体系、服务功能量化指标和服务价值计算指标体系,完成评估软件系统的设计。     

973计划资源环境领域数据汇交进展与数据分析

国家科技计划项目数据汇交对于促进科学数据的整合集成,增强国家科技投入的效益,提高我国科技计划项目管理水平具有重要意义。经过充分研究,科技部基础司选择国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)资源环境领域作为试点,于2008年启动数据汇交工作,并专门成立数据汇交中心。2008年,按照数据汇交计划制定、数据汇交准备、数据实体汇交、数据共享服务4个阶段的工作流程,分已结题、即将于2008年结题和在研3种类型开展汇交工作,完成了24个结题项目的数据汇交,汇交数据总量超过620 GB。为了保证数据汇交的可操作性和规范化,数据汇交中心制定了包括核心元数据规范、数据文档格式等7项标准规范;研制了数据汇交软件工具;建立了海量数据存储环境;设计开发了数据汇交共享服务网络平台。面向数据服务进一步的需要,分析了已汇交数据情况,具体分为5种类型,即定点长期监测和野外定点调查类、区域调查和统计分析类、模型计算类、试验化验分析类、客观或主观描述类,并提出了相应的数据展示策略。     

Analysis of the Modes of Aggregation of Scientific Data and Proposals for its Development in China

Scientific data are strategic resources, and the aggregation of scientific data is an important method to seize the upstream and competitive highlands of scientific data. Notably, it is challenging to grasp the international situation and the scientific laws concerning the mode of scientific data aggregation; exploring the modes and methods of scientific data aggregation that are suitable for China's national conditions is also difficult. This paper investigated and analyzed the modes of scientific data aggregation both at home and abroad from the viewpoints of international organizations, international scientific programs, government agencies, and professional data centers. Five modes of scientific data aggregation were summarized, including scientific research projects converging to designated data centers/repositories, scientific research projects dispersing to data centers/repositories, individual scientists submitting datasets to data centers/repositories with published papers, scientific research projects/individual scientists sharing directories/networks, big data computing/processing platform, and citizen science models of open and public convergence. This paper analyzed each mode and the corresponding cases. On this basis, the paper put forward six suggestions for the reasonable aggregation of scientific data in China, including the implementation of the “Measurement of Scientific Data Management”, certification of data aggregation centers, scientific data collection and publishing in journals, construction of data aggregation networks, aggregation of international resources, and construction of the whole data aggregation chain.     

新型城镇化测评指标体系的建立研究

城镇化是当今世界上重要的社会、经济现象之一。通过对国内外城镇化水平测度方法的回顾,分析目前国内外城镇化水平测度存在的问题。结合当前国家提出的新型城镇化发展战略,探讨了新型城镇化的内涵,从发展理念、发展目标、推动主体、推进机制和推进策略五个方面对传统城镇化和新型城镇化进行了对比。最后,提出新型城镇化测评的指标体系。     

鄂东南矿山环境评价指标体系

在对鄂东南大型矿业基地的矿产资源开发现状、社会经济效益、矿业经济活动对生态环境影响及其存在的主要环境地质问题进行初步调查分析的基础上,确定了鄂东南矿山地质环境评价指标,以系统论及可持续发展理论建立了适合该区的矿山环境评价指标体系及具体的指标参数.     

The Construction of Tiankeng Landscape Evaluation Model and the Index System

Based on researches done by other scholars,this paper summarized tiankeng’s landscape characteristics and analyzed them.By referring to the methods and standards of tourism resources evaluation,tiankeng landscape evaluation model has been built.The evaluation index system was built in terms of the model and tiankeng’s characters.After the evaluating factors and index were established,the weights of them have been figured out by AHP method.For the first time tiankeng has been studied from the view of landscape.However,this primary study about tiankeng landscape evaluation will offer reference for its tourism development and protection.It also lays the foundation for the construction of a better system.     

天坑景观评价模型与指标体系构建

在前人研究的基础上总结了天坑的景观特征,参考旅游资源评价的方法和标准建立了天坑景观评价的概念模型,并依据模型与天坑的特点构建评价指标体系,确立了评价因子与评价指标,运用AHP法得出了评价因子与指标的权重。这是首次从景观的角度研究天坑,对天坑的旅游开发和地质遗迹保护具有一定参考价值,也为进一步建立更加完善的天坑景观评价体系奠定基础。     

Effects of Crustal Structure for Estimation of Vertical Load Deformation on the Solid Earth Using GRACE in China Mainland

When the inversion of vertical load deformation on Earth’s surface using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data, the load Love numbers based on PREM (Preliminary Reference Earth Model) are commonly used. But the crustal structure under China mainland especially under Tibet Plateau is quite different from that given by PREM Earth model. New load Love numbers were calculated based on a modified Earth model which accounted for regional crustal structure in China mainland. And the effect of regional crustal structure in China mainland for estimation of vertical load deformation on Earth’s surface using GRACE RL05 data was investigated in this paper. It is found that the effect of crustal difference is very prominent. The relative difference of load Love numbers for vertical deformation can reach about 11% at degree 90. The extreme value of difference in vertical load deformation below 90 degree of spherical harmonic coefficients located at the southeastern Tibet Plateau and the maximum relative difference reaches 10%. The relative difference of the root mean square is about 4%. It is suggesting that an Earth model with a more realistic crustal structue instead of PREM should be used for the estimation of vertical load deformation in China mainland espacially in Tibet Plateau.     

中国南方海相含油气保存单元的层次划分与综合评价

以最近十年中国南方的海相新区油气勘探评价成果为依托 ,以油气成藏和整体封闭保存体系评价为核心 ,在渝东—湘鄂西、中下扬子和滇黔桂三大区域划分出 9个有利区块 5 1个含油气保存单元 ,并将其归纳为四个层次。综合评价认为 ,方西和石柱保存单元具有较好的整体封存体系 ,属持续性含油气保存单元 ,为首选勘探目标 ;江汉盆地南部、句容—海安区块、南鄱阳坳陷、楚雄盆地东北部具备或基本具备整体封存条件 ,属于沉积重建型含油气保存单元 ,通过精细勘探可望获得商业性油气流 ;楚雄盆地西北部、南盘江坳陷、十万大山盆地和渝东—湘鄂西地区利川复向斜由于晚期强烈构造改造而仅存在部分封存体系 ,需要攻关探索 ;思茅、渝东—湘鄂西地区的花果坪和桑植—石门地区已失去整体封闭保存条件 ,仅局部存在封存体系 ,地质条件高度复杂 ,勘探风险甚高。     

川西甲基卡大型锂资源基地绿色调查及环境评价指标体系的建立

在资源、环境和经济协调发展的大背景下,发展绿色矿业已成为国家战略重点推进并得到了广泛认同。大型资源基地绿色调查及环境评价指标体系的建立、模型的技术实现将为解决生态脆弱区找矿部署与环境保护瓶颈问题发挥重要作用。本文将绿色调查与环境评价两方面工作有机结合,分四个层次构建指标框架,通过3S技术提取生态环境现状及变化信息,结合连续三年的地表水、土壤等多环境介质野外调查取样分析数据,对经过验证的、成熟的评价方法进行优化,运用更兼容、可扩展的Python语言编程建立了基于支持向量机的大型锂资源基地环境评价模型。运用该模型,将大型基地环境现状划分为环境较差区、环境一般区、环境较好区、环境良好区四类区域,总体准确率达97.77%。结果表明,本文建立的该套有针对性的评价指标体系能够对川西大型锂资源基地的环境现状作出有效的评价,通过技术创新实现了大型锂资源基地环境现状"像元级"可视化分级,较客观地反映了甲基卡矿区及周边资源开发环境问题与影响范围,在一定程度上可辅助规范大型基地矿产资源开发利用的管理及决策。     

中国东北三省1960—2005年地表干燥度变化趋势

为研究气候变化对东北三省地表干湿状况的影响,利用该区1960—2005年72个气象站的观测资料,采用Penman Monteith模型计算了各站的潜在蒸散量,由潜在蒸散量和降水量之比构建干燥度指数,并采用Kriging法进行空间插值以分析其区域特征。结果表明,该区地表干湿状况具有明显的时空变化特征。1960—1979年间,由于降水减少和潜在蒸散增加,地表干燥度指数呈增加趋势,水汽压差增大是潜在蒸散增加的主要原因;1980—2005年间,大部分地区地表干旱状况有所减缓,其中以黑龙江省和吉林东部尤为明显。降水增加和潜在蒸散减少是地表干旱状况趋缓的主要原因,风速降低和净辐射减小导致潜在蒸散减少。总体而言,气候变化并未加剧东北三省的干旱化。     

Application Progress and Prospect of Argus System in Beach Research in China

Reliable, continuous and long-term data is needed in order to understand precisely the evolution of a beach system. Because of the advantages of real-time, low cost, simple operation, strong adaptability, high resolution and continuous data, Argus video monitoring system has developed rapidly in recent years, and its research and application fields have gradually expanded. Composition of the Argus system was briefly introduced, and the application of this system in beach research in China was described, and the accuracy of the extracted data was analysed. It was shown that the average vertical and plane distance error is 0.145 m and 11.73 m respectively, which depends on the distance from Argus observatory. Argus system has been widely used in beach research abroad, but it is still in the early stage in China. In the future, it is expected to provide more powerful and perfect technical support in coastal engineering construction evaluation, coastal hydrodynamic monitoring and bathymetry inversion, beach tourism management and research on morphodynamic evolution of estuary sand spits.     

钴结壳矿区圈定和资源评价的参数指标

大洋海山钴结壳集海洋资源和环境双重信息, 各国对它的调查研究方兴未艾.钴结壳资源勘查的最终目的是圈定钴结壳矿区和开发钴结壳资源.迄今为止, 国内外尚未就钴结壳矿区圈定和资源评价给出具体的参数指标, 基于我国近十年对西太平洋26座海山钴结壳资源调查, 结合太平洋环境资料, 在深入分析钴结壳厚度、丰度、品位、覆盖率、资源量、面积, 海山坡度和水深资料的基础上, 对13座重点海山进行了钴结壳矿区圈定、资源评价和钴结壳分布规律的系统研究, 进而提出圈定钴结壳矿区的八项重要参数指标: 钴结壳矿区的结壳厚度为≥3cm或≥4cm, 取决于海山具体地理位置; 水深为≤2500m或≤3000m;Co含量为≥0.50%或≥0.60%;丰度为≥60kg/m2或≥70kg/m2; 坡度为≤15°; 结壳覆盖率为≥30%;钴结壳矿区的申请面积为17000~20000km2, 矿区最终保留面积为5000~6000km2.钴结壳矿区8项参数指标的提出, 将有力地促进大洋钴结壳矿区圈定、资源量计算和资源评价工作, 为我国积极参与联合国海底管理局制定钴结壳资源开发利用规章制度提供量化参考指标.      

Evaluation of the water resources carrying capacity of Shandong peninsula,China

Research on the carrying capacity and security of water resources is vital for its contribution to implementing sustainable development goals. The limitation of water resources is one of the most important factors that influence the sustainable utilization of resources. Studying the carrying capacity of water resources will not only facilitate monitoring and forecast of national resources and environmental carrying capacity, but also be valuable for building ecological civilization. According to the principles of evaluation system, the carrying capacity of water resources on Shandong peninsula is explored. A comprehensive evaluation model of the carrying capacity of water resources is constructed based on the carrying capacity of water resources index and the composite of water resources index. The results show that the capacity of water resources on Shandong peninsula is generally consistent with overexploitation, and that the development and utilization of water resources has reached a considerable scale under existing economic and technological conditions. The carrying capacity of water resources in this region is relatively small, and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is alarming. Relative countermeasures are put forward, to improve the water resources carrying capacity and to provide a basis for future sustainable development and utilization of water resources in this region.