巴基斯坦北部小喜马拉雅区Abbottabad组Sirban段寒武纪小壳化石的首次发现及其地层学意义（英文）

小壳化石是寒武系纽芬兰统年代地层划分和全球对比的主要生物地层学依据。长期以来,喜马拉雅西侧的巴基斯坦北部寒武纪早期小壳化石的发现较为零星,导致该地区埃迪卡拉纪与寒武纪过渡期地层序列的划分缺乏统一认识,相关地层时代归属十分不清晰。在第二次青藏科考任务的支持下,作者对巴基斯坦北部隶属于小喜马拉雅区的Hazara盆地东部前寒武纪与寒武纪过渡期地层Hazara组、Kakul组、Abbottabad组和Hazira组开展详细研究,首次在Kalu-di-Bandi剖面Abbottabad组Sirban段顶部硅磷质白云岩中发现了寒武纪纽芬兰世幸运期小壳化石组合。该小壳化石组合属种相对丰富,含有Anabarites trisulcatus、Protohertzina anabarica、Conotheca subcurvata、Hexangulaconularia formosa、Olivooides multisulcatus、Maikhanella pristinis、Lopochites latazonalis、Siphogonuchites sp.及Spirellus columnaris等分...     

贵州织金磷矿岩稀土元素地球化学特征研究

贵州织金戈仲伍剖面戈仲伍组磷质岩主要为生物碎屑白云质、硅质磷块岩，普遍形成生物碎屑结构，以小壳类动物化石及藻类化石为主。采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪(ICP-MS)对戈仲伍组磷质岩样品的稀土元素含量进行测定分析，结果表明：磷质岩中普遍富集稀土元素，含稀土总量EREE较高，尤其富集Y重稀土元素；磷质岩具Ce负异常，指示环境处于氧化程度相对较高状态；稀土元素北美页岩标准化模式曲线为帽状形态，指示在磷质岩形成过程中有生物或有机质参与作用；磷质岩普遍具Eu正异常、稀土总量较高、∑LREE／∑HREE比值较高的特征，暗示戈仲伍组磷矿具有正常海相沉积伴有海相热水沉积混合成因的特征。     

扬子区早寒武世早期磷质小壳化石的再沉积和地层对比问题

扬子区早寒武世早期的磷酸盐化小壳化石的发现,为早期动物演化及震旦系-寒武系界线地层的划分与对比研究做出了重要贡献。但碳酸盐岩地层中的这类小壳化石易于被风化剥离出来并成为磷质颗粒再沉积,这种现象在地层中常能遇到,它会给对某些生物分布时限的确定和地层对比造成混乱。考虑早寒武世一些主要小壳化石的再沉积和地层对比时要注意以下问题:1)带和带的磷质小壳化石产于Paokannia或Hunanocephalus的层位,它们无疑是再沉积的;2)组合带标志性化石与组合带标准化石共生,应判定其沉积时期为组合带时;3)扬子台地区的梅树村阶地层大都不全或缺失,保存的梅树村阶地层普遍与震旦系灯影组不同层位假整合接触,其岩性及生物特征均与下伏地层不同,另建组级地层单位是合理的;4)“杨家沟段”、“西蒿坪段”、“宝石坡组”不能作为灯影组顶部地层,它们是水井沱组沉积旋回的一部分,更不能因它们是筇竹寺期的沉积而把“灯影组”顶界上升到筇竹寺阶;5)滇东北地区大海段中产有丰富的Heraultipegmayunnanensis,它与Siphogonuchitestriangularis和Paragloborilussubglobosus共生,分布局限,其他地区仅在组合带中零星分布,所以在S.triangularis-P.subglo-bosus组合带()的上部建立一个H.yunnanensis组合亚带似乎更合适些。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组硅磷质结核中的微体化石

本文报道的微体化石产于湖北宜昌樟村坪万家沟剖面埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组第10层的硅磷质结核中,化石组合包括疑源类Appendisphaera grandis、Ericiasphaera spjeldnaesii、Knollisphaeridium maxi mum、Leiosphaeridia tenuissi ma、Meghystrichosphaeridium perfectum、Tianzhushania polysiphonia、T.spinosa、T.ornata;丝状蓝藻Oscillatoriopsis obtusa、Polytrichoides induviatus、P.lineatus、Salome hubeiensis、Siphonophycustypicum;多细胞藻类Sarcinophycus palilloformis、Wengania minuta。该微体化石组合面貌与黄陵背斜东、南翼陡山沱组二段硅质结核中以大型具刺疑源类Tianzhushania为特征的组合相同,与贵州瓮安地区陡山沱组上磷块岩下部保存的微体化石组合面貌基本一致。     

黔中寒武纪梅树村期磷块岩中小壳动物化石结构和成分：对生物成磷的制约

小壳动物化石微结构及壳体成分的认知对于揭露寒武纪早期小壳动物群的演化具有重要意义,黔中地区早寒武世梅树村期磷块岩中保存了大量的小壳化石,为了获取该时期小壳化石微结构及成分的关键信息,本文利用电子显微镜、扫描电镜对岩石薄片小壳化石个体进行观察、分析,获得了贵州织金熊家场和清镇落夯地区的寒武纪梅树村期磷块岩中小壳动物化石微结构、壳体成分特征。结果显示,织金、清镇地区的磷块岩中小壳化石多样性与其壳体成分表现一致,主要为软舌螺类,其成分为P、Ca、F、O等氟磷灰石组成元素;小壳化石壳体保存有明显的纳米级磷灰石矿化颗粒骨架、多圈层结构、溶蚀多孔隙和管体嵌套的现象。另外,通过电子探针对小壳化石进行原位微区元素面扫描,发现主要元素P、Ca分布在小壳化石及小壳化石碎片中,胶结物几乎不含P元素。综合判断,两个研究区域的寒武纪梅树村期磷块岩小壳动物化石多为异地埋藏保存,且保存过程中,成岩作用等后期磷酸盐化、搬运沉积对小壳化石微结构及其壳体成分产生一定改造影响;基于薄片全玻面扫描推断全岩小壳动物化石(含化石碎片)含量,与磷块岩中磷含量呈正相关关系,认为寒武纪梅树村期小壳动物的繁盛对同期磷块岩的形成具有重要贡献。     

云南星云湖中蓝铁矿结核的发现及环境意义

本文从矿物学、物理性质和化学组成等方面确定了首次在云南星云湖沉积物中发现的蓝铁矿结核.提供了蓝铁矿的X射线的峰值特征和红外光谱图;在讨论铁质和磷质来源及还原环境产生的基础上,提出了蓝铁矿的形成机理。认为蓝铁矿结核可以反映原始沉积环境,是-种内陆淡水湖泊的沉积标志,仅存在于淡水浅湖及湖湾沉积物中,反映-种浅湖及湖湾的低能环境。     

磷块岩结核的显微结构和生成特点

磷酸盐结核主要由磷质凝块、藻类碎屑和纤柱状磷灰石组成。呈特殊的栉壳状结构。结核中的凝块和藻屑与围岩中的氧化硅、粘土是同时在海底沉积的。纤状磷灰石则是在成岩期间从孔隙水中沉淀的。这些磷酸盐结核是由于纤状磷灰石在碱性微环境中不断淀积增长而成。     

斯里兰卡普塔勒姆地区钙质结核的特征及成因

斯里兰卡国普塔勒姆地区滨海沉积物中发育钙质结核,其与我国黄海和东海钙质结核在成分、结构、构造和古生物化石等方面均存在差异。该地区钙质结核含有大量的海相生物化石及其碎屑,CaO的含量＞44.14％, SiO₂的含量＜12.75％,与同地区的碳酸盐软泥相比,结核相对富铁贫硅和富锶贫钡,说明生物对结核的影响大于对碳酸盐软泥的影响。结核的碳、氧同位素值负偏明显,δ¹³C＜-4.54‰,,δ¹⁸O＜-6.37‰,具有轻碳轻氧的特征。结核的矿物成分、古生物化石、主微量元素和碳、氧同位素资料说明其形成于海相环境,后期因海平面下降,受到大气淡水和地下水的影响,元素含量发生变化,形成颇具特色的钙质结核。     

早寒武纪小壳化石的地球化学研究

寒武纪是生命的开端，化石则是生命开始的直接证据，因寒武纪地层对揭示生命的成因具有重大意义，多年来寒武纪地层是众多学科领域关注的热点。对寒武纪的研究，在古生物学方面，已经取得了很好的进展；但是对于这些生物所赖以生存的环境的研究还仅停留在定性阶段，仅限于利用环境指标反应环境的变化。而且，经过成岩作用过程，沉积岩可能已经改变了与海洋所达成的化学平衡。Longinelli等（1973）提出了利用沉积磷酸盐与水的氧同位素平衡的方法计算沉积阶段的古水温，这一温度计为利用小壳化石壳同位素组成计算古水温提供可能。但是，这种可能变成现实的前提条件是：小壳化石的磷酸盐壳质是原生的。小壳化石在存在于寒武纪底部白云岩层，在华南分布广泛。采样点位于云南省会泽县大海乡乡村公路旁。化石形体上呈圆锥型，具有坚硬的磷酸钙壳体，体腔常被石英充填。化石含量高的地层可富集成矿，例如贵州织金磷矿属于这种矿床类型。经过磷酸的浸泡，化石壳饰已被破坏，扫描电镜下呈现不规则的溶蚀坑。偏光镜下化石的横截面上可以看到石英填充物晶形完好。对采集样品进行了元素及同位素地球化学分析，分析结果表明，小壳化石的磷酸盐部分比碳酸盐部分含有更高的REE；Mn/Sr 按 SSF2＜FB＜SSF1＜DH－23 递增，体现了小壳化石中的磷酸盐部分后期成岩作用的影响最小，其可能能够反应古海水特征。小壳化石与颗粒磷的磷酸根氧同位素δ18Ophos在误差范围内是一致的，根据公式 Longinelli 等（1973）计算出来的古海洋温度为28.4～29.4℃。化石中的碳酸盐部分与基质白云岩在碳同位素δ13Ccarb上基本一致。另外，本项研究首次采用硅同位素方法探讨小壳化石中的石英的来源，结果表明化石与基质石英的Si同位素相当［（－0.6＋0.1）‰］，体现了热液特征，与寒武纪底部硅质岩硅同位素特征 0.4‰～1.4‰ 完全不同。化石的磷酸盐成分（SSF）与颗粒状磷矿（FB）成分具有较低的 Mn/Sr比值（0.12，0.23），壳体的碳酸盐成分的 Mn/Sr比值为8.5，基质白云岩 Mn/Sr比值高达200。小壳化石与颗粒状磷矿的磷酸盐氧同位素相近［（16.8＋0.2）‰］，高于相近磷块岩地层（13.3‰～15.9‰）。成岩作用对磷酸盐氧同位素的影响是使氧同位素降低，从这点意义上说小壳化石受成岩作用或后期矿化作用的影响更小。这些分析数据表明，小壳化石中壳体的磷酸盐成分是原生成分。经酸分离的小壳化石表面的溶蚀坑表明，磷酸盐并不是化石壳体的唯一成分，碳酸盐也可能是壳体的组成成分。碳同位素分析表明，壳质中碳酸盐部分与基质白云岩具有相近的δ13C，而且壳体中碳酸盐成分的 Mn/Sr 比值也不高。所以，碳酸盐部分也可能是原生的。根据公式 Longinelli 等（1973）计算出来的古海洋温度为 28.4～29.4℃，Ling等（2004）发表了关于前寒武纪古海水温度的数据，建议 32～34℃ 为前寒武纪古海水温度的上限，但是他所研究分析的磷块岩受成岩作用的影响很大，所以计算的温度较高。从某种意义上说，越小的计算值越接近真正的古海水温度。华南早寒武纪有没有热液这一问题对于发育于早寒武世黑色页岩系中的 Ni－Mo－PGE 多金属硫化物矿床的成因问题尤其重要。热液与沉积成矿观点一直在争论着，从某种意义上说，笔者的Si同位素结果支持了热液成因观点。     

贵州关岭上三叠统瓦窑组中碳酸盐岩结核形成的生物作用

贵州省关岭县新铺乡附近的晚三叠世早期地层瓦窑组底部产具重大科学意义的关岭生物群。关岭生物群产出地层中伴有大量大型碳酸盐岩结核。这些结核中部都有植物茎干,结核内的海百合、双壳、菊石、牙形刺等生物化石含量明显高于结核周围的岩石,且有许多生物化石直接附着在植物茎干上。这类结核的形成,除化学沉积作用外,还有生物作用的影响。海百合、双壳类和菊石类栖息在植物茎干上营假浮游生活,随着栖息生物量和化学沉积物灰泥的增加,逐渐沉积在海底形成结核。     

Chert spheroids of the Monterey Formation,California (USA): early‐diagenetic structures of bedded siliceous deposits

Chert spheroids are distinctive, early‐diagenetic features that occur in bedded siliceous deposits spanning the Phanerozoic. These features are distinct in structure and genesis from similar, concentrically banded ‘wood‐grain’ or ‘onion‐skin’ chert nodules from carbonate successions. In the Miocene Monterey Formation of California (USA), chert spheroids are irregular, concentrically banded nodules, which formed by a unique version of brittle differential compaction that results from the contrasting physical properties of chert and diatomite. During shortening, there is brittle fracture of diatomite around, and horizontally away from, the convex surface of strain‐resistant chert nodules. Unlike most older siliceous deposits, the Monterey Formation still preserves all stages of silica diagenesis, thus retaining textural, mineralogical and geochemical features key to unravelling the origin of chert spheroids and other enigmatic chert structures. Chert spheroids found in opal‐A diatomite form individual nodules composed of alternating bands of impure opal‐CT chert and pure opal‐CT or chalcedony. With increased burial diagenesis, surrounding diatomite transforms to bedded porcelanite or chert, and spheroids no longer form discrete nodules, yet still display characteristic concentric bands of pure and impure microcrystalline quartz and chalcedony. Petrographic observations show that the purer silica bands are composed of void‐filling cement that precipitated in curved dilational fractures, and do not reflect geochemical growth‐banding in the manner of Liesegang phenomena invoked to explain concentrically banded chert nodules in limestone. Chertification of bedded siliceous sediment can occur more shallowly (< 100 m) and rapidly (< 1 Myr) than the bulk silica phase transitions forming porcelanite or siliceous shale in the Monterey Formation and other hemipelagic/pelagic siliceous deposits. Early diagenesis is indicated by physical properties, deformational style and oxygen‐isotopic composition of chert spheroids. Early‐formed cherts formed by pore‐filling impregnation of the purest primary diatomaceous beds, along permeable fractures and in calcareous–siliceous strata.     

Small shelly fossils from the early Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation,Yichang, Hubei,China

Abundant data have been acquired on the lower Cambrian small shelly fossils (SSFs) of the Yangtze platform during the last three decades, demonstrating that these fossils are an important piece of evidence for the Cambrian radiation and are useful biostratigraphic tools for correlating the lower Cambrian. Here we report SSF associations from the Yanjiahe Formation in the Three Gorges area, South China. The Yanjiahe Formation is well exposed near the Yanjiahe village, and its 40-m-thick sequence can be subdivided on the basis of lithology into five stratigraphic intervals (beds). Small shelly fossils occur mainly in Beds 2 and 5, but abundant SSFs were discovered in thin sections of siliceous–phosphatic nodules from Bed 3 for the first time. No skeletal fossils were discovered in the basal siliceous rock interval (Bed 1), but the negative δ¹³C_carb excursion and the occurrence of the acritarch Micrhystridium regulare indicate that it belongs to the basal Cambrian. The SSF associations are somewhat similar to those of East Yunnan, and can be differentiated into three biozones (in ascending order): the Anabarites trisulcatus–Protohertzina anabarica assemblage zone (Bed 2), the Purella antiqua assemblage zone (Bed 3), and the Aldanella yanjiaheensis assemblage zone (Bed 5). The occurrence of A. yanjiaheensis in Bed 5 probably indicates that Bed 5 belongs to Cambrian Stage 2, but the Stage 2/Stage 1 boundary is uncertain since Bed 4 lacks fossils. SSF biostratigraphy indicates that the Yanjiahe Formation is pretrilobitic Meishucunian in age (equivalent to the Nemakit–Daldynian to Tommotian of Siberia, Terreneuvian). Five SSF genera occur in Bed 2, more than six genera in Bed 3, and twenty-three genera in Bed 5. The stepwise increase in generic diversity through the Yanjiahe Formation is comparable with the global diversity increase through the Nemakit–Daldynian to early Tommotian interval.     

Nodular Fraction of Phosphatic Sand from the Namibia Shelf

Morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of the nodular fraction of phosphatic sand from the outer Namibia shelf are considered. The nodules are divided into three varieties: concretions, phosphatic casts of shells pelecipod and gastropod, and phosphatized sea lion coprolites. A part of nodules shows massive homogeneous structure, whereas other nodules contain sand-size phosphatic grains derived from the host phosphatic sand. All nodules display the same spectrum of microstructures, including colloform, granular-globular, and crystallomorphic ones. The crystallomorphic nodules are composed of scattered and aggregated crystallites of isometric, rod-shaped, and dumbbell-shaped forms, as well as crystallized shells on grains incorporated into nodules. Phosphatized remains of diatoms, foraminifers, and embryonic gastropods, as well as vermicular and filamentous bacterial forms occur among biogenic components of the nodules. Framboidal pyrite is present in all nodules. In terms of phosphate microstructure, character of organic remains, and chemical composition, the nodules are similar to phosphate grains of the host sand, recent phosphorites from the inner Namibia shelf, and some ancient phosphorites.     

Genesis of Silica-phosphatic Nodules with Small Shelly Fossils Preserved in the Lowermost Cambrian of South China

Silica-phosphatic nodules are abundant in black shales of the Yanjiahe Formation in the Three Gorges Area of South China, which is correlated to the Fortunian Stage, Terreneuvian Series, Cambrian System. The nodules are rich in small shelly fossils and hence attract the attention of numerous paleontologists and sedimentary geologists. However, the genesis of the nodules and the preservation of the small shelly fossils are poorly understood. Here we analyze morphological, structural, mineralogical and chemical features of the nodules in multiscale using a combination of micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser Raman spectroscopy. Results reveal that nodules are concentric in chemical and mineralogical compositions, comprising a silica-phosphatic core encrusted sequentially by a phosphatic zone, a siliceous zone and a very thin pyrite outer rim. The black shales hosting the nodules demonstrate a laminated texture of alternating clayey and silty laminae, which were respectively deposited in sulfidic/less sulfidic, high/low production, intense/weak chemical weathering conditions. The phosphogenesis of the nodules resulted in the phosphatization of small shelly fossils, which prevented the fossils from being dissolved during diagenesis, whereas the silica encrustation sealed the fossils within the nodules and thus protected the fossils from alteration by deep burial and surface weathering.     

Nickel,molybdenum, and cobalt in the black shales of the Bazhenov Formation of the West Siberian basin

It was shown that the contents of Ni, Mo, and Co in the siliceous clay black shale rocks of the normal sections of the Bazhenov Formation are several times higher than the global mean contents of these elements in black shales. These rocks have the highest contents of pyrite and organic carbon and show evidence for strongly reducing formation conditions at the slowest background rate of sedimentation of their material. A transition from the siliceous clay rocks to the mudstones of normal section, which are considered as turbidites, and further to the mudstones and clayey silt rocks of the so-called anomalous sections (deposits of submarine deltas and canyons) is accompanied by sequential depletion in pyrite and organic carbon, a decrease in indicators of the reduction level of the sedimentation environment, and an increase in sedimentation rate and clay material content. Simultaneously, the contents of the elements of interest decreases in the sequence Mo > Ni > Co. In the rocks of anomalous sections, the contents of these elements decrease to the level of their mean abundances in clays.     

鲕粒,豆粒磷块岩的显微结构和生成特点

晚震旦世陡山沱组和早寒武世渔户村组、辛集组磷矿中有各种鮞粒、豆粒磷块岩。豆粒、鮞粒内核的成分和结构复杂,有来自陆地的各种岩石砂屑、细砾,也有盆内沉积物破碎成的各种内碎屑。鮞粒、豆粒的壳层是同心纹层状磷灰石,它是内核在富磷海水扰动中逐层淀积而成。大部分豆粒、鮞粒在滨海高能浅水中与陆源砂、砾和岔内碎屑沉积在一起,少量鮞粒则沉积在滨外深水低能环境巾。豆粒、鮞粒和碎屑等沉积后又被不同物质胶结。     

早寒武世早期热液沉积特征:以塔里木盆地西北缘玉尔吐斯组底部硅质岩系为例

埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪重要地质历史转折时期全球多陆块广泛沉积硅质岩.塔里木盆地西北缘下寒武统玉尔吐斯组底部所发育的薄层状硅质岩,以富含残余颗粒、磷质结核和重晶石结核而显得非常特殊和罕见,明显有别于国内外报道的常规硅质岩.为了揭示该套硅质岩的成因及沉积模式,通过剖面测量（库勒剖面）、薄片鉴定、SEM观察、能谱探针、主微量元素特征、氧硅同位素分布等岩石学-地球化学分析方法,认为玉尔吐斯组硅质岩垂向上共分5小段,其主要矿物是石英、白云石,自生矿物主要有重晶石、方沸石、黄铁矿等,不同硅质岩段微观结构显示出十分明显的组构变化,包含残余颗粒结构、残余晶粒结构、隐晶质结构和微晶结构.所测剖面硅质岩沉积于靠近大陆/古隆起的高盐度浅海陆架（高Al₂O₃/（Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃）比值,高MgO/Al₂O₃比值）,其陆源碎屑主要来自大陆地壳或基底花岗岩的风化产物,并且受到SiO₂的稀释作用影响（Th/Ti与Al/Ti关系）.氧化还原敏感元素（如Ba、V、Ni、Cu、Zn、U等）不同程度的富集及氧化还原指标（V/Cr介于0.81~8.34）特征表明硅质岩段沉积早期处于氧化环境,水体能量较强,显微镜下见圆度较好的内碎屑颗粒、微生物席碎片;中晚期经历了水体循环不畅的有氧/缺氧分层环境（Ce/Ce*负异常）,显微镜下微生物球粒、粪球粒、浮游藻（粘结）团块发育,有机质含量较高（TOC可达2%以上）.稀土元素特征（低∑REE、中等Ce负异常、显著的Y正异常和Eu正异常）以及δ30Si和δ18O值分布范围暗示硅质岩地球化学特征主要继承自热液流体和海水,受陆源碎屑影响较弱.自近台内裂陷中心上升的富含多金属的富硅热液以及陆源碎屑提供大量营养,为微生物大繁盛和硅质的富集成矿奠定物质基础.水体中硅的溶解度降低（温度降低、pH降低和水体盐度升高）促使硅质胶体颗粒化学沉淀,而微生物（特别是嗜热微生物）的新陈代谢活动往往加速了这一过程.      

Phosphate-rich sedimentary rocks: Significance for organic facies and petroleum exploration

Phosphorus-bearing rocks and sediments can be divided into two genetically distinct classes: phosphatic shales or limestones and phosphorites. Phosphatic shales are primary sediments in which phosphate nodules or micronodules have formed diagenetically by precipitation of calcium phosphates derived mainly from organic phosphorus. The nodules form in reducing environments at shallow depths within the sediments, where loss of phosphate by diffusion to the overlying water column is minimized. Highly biogenic sediments containing large amounts of organic matter and some fine clastic debris provide ideal environments for the formation of phosphate nodules.Phosphorites, in contrast, represent concentrated accumulations of reworked phosphate nodules which originated in phosphatic shales or limestones. Currents, wave action, recrystallization, and erosion and resedimentation are important mechanisms in the concentration process.Phosphatic shales and limestones may become excellent oil source rocks if thermal maturity is achieved. They are useful facies indicators for anoxic or nearly anoxic depositional environments, and are often associated with restricted basins, or, during certain geologic periods, with broad shelves developed during transgressions. Phosphorites, in contrast, are often correlated with sea-level regressions or uplifts. They are modest source rocks because of their low organic carbon contents and the fact that they were reworked under oxidizing conditions. Nevertheless, because phosphorites are derived from, and often grade into, phosphatic shales, they also are of potential utility in the search for oil source beds.     

中上扬子地区早寒武世(纽芬兰世－第二世)岩相古地理

由于受区域构造作用、海平面变化、上升洋流以及古气候等主控因素的制约,中上扬子地区纽芬兰世-第二世主要表现为浅海环境。早寒武世梅树村期,主要发育潮坪相碎屑岩、磷块岩、白云岩和硅质岩,陆棚相含磷结核硅质岩、泥岩以及陆棚深水盆地相碳质页岩、硅质岩等。筇竹寺期,海侵范围扩大,陆棚深水盆地向西北扩展,其余广大区域为碎屑岩浅海所覆盖。沧浪铺期,主要表现为碎屑岩和碳酸盐交互沉积的混积陆棚环境,盆地相则具有继承性,主要为碳质页岩沉积。早寒武世龙王庙期开始向碳酸盐台地演化,广大区域为碳酸盐沉积,盆地区范围有所缩小。早寒武世的岩相古地理演化表明,从早到晚沿着东南边缘始终存在一较深水沉积区,其沉积物质主要为碳质页岩和硅质岩,为烃源岩有利沉积区,奠定了油气生烃成藏的物质基础。同时在演化过程中还形成了相应的储层以及分布较广的膏盐层。根据这一油气地质条件组合及其空间分布,针对中上扬子地区早古生代海相地层的油气勘探应该首先围绕这一富烃沉积区来开展,集中对膏盐层下部目的层开展油气勘探工作。     

鄂尔多斯盆地煤成烃潜力与成气热模拟实验

鄂尔多斯盆地煤的Ｒｏｃｋ Ｅｖａｌ分析结果表明，在肥煤—焦煤阶段，Ｓ１＋Ｓ２达最大值，随后生烃潜力减弱。煤的Ｐｙ ＧＣ分析及热模拟成气实验结果证实煤成气具有３个生气高峰，分别相应于Ｒｏ，ｍ０５％～０７％、１０％～１４％及２５％，表明煤成气具多阶段性的特点。这一规律性的认识有助于煤成气的勘探和开发。同时，随煤级增高，煤成烃特征亦发生有规律的变化：异构烃减少，正构烃增加；类异戊二烯烷烃分布亦存在多变性或多阶段的演化特点；苯系化合物具波动性变化特征。