地形因子对华东地区降水影响的尺度效应研究

降水是地表淡水资源的主要来源,降水分布强烈的时空异质性给陆地水循环研究带来了较大不确定性,因此降水的空间异质性及其影响因子研究一直是水循环研究的重点。选取观测资料丰富的华东地区,采用351个气象台站降水观测数据,通过一般线性回归模型、地理加权回归模型和多尺度地理加权回归模型的拟合结果,研究了典型地形因子对降水空间分布的影响及其影响尺度。结果表明,传统的一般线性回归模型不能表征降水分布的空间异质性,而地理加权回归模型和多尺度地理加权回归模型均较好地拟合出了降水在空间上的非均匀分布（R2>0.7）。此外,多尺度地理加权回归模型的带宽数还反映了各地形因子对降水空间分布的影响尺度。一般说来,带宽数较小的局地影响因子对降水的空间异质性影响较强。对于年降水量,地形高程和地形起伏度是影响降水空间异质性的主要地形因子,而地形坡度和主风向系数对降水的影响不显著。在不同季节,各地形因子对降水空间分布的影响程度不同。地形高程对夏季降水影响较大;离海岸线距离对春、秋季南部山区降水影响较大;地形起伏度对冬季降水有重要影响。厘清我国不同季节降水与地形因子间的关系,有助于理解各季节复杂地形因子对降水的贡献,为...     

中国天山山区降水空间分布模拟及成因分析

为了研究中国天山山区降水空间分布规律及其形成机理,基于研究区DEM及气象站点数据资料,运用偏最小二乘法和GIS技术建立了山区降水估算模型,并分析其降水成因。结果表明:天山山区年降水具有明显的经度和纬度地带性,西段多于东段,北坡(迎风坡)多于南坡(背风坡);研究区降水在海拔4 000 m以下呈线性增加特征,随后显著减少,在5 500 m左右出现第二极大值带;坡度小于50°时降水与坡度呈显著正相关。在地形抬升条件下,随气温下降和相对湿度上升使降水增加,这也是山区降水形成的必要条件。总体来看,偏最小二乘法可以有效解决降水及各因子间多重相关性问题,模型回归效果较显著,在模拟山区降水方面具有一定适用性。     

基于多源数据融合的海河流域降水资源评价

为更准确地评价海河流域降水资源量及其空间分布,将海河流域划分为山区迎风坡、山区背风坡和平原区3个片区,采用人工神经网络叠加一致性修正分片区进行多源数据融合校正,生成海河流域2001—2019年降水融合数据集,并利用该融合数据集对流域降水资源进行全面评价。结果表明：从降水数量来看,原始卫星产品在海河流域高估降水,融合校正数据集精度较原始卫星降水数据有较大提升,得到海河流域2001—2019年的年均降水量为515.2 mm,合降水资源量1 639.4亿m³;从降水分布来看,融合校正数据集能更好地捕捉降水空间分布,揭示流域东北、东南、西南和中部偏西降水较多,西北部和中部偏东降水较少;从降水规律来看,海河流域平原区降水与空间位置参数存在很明显的联系,流域山区迎风坡和背风坡降水均与高程变化具有明显的关系。     

黑河流域上游降水精细化分布与总量年际变化

利用黑河流域100 m×100 m地理地形资料及气象测站多年降水和风向资料,依据坡度、盛行风向与迎风坡对地形抬升速度影响的数学模式,对主导风向效应指数进行了扩展,构建了新的耦合坡度、坡向和主导风向的局地地形因子.通过回归分析,建立了逐年6-9月降水量与地理和局地地形因子的回归方程,通过GIS空间分析技术扩展得到了黑河流...     

考虑有雨无雨辨识的多源降水融合方法

多源降水融合是精准估计降水时空分布的重要途径,多聚焦降水量或降水强度的误差订正,对短历时降水雨区辨识的重视不足。提出考虑有雨无雨辨识的多源降水融合框架,耦合地理加权逻辑回归与地理加权回归模型,构建兼顾雨区辨识及雨量估计的降水融合方法,并应用于汉江流域MSWEP V2.1与地面站网观测日降水融合。结果表明：所提方法成功再现有雨无雨空间格局并刻画了降水中心,整体强化了MSWEP V2.1对地面降水的表征能力,降低误报率和误报降水量的幅度超过了60%,提高临界成功指数和Kling-Gupta效率系数达40%以上;较降水空间插值数据,削减误报降水量并提升Kling-Gupta效率系数高于10%;另外,较参考数据,降水融合改善强降水事件(雨强≥50 mm/d)分辨精度的增益不低于60%。所提方法有效改善了降水估计效果,为多源降水融合提供了新思路。     

新疆渭干河流域降水变化及影响因素分析

通过分析渭干河及其支流情况,对渭干河流域降水系列代表性和雨量选用站的可靠性进行探讨。利用水文分析法对年降水量分布、年内分配、年际变化、垂直分布、丰估变化和不同保证率下的年降水量进行分析论证,得出:渭干河流域降水量受气候、地形和自然地理条件影响较大,降雨一般随海拔高程升高而增大,迎风坡降水量大于背风坡,多年平均降水量与流域降水量变化也一致。上世纪80年代后,年降水量增加比较明显。     

陕西省现代大气降水氢氧同位素组成特征研究

陕西地处我国东部湿润气候与西部干冷气候的过渡地区,气候偏冷,偏旱,降水偏少,蒸发量远大于降水量。全境呈南北狭长状,分属三个不同气候带。本文根据自然地理分区(陕北、关中、陕南)的大气降水氢氧同位素组成的逐月变化,求得陕西地区大气降水的雨水线公式:δD=8.36δ~(?)O 14.5。又根据气象要素——温度(t)、降水量(L)、蒸发量(1)对降水的氢氧同位素组成的影响,通过回归分析得出,影响δ值变化的主要因素是降水量,且为负相关,其次是温度和蒸发量。大气降水δ值与综合气象要素的回归方程式为:δD=-46.382 2.0438t-0.3084L-0.05451,δ~(18)O=-7.8436 0.2677t-0.0335L-0.00611。进而根据全省大气降水和由降水补给的地下水氢氧同位素组成之间的关系,通过相关计算,求得地下水δ值与大气降水δ值的相关关系式:δD_(地下水)=0.3062δD_(降水)-51.00,δ~(?)O_(地下水)=0.1411δ~(18)O_(降水)-8.14。     

1960-2009年塔里木河流域降水时空演化特征及原因分析

利用1960-2009年新疆塔里木河流域（TRB）26个气象站的日降水资料以及美国NCEP/NCAR的逐月再分析资料（2.5°×2.5°）,对塔里木河流域降水的时空分布特征及其原因进行了分析.结果表明：塔里木河流域降水总体上呈现由东南向西北逐渐增加的分布形态,但不同季节之间以及降水量多年和少年之间存在差异,这与水汽输送...     

中国降水与暴雨的季节变化

论述了与水利水电工程设计和运行密切相关的降水和暴雨季节变化的地域分布,其中包括旬降水量和最大1d暴雨量多年平均值、暴雨年际变化、时-面-深关系等要素的季节变化;提出了降水季节集中系数分布图;讨论了降水、一般暴雨和稀遇暴雨季节变化的异同。     

南水北调西线工程区降水特征分析

利用30个站的1965-2000年日降水资料,分析了南水北调西线工程区的降水气候特征、降水过程特征和降水极值特征.结果表明:该区多年平均降水量为520.5 mm,年降水量等值线呈东北-西南向分布,由西北向东南递增,半干旱区和湿润地区年降水量的分界线在该区沿玉树-清水河-大武-河南-合作-临洮一线分布;降水过程大部分大于5 d,降水集中在3 d左右,过程降水量可分为纬向类和斜向类两种,斜向类占大多数,其中斜向类又可分为西北-东南向、东北-西南向两种,以西北-东南向的发生较多.降水中心由西北向东南方向移动,或中心变动不大,但范围先加大后减小.在所有降水过程中,一日最大雨量出现在壤塘的频率最高,其次为若尔盖和临洮;3 d最大降水量最频繁发生在临洮,其次为壤塘和若尔盖.18次过程降水极值分布与多年的年降水量大值区相对应.1965年、1984年、1992年过程降水偏弱,1981年、1989年、1999年过程降水偏强.     

Ambiguity in the altitude effect of precipitation isotopes for estimating groundwater recharge elevation and paleoelevation reconstruction in the leeward side of a mountain

The altitude effect of isotopes in precipitation is not as significant on the leeward side of a mountain as it is on the windward side, which makes it difficult to use isotopes at leeward sites, especially if estimating elevation of groundwater recharge or reconstructing paleoelevations. Samples of precipitation were taken at three stations with different elevations—2,306–3,243 m above mean sea level (asl)—on the leeward side of the Meili Snow Mountains on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from August 2017 to July 2018. The isotope vs. altitude gradients were calculated based on two adjacent stations at the daily, monthly, and annual scales. Most of the gradients are beyond the global ranges of –0.5 to –0.1‰ per 100 m for δ¹⁸O and –5 to –1‰ per 100 m for δ²H, and some of the gradients are even positive. Local processes of sub-cloud evaporation and mixing with recycled moisture are identified for the ambiguous altitude effect, while regional atmospheric circulation processes dominate the major patterns of stable isotope variation at the three stations. The groundwater recharge elevation is estimated to be in a very large range, 2,562–6,321 m asl, which could be caused by the differences in isotope vs. altitude gradient in the studied catchments. Considering the complex atmospheric processes affecting precipitation isotopes, sampling of event-based/monthly precipitation at more than two altitudes for at least one complete hydrological year is a minimum requirement to establish a reasonable isotope vs. altitude gradient.

     

地形对青藏高原丰枯水年雨季降水量空间分布的影响

采用高分辨率的3"数字高程模型及青藏高原东部102个常规气象观测站5～9月份的降水量资料,根据降水随高度分布将站点分为三类,再采用多元逐步回归的方法,建立了青藏高原40年(1961-2000年)逐年雨季降水量与经度、纬度、海拔、坡度、坡向、开放度等6个地理、地形因子关系模型,并以此为基础,分析了三类区域在丰枯水年里的因子系数的变化规律.结果表明,此法建立的关于高原降水量与诸因子之间方程的相关性显著,相对误差20%,平均相对误差4.4%,估算模型的相关系数均通过0.05的显著性检验;海拔低于1 400 m的第一类区域,主要受地形高度和开放度等局地地形的影响,来改变旱涝年的降水分布特征,海拔高度大于3 600 m的第三类区域,主要受开放度和坡度的影响,其他区域主要受地形的海拔、经度和开放度等局地地形的影响;高原季风是影响第三类区域水汽分布的主要因素,在季风加强时,开放度和经度的影响也随着加强,而坡度和海拔的影响减弱,从而使得水汽的局地性分布特征增强,东西分布差异加大,相应地局地降水分布特征加强,东西差异加大.地理地形因子影响大气的水汽输送和大气的垂直运动,从而导致其对空间降水分配的差异.     

Spatiotemporal variations in rainfall–topographic relationships in southwestern Saudi Arabia

Spatial variations in the relationship between topography and mean annual and seasonal rainfalls in southwestern Saudi Arabia are examined using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. The topographic factors include physiographic features (topography), altitude, slope, proximity to a ridge or crest of mountains, and proximity to the Red Sea. There is a statistically significant effect of topographic factors on the mean annual rainfall, but the results are more significant for the mean seasonal rainfall. The largest amount of mean rainfall in the study area occurs during spring, when rainfall displays a significant relationship with topographic factors, in which more orographic rainfall patterns are associated with higher altitude, greater proximity to a ridge and steeper slopes. Higher altitudes do not necessarily receive more rain; some low altitude locations (i.e., the southern part of the study area) receive more rain during summer and fall because they are located on the windward side of the Asir Mountains and are exposed to the moist air masses brought by the southwest monsoonal system in summer and by the northwest air flow from the Mediterranean and Red Sea in the fall in addition to local convective rainfall patterns. Rainfall in winter increases in the foothills of the Asir Mountains above the coastal plain of the Red Sea. The steep western slopes (windward side) receive more rainfall than the gentle eastern slopes (leeward side): this may be due to the Asir Mountains forcing moist air masses carried by the westerly and northwest winds to rise and cool before they descend and warm on the leeward side.     

Spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture in different types of sand dune in the Mu Us Sandy Land,adjacent to north of Chinese Loess Plateau

The distribution of soil moisture in arid and semiarid regions is a major environmental factor and is regulated by regional topography, vegetation and soil texture. Here, we present the results of a study of the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture in the Mu Us Sandy Land, which is the transitional area between the northwestern deserts and the Chinese Loess Plateau, in North China. Samples were taken from holes drilled to a depth of 4 m in 52 different microtopographic positions on different types of dune (bare dunes, shrub-covered dunes and tree-covered dunes). The sites were located in the northwestern margin, the central region and the southeastern margin. All samples were analyzed for moisture content and grain size distribution. The results show that: (1) for the same type of dune, the soil moisture content varies in different microtopographic positions. The soil moisture content on windward slopes is greater than on leeward slopes in the shrub-covered dunes and the tree-covered dunes, while this is the case in only some of the bare migratory sand dunes. In addition, the soil moisture content on leeward slopes is greater than on the corresponding windward slope. (2) The vegetation type and density have a large influence on the moisture content of sandy soils; specifically, the presence of shrubs and trees significantly affects the soil moisture content of windward and leeward slopes and the inter-dune lowland. (3) Soil moisture content is positively correlated with the clay and silt content of sandy soils. From northwest to southeast across the Mu Us Sandy Land, the silt and clay content increases gradually; however, in the case of dunes covered with planted trees, a peak in the content of fine-grained material occurs in the central region, while for shrub-covered sand dunes, the peak occurs in the southeastern margin. In addition, the correlation between soil moisture and soil grain size distribution of the three types of dunes varies from northwest to southeast. (4) The proportion of fine-grained material and the correlation between the content of fine-grained material and soil moisture are the two main factors influencing the soil moisture distribution of the different types of dune. A soil moisture concentration index can be used as a rough indicator of the distribution characteristics of soil moisture.     

新疆降水特征及其对水资源和生态环境的影响

新疆位于欧亚大陆腹地,空中水汽来源少,水资源匮乏,生态环境脆弱,降水有其独特的时空分布特征,且对水资源形成和生态环境有着十分重要的影响和作用.利用全疆106处水文、气象站1956-2005年的降水资料以及相关分析研究成果,从水资源的角度对新疆降水的形成条件、时空分布特征和对水资源、生态环境的影响进行了分析.结果表明:多年平均年降水总量为2588×10⁸m³,折合降水深157.4 mm;90%以上的站点年降水量变差系数在0.2～0.7之间;连续最大4个月降水量在40%以上,平均降水产流系数为34%.新疆降水的稀少导致了其生态环境的极端脆弱,绿洲面积仅占全疆总面积的9%,而沙漠面积却达全疆的25.7%.未来新疆地区仍然是干旱、半干旱地区,大气降水资源有限,必须通过其它途径来解决新疆水资源短缺问题.     

Sedimentary dynamics along carbonate slopes (Bahamas archipelago)

Hydroacoustic and sedimentological data in the Santaren Channel covering both the leeward slope of Great Bahama Bank and the windward slope of Cay Sal Bank allow new insights into carbonate platform slope sedimentation. The data document the interplay between depositional and erosive processes on both slopes through time and provide information on the current regime and its influence on the slope sedimentary processes. This study emphasizes the diversity and complexity of the slope morphology and the sediment distribution of the youngest high‐frequency sequence, which has developed since the last glacial maximum. The processes triggering slope failures and the formation of channels and gullies differ on both slopes. At the leeward slope of the Great Bahama Bank, extensive slope failures occurred primarily during sea‐level lowering following an interglacial. These slope failures created a slope morphology that channelizes the exported platform sediments during the subsequent highstand. At the windward slope of Cay Sal Bank, contour currents and the local tectonic regime are responsible for slope failures. During sea‐level lowstands, downwelling induces turbidity currents. The interaction of turbidity and contour currents leads to the formation of a system of furrows and slope‐parallel sediment ridges. The discovered heterogeneities in slope sedimentation improve the understanding of carbonate slope sedimentation and provide implications for sequence stratigraphic interpretation of carbonate platform slopes.     

Age and Provenance of Loess deposits on the Northern Flank of Tianshan Mountain

Abstract: The distribution, optically stimulated luminescence dating and granulometric properties suggest that the loess on the northern flank of Tian Shan should be divided into two types. One which is like mantle and is named type A, is located on the windward slopes and dated to about 54.5±5.73?Ka. The other, called type B, lies flatly on the terraces of the rivers or low hills and penetrated 30.8±2.05?Ka ago. Here we study the origin and the age of two types of loess, and a model of loess formation is proposed. The dust was entrained from the Gobi Desert located to the north of Tian Shan by the monsoon from Mongolia, obstructed by the high mountains and deposited on the windward slopes of the mountains. The rivers and flows then transported the aeolian loess to low terraces and piedmont alluvial plains.     

高海拔冻土地区公路路基风流场特征研究

风流场对于局地条件下地-气能量交换过程与强度影响显著,同时也是多年冻土区对流调控类冷却路基的关键环境边界。结合现场监测与数值模拟,对高海拔冻土路基周边风流场进行特征区划研究并考察路基高度的影响。结果表明：坡前扰动区为低风速区,3 m路基高度条件下迎风坡坡脚0.5~2.0 m高度范围内风速约为环境风速的30%。路基上部为高风速区,迎风坡路肩风速明显大于环境、路面中部及背风坡风速。背风坡坡后扰动区为低风速区,靠近坡脚区域受气流辐散效应作用形成涡旋区,整体风速仅为环境风速的30%。涡旋区水平范围随路基高度增加呈线性增加,3 m路基高度条件下涡旋区水平范围约为12 m。分离式路基即两幅路基并行条件下,受前幅路基影响后幅路基坡前风速下降明显,以两幅路基坡前风速差值不超过环境风速的10%（0.35 m·s^-1）为标准,3 m路基高度条件下两幅路基最小间距为60 m。因此,在路基工程的修建过程中为减少路基间的遮挡所造成的两幅路基间的对流换热强度差异,分离式对流换热类冷却路基的现场修建间距应不低于60 m。