国外空域资源开发利用的理论基础、方法论变革与实践

空中交通流量的持续增长引发充分开发利用空域资源的理论建设和方法论研究及其应用实践,旨在突破原有的空域结构及其扇区边界的限制。在过去的10年里航线结构及其需求有了显著变化,仍保持相对固定的几何扇区形态面临新的挑战,需要重新设计动态空域功能分区。首先分析了当前空域资源开发利用的理论基础,包括新一代航空运输体系,灵活空域使用,平衡扇区等;然后评价了方法论的变革,总结了从动态空域配置(DAC)到动态空域功能分区(DAS)的转变,以及动态空域功能分区的2D-DAS常用方法向3D-DAS新方法的演进,并讨论了"基于个体模型"(ABM)的局限性和"改进的基于个体模型"(i ABM)的应用优势;最后展望了地理学空间研究向空域拓展的前景。     

The Heat Airspace Cloud Map in Terminal Airspace of Airports Based on Air Passenger Flow and a Case Study in Beijing International Airport

The calculation of air passenger flow density and the recognition of heat airspace in terminal areas of large hub airports is a new challenging research in the intelligent era, that is, using big data can automatically generate air passenger flow and basic rules. Aimed for the air passenger flow density in airport and its relationship between occupation and airspace, based on the establishment of the Beijing International Airport 1 h flight, which consists of basic parameters-latitude, longitude and height, additional parameters-dogleg and speed of trajectories, time parameters, a spatio-temporal data set by clustering trajectories and calculation of aircraft trajectories points was made up. Then, heat cloud map of flight trajectories under 4D conditions was generated. Cell was used to identify the basic parameters and time parameter of heat airspace; grid graphs of flight trajectories were used to identify additional parameters and explain the influence on heat airspace; probability fitting graphs were used to verify the accuracy of 4D results. The conclusion is as follows: there are two areas of Beijing International Airport, which have the high density and at two different heights there also exist hot peaks; flight trajectories and speed of trajectories also affect the heat airspace. The variation of heat airspace caused by different flight occupancy time in 4D recognition was revealed. The method realized the 4D heat cloud map of flight trajectories, which is better for detailed and accurate information construction, expression of spatial changes, and more the parameters of density and visualization of temporal and spatial range, which can assist the automatic dynamic airspace sectorization and decision making on airspace allocation, and also have a definite reference meaning in alleviating the contradiction between the current air traffic demand and limited airspace.     

Design Method,Application and Time Alternative Mechanism of Flexible Use of Airspace

The flexible use of airspace and its practice are the key components of next generation air transportation system and the important technical support of reconstructing the national airspace in Europe, Japan and other countries. On the basis of overview and comprehensive cognition of the generation, implementation and aims of flexible use of airspace, the design methods of sector’s boundary changes were evaluated. Then, from the perspective of “sector-closed”, the effect on sector boundary changes was evaluated, and the time alternative mechanism in flexible use of airspace was revealed. The research shows that “Algorithm+Manual Dynamic Boundary Change” can be a method for better distribution and balancing the unbalanced traffic demand across regions, which will also promote the airspace development and capacity release. The flexible use of airspace based on ICTs realizes the replacement of the factor of space by the factor of time, which enhances the flexibility of airspace configuration and the changing of air routes to the maximun extent. The methods and applications of flexible use of airspace will be not only beneficial to establishing the whole national airspace system and utilization, but also to promoting geography research on airspace resources development and the studies on connection between air and land.     

Study on Dynamic Transformation,Application and Comparison of Aviation Carbon Emission Environmental Damage Assessment Methods

The contradiction between the rapid development of aviation market and supply of airspace resources has increased the environmental damages of aviation carbon emission. The conversion and application of environmental damage assessment method of aviation carbon emission were summarized, and the characteristics of the assessment methods for air and ground transportation were compared. We found out the followings: \mathrm{①} The evaluation method has been transformed from static assessment to dynamic evaluation, and focused on four key problems, average and total carbon emissions, airspace resource utilization, LTO stage emission, and reduction practice; \mathrm{②} Airport terminal area as well as LTO are becoming the focus in the study of aviation carbon emission assessment method, while the former is the main area and the latter is the main stage of aviation carbon emission. The practice of emission reduction is mainly reflected in the optimization of emission reduction measures in economic field; \mathrm{③} Based on the situation and total assessment methods, environmental damage assessment and comparative advantage of aviation carbon emission and ground transportation carbon emission are reflected in the distance by using distance factor and energy consumption; \mathrm{④} Improving the smoothness of airspace resource traffic network, optimizing flight schedule structure and airspace resource allocation are more conducive to promoting aviation emission reduction.     

Application of ICTs in Airspace Management and Collaborative Decision-Making—Analyzing the Risk Avoidance in the Condition of Risky Weather as an Example

The application of ICTs makes structural change of the development and effective utilization of airspace. Next generation air transportation system (NextGen) includes new automation concepts with automated information to support the traffic control decision-making. As a result, in the field of academia and industry, air traffic controllers integrate information automatically while making decisions to change the previous manually integrated and decided pattern. The safety ability of airspace is reduced and airspace system is endangered under risky weather conditions of airspace. So there is an urgent demand for new information and communication technologies. The paper is an overview of the information constitution and support of NextGen and provides the study of the development of technique of airspace collaborative decision-makings to confirm the new features based on ICTs. It contains basic application-the input of data and output of the routes of airspace management and collaborative decision-making, and general application-the choose of probability nets of avoiding risky weather, and special application-the affection in the management of the air routes, which are made up of position and direction. The research shows the accurate schedule characteristics of airspace management and collaborative decision-making based on ICTs, which made the space accurate by time accurate. Second, the visualization of airspace management and collaborative decision-making based on ICTs made the maps of flight path under mobile data quickly generated. This could make the fully development and utilization of national airspace, ensure safety, and reduce air traffic controllers’ workload and the costs in delaying and operating in risky weather.     

Rules and Methods of UAV Activities’ Aerial Lanes Design for (Ultra) Low Airspace in Regional Areas

The exploitation of (ultra) low airspace resource has become an important component of optimizing the utilization of airspace and has received worldwide attention. It is the major form for UAV activity, which reveals great socioeconomic prospects. Firstly, the background of exploiting (ultra) low airspace resource and challenge for UAV activities were analyzed in regional areas. Then, legal rights for UAV activities and routes design in overseas and domestic research were reviewed. Second, the forms of regional rules for UAV activities in (ultra) low airspace were summarized, which included height-density rule, coverage area rule and isolation area of rule. Third, based on the air network of UAV(s) and aiming at the demand of aerial lanes for different requirements, the development from the method of 3D city model to the Cost-to-go was prospected. The findings are as follows: UAV activities’ aerial lanes design includes high-density as general rules and coverage area rule, isolation area rule as special rules. On the basis of 3D city model, improved method of Cost-to-go is applied to the choice of the optimal aerial lanes; based on ground buildings and residents’ actual conditions in regional area, the rules and methods are good for the (ultra) low airspace resources development and better solve the problem of UAV activities coordination. Furthermore, the rules and methods play an important role even in the implementation of the national airspace system.     

Aviation,apartheid and sanctions: Air transport to and from South Africa, 1945–1989

The geography of air transport to and from South Africa has been shaped powerfully by the world map of anti-apartheid, sanctions-keeping nations which close their airspace to the Republic's state-owned airline. Re-routering, involving notably the offshore west-African link to Europe, revocation of foreign landing rights and a shrinking airline network have resulted. The economic dependence of the Republic's southern African neighbours on their political adversary has dissuaded them from joining an anti-apartheid air blockade. Likewise, the penalties to black African states of denying overfying, landing and traffic rights to west-European airlines plying the South Africa route have diminished the force of the air embargo.     

黄河流域水量分配方案优化及综合调度的关键科学问题

变化环境下缺水流域水资源演变与科学调控是国际上关注和研究的热点问题,也是中国水资源安全保障面临的重大难题。针对剧烈环境变化下黄河流域水资源显著减少、供需矛盾日益尖锐的问题,以提升流域水资源安全的调控能力为目标,识别了流域水资源供需演变认知—适应性评价—高效输沙—分水方案优化—协同调度的5大关键科学问题,从水资源供需演变机制分析、流域水量分配方案适应性综合评价、河库联动高效输沙水动力条件塑造技术、流域水资源动态均衡配置理论、复杂梯级水库群水-沙-电-生态多维协同调度等方面,提出了"黄河流域水量分配方案优化及综合调度"研究的总体架构和理论方法,构建了黄河流域水资源优化配置与协同调度技术体系,为提升缺水流域水资源管理能力与调度水平提供方法借鉴。     

流域水资源合理配置的研究进展与发展方向

水资源合理配置是实现水资源可持续利用的有效调控措施之一。将现状的水资源合理配置研究划分为广义和狭义两类,进而从内在机制、实践进程和评价三方面系统综述了狭义流域水资源合理配置研究进展。指出目前中国在流域水资源配置过程中存在若干问题,主要表现为缺乏有效的初始水权分配机制、缺乏有机的补偿和机理机制、缺乏广泛的社会参与机制和缺乏系统的后效评价体系,致使现状水资源配置难以实现真正意义上的合理。为解决上述配置实践中存在的相关问题,今后我国水资源配置研究的重点主要集中在建立符合现代流域水循环过程的"天然 人工"二元认知模式,建立以水循环为基础的水资源合理配置模式、建立具有统一基础的水资源配置准则和建立水资源配置合理性评价标准和体系等。     

Numerical Simulation of Explosion in Twin Tunnel System

Rapid growth of urban population in Indian cities have led traffic congestion leading to demand for scientific utilization of underground space. Immediate underground level and deep level underground below the major arterial roads are the sustainable spaces available for meeting the demand of the future traffic/transport. Due to recent increased transit activities it has become one of the soft targets by terrorists or prone to catastrophic accidents in recent years which have increased the importance of rock structures study under explosive loading. In this paper, the response of a underground metro tunnel subjected dynamic loads have been investigated including explosive capacity (30 kg TNT), ground characteristics, liner thickness and blast pressure characteristics. Blast pressure representing CONWEP air blast loading model with positive over pressure phase was applied to lining of tunnel. A three dimensional explicit finite element method was used to analyze dynamic response and damage in twin tunnels of underground metro. It is found that liner of thickness 28 cm will start deforming at the explosive loading of more than 65 kg TNT.     

Dynamic stochastic estimation of physical variables

A fundamental problem facing the physical sciences today is analysis of natural variations and mapping of spatiotemporal processes. Detailed maps describing the space/time distribution of groundwater contaminants, atmospheric pollutant deposition processes, rainfall intensity variables, external intermittency functions, etc. are tools whose importance in practical applications cannot be overestimated. Such maps are valuable inputs for numerous applications including, for example, solute transport, storm modeling, turbulent-nonturbulent flow characterization, weather prediction, and human exposure to hazardous substances. The approach considered here uses the spatiotemporal random field theory to study natural space/time variations and derive dynamic stochastic estimates of physical variables. The random field model is constructed in a space/time continuum that explicitly involves both spatial and temporal aspects and provides a rigorous representation of spatiotemporal variabilities and uncertainties. This has considerable advantages as regards analytical investigations of natural processes. The model is used to study natural space/time variations of springwater calcium ion data from the Dyle River catchment area, Belgium. This dataset is characterized by a spatially nonhomogeneous and temporally nonstationary variability that is quantified by random field parameters, such as orders of space/time continuity and random field increments. A rich class of covariance models is determined from the properties of the random field increments. The analysis leads to maps of continuity orders and covariances reflecting space/time calcium ion correlations and trends. Calcium ion estimates and the associated statistical errors are calculated at unmeasured locations/instants over the Dyle region using a space/time kriging algorithm. In practice, the interpretation of the results of the dynamic stochastic analysis should take into consideration the scale effects.     

多维动态GIS在海平面变化中的应用

随着空间对地观测技术的发展和集成,三维地理空间信息获取与更新的能力有了飞速的进步,海洋、环境等应用领域已逐步形成多维空间信息源。介绍了多维动态GIS的相关概念,多维数据、可视化在海平面变化中的研究现状,研究的主要方向等。我国沿海城市相对集中,人口密集,地势低洼,地面沉降严重,海平面上升给沿海城市和人民生活带来深远的影响。而多维动态GIS可以动态、可视化地演示海平面的变化,并对可能造成的危害进行预测和分析。因此,多维动态GIS对海平面上升变化过程的研究具有十分重要的意义。     

黄土高原土壤干层研究进展与展望

土壤干层发生机理及其生态环境效应是土壤物理学和生态学及其交叉领域的重要科学问题,也是我国黄土高原开展生态文明建设,实现可持续发展面临的重大生态环境问题之一。通过回顾土壤干层研究取得的重要进展,包括土壤干层的概念与特征、评价指标、形成原因与危害、不同尺度时空分异特征及调控对策等,针对黄土高原水资源短缺和植被退化现状,提出土壤干层研究面临的机遇和挑战,包括建立统一的土壤干层动力学量化指标、干层内土壤水分对植物生长的有效性、土壤干层强度对土壤—植被—大气传输体(SVATs)中水分运移的影响、土壤干层发生发展过程和时空演变规律、土壤干层预测模型及其调控机制。此外,土壤干层的研究应结合当前植被恢复与生态文明建设的国家需求。在气候变化和剧烈人类活动背景下,开展黄土高原土壤干燥化与土壤水资源影响及其调控对策研究,将是水科学与生态学领域长期面临的科学问题之一。     

跨境水资源的分配模式、原则和指标体系研究

综合研究了跨境水资源分配的特点、目标、模式、原则、指标体系和影响等因素:①对近10年来跨境水资源分配的研究进行了总结,归纳出新的发展趋势;②从自然和国际法两方面属性分析跨境水资源的特点,判识跨境水分配的核心问题和难点;③系统地分析了全局分配、项目分配和流域整体规划分配等分水模式;④在分析跨境水资源的分配原则基础上,提出了分水技术指标体系,并探讨了其影响因数和主要指标的确定;⑤结合这些研究,对我国的跨境水资源分配,提出了相关建议。     

黑河分水计划对临泽绿洲种植业结构调整及生态稳定发展的影响——以黑河中游的临泽县平川灌区为例

黑河分水计划及用水商品化的实施,对绿洲种植业结构调整、节水降耗和退耕,有着较大的积极作用.但也相应出现了一些不可忽视的问题,如在调水方式及适宜时段的合理选择、供需水之间矛盾的有效处置以及流域水资源合理高效利用模式的建立等方面还有待进一步研究.特别是在水资源短缺和市场经济的双重作用下,过度开采地下水以及追逐短期利益行为有所加重,进而导致地下水位波动性变化幅度加大和低效的公益性生态建设与发展受到较大的制约,尤其是荒漠绿洲交错地带的生态环境及生产条件在分水后显现诸多不适宜或退化迹象,并有恶化发展的趋势.     

中国硒矿成矿规律概要

文章在全国矿产资源潜力动态评价项目开展过程中,对中国硒矿资源特征、硒矿类型、时空分布、成矿谱系进行分析与归纳,初步总结了中国硒矿成矿规律。文章对中国硒矿的资源特征及存在的问题进行了介绍;将中国硒矿划分为斑岩型、岩浆型、热液型、矽卡岩型、沉积型5大硒矿预测类型,初步总结了各类型硒矿的时空分布特征;将中国硒矿成矿时代总结为元古代、早古生代、晚古生代、中生代、新生代5个成矿期,划分了24个硒成矿带;厘定出39个与硒矿有关的成矿系列,建立了中国硒矿成矿谱系;最终选取了重点矿床类型和潜力评价工作区域。     

三江源地区1980—2019年积雪时空动态特征及其对气候变化的响应

三江源地区气象站点稀疏,依靠地面台站数据难以反映地面真实积雪情况。利用卫星遥感数据引入重心模型分析了三江源地区1980—2019年4个积雪参数（积雪日数、积雪深度、积雪初日和积雪终日）的时空动态特征,利用Mann-Kendall检验和Sen斜率估计分析了积雪和气候因子的变化趋势,并探究积雪对气候变化的响应。结果表明：1980—2019年三江源地区呈现积雪日数和积雪深度减少、积雪初日推迟、积雪终日提前的变化趋势,而该区域同期的气温和降水量则呈现上升趋势;4个积雪参数重心均呈现出东移趋势,而同期气温重心则呈现西移趋势,气温重心位置西移速率分别是积雪日数和积雪深度重心位置东移速率的6倍和2倍。这表明该区域4个积雪参数以及气候因子的变化趋势具有较强的空间异质性,西部气温升高速率大于东部,导致西部积雪日数和积雪深度减少速率同样大于东部,从而导致气温重心西移而积雪参数重心东移。澜沧江源区积雪日数减少、积雪深度减少、积雪初日推迟以及积雪终日提前的速率最大,其次是长江源区和黄河源区。进一步的相关性分析表明,三江源地区年平均气温的升高是导致积雪日数和积雪深度减少、积雪初日推迟、积雪终日提前的主要影响因子,积雪日数对气温升高响应最敏感,其次是积雪深度、初日和终日;而年降水量与4个积雪参数的相关性均不显著。研究可为三江源地区水资源和生态环境保护提供基础资料和理论依据。     

Resource recovery and remediation of highly alkaline residues: A political-industrial ecology approach to building a circular economy

Highly alkaline industrial residues (e.g., steel slag, bauxite processing residue (red mud) and ash from coal combustion) have been identified as stocks of potentially valuable metals. Technological change has created demand for metals, such as vanadium and certain rare earth elements, in electronics associated with renewable energy generation and storage. Current raw material and circular economy policy initiatives in the EU and industrial ecology research all promote resource recovery from residues, with research so far primarily from an environmental science perspective. This paper begins to address the deficit of research into the governance of resource recovery from a novel situation where re-use involves extraction of a component from a bulk residue that itself represents a risk to the environment. Taking a political industrial ecology approach, we briefly present emerging techniques for recovery and consider their regulatory implications in the light of potential environmental impacts. The paper draws on EU and UK regulatory framework for these residues along with semi-structured interviews with industry and regulatory bodies. A complex picture emerges of entwined ownerships and responsibilities for residues, with past practice and policy having a lasting impact on current possibilities for resource recovery.     

基于投入产出理论的水资源研究进展及水资源管理展望

近年来,气候变化背景下的水资源问题得到日益增加的关注,其研究从水资源短缺、供需平衡等内容转向适应可持续发展的综合研究.基于投入产出理论的水资源研究,从系统循环的角度分析资源的流动性和持续性,能够揭示水资源-经济社会复合系统中各要素的内在数量关系,提出面向可持续发展的水资源价值观和方法论.首先,从模型拓展和实际应用两条主...     

灌区水资源合理配置研究进展

灌区水资源合理配置是提高灌区水资源利用效率及保障粮食安全的重要途径,也是实现灌区水资源可持续利用的有效调控措施。从灌区水资源管理政策、水资源循环转化规律、水资源优化配置模型与方法和水文生态4个方面,对国内外该领域的研究现状进行了对比分析。研究发现,国内灌区水资源配置主要存在4个方面的问题:水资源合理配置与保护政策落实不到位、水资源的统一管理机制不健全、水资源优化配置模型实用性不强和水资源优化配置基础条件较为薄弱。建议加强灌区水资源的统一管理政策与机制、变化环境下水资源循环转化规律、水资源承载力基础理论与评价新方法、水文生态调控技术、水资源实时风险调度与智能化管理技术以及水资源优化配置耦合技术研究。