广州市中产阶层聚居区空间分异及形成机制

随着中国社会经济的发展,中产阶层规模不断发展壮大,并逐渐成为社会主流群体,其不断增长的居住空间需求对社会空间结构具有较大影响。本文研究广州市中产阶层聚居区空间分异及形成机制,为政府制定人口发展规划、城市更新等政策提供参考依据。首先采用因子生态分析法、聚类分析法、集中度指数分析了广州市2010年中产阶层聚居区空间分布及特征,并将中产阶层聚居区划分为教育、职业、收入和混合4个亚类聚居区。其次,将2010年中产阶层聚居区与2000年的聚居区比较,发现2000-2010年广州市中产阶层聚居区空间与地域类型演变呈现以下特征：① 中产阶层聚居区区域范围有所扩大,呈现郊区化与向中心性并存现象;② 老城区外围、珠江两岸及经济开发区是中产阶层集中分布的区域;③ 中心城区内城中村外来人口的集聚带来中产阶层的逐渐消失;④ 4个亚类中产阶层聚居区呈现街道数目改变和类型转换的变化;⑤ 中产阶层聚居区呈现强稳定型、弱稳定型、衰减型和增长型4种不同地域类型的变化。最后,本文从社会阶层分化、房地产市场、全球化、传统社会空间历史延续以及个体力量和城市建设等方面对中产阶层聚居区空间分异形成机制进行探讨。     

西方国家中产阶级研究进展及对中国的启示

西方国家中产阶级整个研究进展可以分为3个阶段。20世纪60年代前,研究重点集中在中产阶级概念、形成原因,以及中产阶级聚居区等;20世纪60-80年代,研究重点主要集中在中产阶层化与内城居住选择以及中产阶层化形成机制;20世纪90年代以来,研究内容呈现多元化,重点集中在中产阶级概念再界定、中产阶层化形成机制的再讨论、创新阶层、中产社区与社会空间公平、消费行为、政治作用与环保意识等方面。本文结合中国中产阶级研究概况,参照西方相关研究,建议今后应重点关注社会转型下中产阶级形成机制、阶层特征、中产阶级聚居区以及中产阶层化等方面。     

巴基斯坦城镇体系特征及其影响因素

基于人口普查数据、自然环境、经济产业及交通路网等公开数据,运用城镇体系金字塔、城镇规模基尼系数以及核密度分析等方法,对巴基斯坦城镇体系特征及其影响因素进行分析,发现:1)规模结构方面,城镇规模分布较集中,表现为"大城市化"与"小城市化"并重的特征,中间级别城市发展滞后,城镇人口金字塔大致呈现沙漏形态;空间结构方面,整体...     

Marketing the Chinese Dream Home: Gated Communities and Representations of the Good Life in (Post-)Socialist Shanghai

This paper examines the advertising themes and rhetoric that have been assembled in the place-marketing of Shanghai's newly built gated communities. We demonstrate how place-marketing strategies, in this case selling the Chinese dream home, draws upon specific landscape meanings and values that are embedded in Chinese/Shanghainese history, even as symbolic and cultural capital from the contemporary scene also exert their influences. Collectively, these representations of the good life both reflect and reinforce the exclusivist housing aspirations and privatist visions of middle-class residents of gated communities in contemporary Shanghai. While advertisements do not always achieve the outcomes that property developers wish for, there is no doubt that they play significant roles in both shaping and reflecting landscape meanings and values. As medium and outcome, they reveal the growing aspirations of a new Chinese middle class.     

Linking Access and Vulnerability: Perceptions of Irrigation and Flood Management in Pakistan

This article reports the results of a survey conducted in four villages in central Pakistan regarding people's perceptions about irrigation‐ and flood‐related issues. The article uses the perception studies methodology from the human ecology school to address the political ecology agenda in resource and hazards geography. The log‐linear analysis of the survey data shows that people are knowledgeable about social power differentials and interactions between various social factors in influencing their access to resources and vulnerability to floods. The article further demonstrates that water users and vulnerable populations are much more likely to suggest social explanations than naturalistic or fatalistic explanations for their differential access to irrigation water and vulnerability to flood hazard.     

Spatio-temporal differentiation of climate warming(1959-2016)in the middle Qinling Mountains of China

Based on air temperature observation data from 32 meteorological stations, temperature changes in the middle Qinling Mountains from 1959 to 2016 were analysed with respect to the north-south, seasonal and altitude differences. Our research mainly showed the following results. The annual temperature(TA) rose approximately 0.26℃/10 a within the past 58 years. This warming trend was stronger on the northern slope than on the southern slope, and a warming trend reversal occurred in 1994 on the northern slope, which was three years earlier than on the southern slope. The temperature changes for the four seasons were not synchronized, and the trend in spring contributed the most to the TA trend, followed by winter, autumn, and summer. The temperature difference between summer and winter(TDSW) decreased significantly over the past 58 years. The temperature change in the middle Qinling Mountains was clearly dependent on altitude. With increases in altitude, the TA increased gradually and became stronger while the TDSW decreased gradually and became weaker. Differences in temperature change between the north and south were mainly observed in low-altitude areas. With increase in altitude, the differences gradually tended to disappear.     

A Geography of Children's Vulnerability: Gender,Household Resources,and Water-Related Disease Hazard in Northern Pakistan

Abstract

Water-related diseases continue to pose major threats to children's survival and well-being in many places in the developing world. This article develops a theoretical perspective on the ways in which children's vulnerability to water-related disease hazard is produced within the everyday circumstances of livelihood and child care. Central to this analysis is the role that household resources play in mediating or shaping particular microenvironments of health risk. Further, the effects of local geographies of gender on how household resources are accessed and on how child care is structured are examined. Children's vulnerability is evaluated in a community in the District of Gilgit in northern Pakistan, a region presently undergoing tremendous social and economic transformation. The case study highlights household-level response and adaptation to child health risks associated with diarrheal disease transmission and infection in this mountain environment. The case study draws from ethnographic fieldwork involving qualitative household microstudies and interviewing to elicit mothers' resource and risk-response strategies in the context of changes in livelihood systems and household dynamics.

     

Groundwater governmentality: hegemony and technologies of resistance in Rajasthan's (India) groundwater governance

Globally, decentralisation has become the dominant paradigm for environmental governance. This paper explores the linkages between green governmentality approaches to subjectivity and Gramscian notions of hegemony to examine recent efforts in Rajasthan, India to decentralise groundwater governance through targeted formal regulations and outreach activities, such as water awareness campaigns ( Jal Abhiyaan ). The latter seeks to alter the beliefs and practices of farmers by institutionalising their support for state groundwater conservation efforts, including privatisation. The paper draws on household surveys and interviews with farmers and government agents to examine the relationship between the political economic motivations for and practices of state subject-making and differential resistance to these efforts based on farmers' multiple subject positions. Findings suggest, first, that the state is motivated through its monetary and advisory relationship with donor agencies, such as the World Bank. Through both outreach activities and coercion, it attempts to gain 'consent' for its proposals, which devolve state control rather than truly decentralising decision-making, to make self-conducting and willing subjects of specifically neoliberal groundwater conservation. But, second, these attempts are being resisted by some farmers through protests, informal discussions, non-participation, and the collectivisation of access to groundwater and irrigation through irrigation partnerships. Third, resistance to these efforts, or support for them, is different between farmers based on their multiple subjectivities (caste, class and ecological conditions). The paper advances both our understanding of the processes of environmental subject-making and of the devolution of environmental governance, by integrating the lessons from governmentality and Gramscian approaches to social power and subjectivity.     

经济全球化与中国中西部地区开发

经济全球化对世界经济空间格局产生了深远的影响，区域经济一体化作为全球化的现阶段实现形式，对我国东、中、西部产业空间布局及区域发展战略调整，特别是对我国中西部地区开放与开发，参与区域经济分工与合作，促进我国经济东，中，西部经济协调发展具有十分重要的指导意义。     

Entering the field: Examining the relevance of political ecology to the agrarian struggle of Anjuman Muzareen Punjab in Pakistan

The widening empirical and theoretical scope of political ecology has been accompanied by discussions on the coherence and content of the field. While these evaluations necessarily focus on what is included in the conceptual boundaries of political ecology, little is said about what is left out. This paper considers the struggle for land rights by Anjuman Muzareen Punjab, a movement of tenant farmers in Pakistan, to illustrate how changing research priorities, difficulties in crossing theoretical and conceptual boundaries, and geopolitics and research access can hinder the visibility of particular forms of socioenvironmental events in mainstream political ecology scholarship.     

Subversive formalization: efforts to (re)form land,labor, and behavior in a carioca favela

ABSTRACT

State entities in Brazil have rolled out numerous programs to “integrate” precarious settlements into the so-called formal city of Rio de Janeiro. Two of the most visceral integration projects in Rio’s favelas have been infrastructural upgrading and public security via military police occupation. Drawing on participant observation, interviews, and policy analysis, in this paper I trace how these projects attempt to formalize land, labor, and behavior in a complex of favelas called Complexo do Alemão. Inspired by postcolonial urban approaches to formalization, I argue that formality/informality as it operates through these projects is, in part, a performative distinction deployed by the state, echoing elite and popular socio-spatial imaginaries. I add, however, that non-state actors are also involved in their own practices of formalization. Residents themselves are re-making diverse forms of property, employment, and behavior through processes of subversive formalization, informed by their geographically-embedded and historical relationships with one another.     

A Geography of Children's Vulnerability: Gender,Household Resources,and Water‐Related Disease Hazard in Northern Pakistan*

Water‐related diseases continue to pose major threats to children's survival and well‐being in many places in the developing world. This article develops a theoretical perspective on the ways in which children's vulnerability to water‐related disease hazard is produced within the everyday circumstances of livelihood and child care. Central to this analysis is the role that household resources play in mediating or shaping particular microenvironments of health risk. Further, the effects of local geographies of gender on how household resources are accessed and on how child care is structured are examined. Children's vulnerability is evaluated in a community in the District of Gilgit in northern Pakistan, a region presently undergoing tremendous social and economic transformation. The case study highlights household‐level response and adaptation to child health risks associated with diarrheal disease transmission and infection in this mountain environment. The case study draws from ethnographic fieldwork involving qualitative household microstudies and interviewing to elicit mothers' resource and risk‐response strategies in the context of changes in livelihood systems and household dynamics.     

土地覆被对黄河中游流域泥沙产生的影响

本在黄河中游地区选择了近60个水测站流域，流域面积从500～2500km^2，分别代表6种不同自然地理类型。运用遥感方法和专题地图，结合野外实地调查，在流域泥沙及植被、地面物质等数据采集的基础上，利用数理统计方法，建立了流域产沙量与植被、地面物质之间的定量关系。结果表明，植被和地面物质对流域产沙量有着十分重要的影响。流域产沙量与植被之间呈现相当好的非线性负相关关系，而与地面物质呈明显的线性正相关关系。流域产沙量随植被变化存在着二个临界值，一是当流域植被覆盖度等于30％时，另一是当植被覆盖度等于70％时。这一现象以往只是在试验小区或试验流域见到，而本的研究表明，类似的现象在天然河流流域也存在。多元回归表明，在影响流域产沙量诸因素中，植被的影响是最重要的，其次是地面物质。     

中国中产阶层社会空间分异研究述评

中国市场经济的改革伴随着社会阶层的分化和社会空间的重构,社会空间异质性增加。以中产阶层为主流大军的中产阶层化已成为一个全球化的社会空间现象。文章在地理学、规划学和社会学视角下,基于对1980年以来中国中产阶层空间分异相关研究成果的数据统计,将其划分为3个时期：1）1980―1989年,以西方社会阶层理论引入及国内社会阶层定性讨论的萌芽期;2）1990―2004年,为西方城市社会空间理论引进及中国城市社会空间结构研究的探索期;3）2005年至今,为城市社会空间结构实证研究及城市社会空间分异研究的发展期。文章总结了主要研究内容和研究方法,提出未来中国中产阶层空间分异研究的重点应集中于：转型期中产阶层研究的理论构建、全球化与中产阶层生活方式以及中产阶层聚居区研究等方面。     

长江中游城市群城市网络空间结构研究

按照"点"→"线"→"面"→"网络"的分析思路,运用分形理论、引力模型、隶属度模型、空间句法模型、时间-空间可达性模型,研究2013年长江中游城市群31个城市的网络空间结构。结果表明:(1)在"点"层次上,长江中游城市群首位城市武汉为超大城市且垄断地位较强,城市体系呈序列型分布,规模结构呈"橄榄状"态势。(2)在"线"层次上,长江中游城市群城市联系整体偏弱,骨干联系由武汉、长沙、南昌组成,武汉城市圈、长株潭城市群和环鄱阳湖城市群内部城市间联系较强,3个省会城市与其腹地城市间呈星形结构特征。(3)在"面"层次上,长江中游城市群形成武汉、长沙、南昌3个辐射中心,在西北—东南方向呈现"中间高、两端低"的特征,武汉—南昌辐射连片趋势较明显。(4)在"网络"层次上,长江中游城市群城市网络的时间、空间可达性格局基本一致,与拓扑可达性存在一定偏差。时间、空间可达性格局中心向南、西北、东北方向沿长江河谷地带出现"波峰",受桐柏山、幕阜山影响在北、东南方向分布"波谷"。在路网的发育方面,武汉城市圈发育最好,长株潭城市群受地形影响最大,环鄱阳湖城市群发育最均衡。     

长江中游城市群潜在增长城市时空演变特征

通过改进引力模型和地缘系数,测算长江中游城市群先行政治、经济增长极的引力,探究潜在增长极的时空演化格局。结果表明：1）长江中游城市群潜在发展城市中心性分布不均,湖南、湖北、江西省分别呈“高值均衡化”“双核心化”“单核心化”特征。2）绝对地缘系数区域差异显著,湖南、江西两省具有“中心低、四周高”的特点,3个城市子群内部联系更多,存在省域行政切割现象;最佳地缘系数呈“双峰”型,受城市地缘政治引力影响较大的城市发展情况稍好于受经济引力影响较大的城市。3）潜在增长城市“边缘性”特征明显,集中于城市群周边,重心在西南方。结合城市发展潜力与城市群协调发展的现实需要,明确株洲、襄阳和九江3个一级增长极以及衡阳、宜昌和新余3个二级潜在增长极。     

The mechanism of barrier river reaches in the middle and lower Yangtze River

Alluvial channel has always adjusted itself to the equilibrium state of sediment transport after it was artificially or naturally disturbed. How to maintain the equilibrium state of sediment transport and keep the river regime stable has always been the concerns of fluvial geomorphologists. The channel in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by the staggered distribution of the bifurcated river and the single-thread river. The change of river regime is more violently in the bifurcated river than in the single-thread river. Whether the adjustment of the river regime in the bifurcated river can pass through the single-thread river and propagate to the downstream reaches affects the stabilities of the overall river regime. Studies show that the barrier river reach can block the upstream channel adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches; therefore, it plays a key role in stabilizing the river regime. This study investigates 34 single-thread river reaches in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. On the basis of the systematic summarization of the fluvial process of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the control factors of barrier river reach are summarized and extracted: the planar morphology of single-thread and meandering; with no flow deflecting node distributed in the upper or middle part of the river reach; the hydraulic geometric coefficient is less than 4; the longitudinal gradient is greater than 12‰, the clay content of the concave bank is greater than 9.5%, and the median diameter of the bed sediment is greater than 0.158 mm. From the Navier-Stokes equation, the calculation formula of the bending radius of flow dynamic axis is deduced, and then the roles of these control factors on restricting the migration of the flow dynamic axis and the formation of the barrier river reach are analyzed. The barrier river reach is considered as such when the ratio of the migration force of the flow dynamic axis to the constraint force of the channel boundary is less than 1 under different flow levels. The mechanism of the barrier river reach is such that even when the upstream river regime adjusts, the channel boundary of this reach can always constrain the migration amplitude of the flow dynamic axis and centralize the planar position of the main stream line under different upstream river regime conditions, providing a relatively stable incoming flow conditions for the downstream reaches, thereby blocking the upstream river regime adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches.     

Assessment and exploitation of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and water. The Yangtze River, the longest river in China, is not only rich in waterfront resources, but also has favorable development conditions with great potentiality. Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map, the major factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as the stability, the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction, are assessed in this paper respectively on the basis of the overall investigations. The results show that: (1) the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront; (2) there exists an obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze; (3) the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural factors related to the waterfront quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; (4) the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainly used for port, warehouse and industrial purposes; and (5) the waterfronts near important cities are highly used, especially the high-quality waterfronts. In addition, some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfront resources are presented in this paper.     

长江中游城市群城市人居环境演变及驱动力研究

从生态、居住、公共服务、休闲环境等人居环境核心系统出发,综合运用AHP、地理探测器方法,对长江中游城市群城市人居环境时空演变过程、核心驱动力、驱动机理进行了系统研究。研究表明：① 城市人居环境综合质量格局呈现出西北部相对下降,东南部逐渐提升的过程,优质的人居环境逐步向环鄱阳湖地区及京广线沿线集中分布;② 生态环境质量格局逐渐呈现以襄阳-吉安连线为界,东侧质量显著优于西侧的格局。京广线沿线城市的居住、公共服务质量始终优于江西片区浙赣线沿线城市,但休闲环境质量则逐渐劣于江西片区浙赣沿线;③ 城市人居环境演变驱动力作用对象、程度、方向各异。其中经济发展、政府投入为城市人居环境演变的主导动力,社会群体收支为其内部关键动力,而土地供给与建设投资为现阶段次要动力,此外,城市规模通过集聚、催化作用推动城市人居环境的演变。     

渭河中下游干流洪水资源化效益分析与测算

渭河流域中下游不仅水资源总量紧缺,而且配置型、工程型、水质型缺水问题突出,实施洪水资源利用在河道减淤和流域防洪等方面具有显著的经济和环境效益。通过分析河道冲淤特性、确定洪灾损失标准、统计堤防建设和使用现状,结合研究区经济发展现状和土地利用特征,采用效益分摊系数法,计算渭河中下游干流洪水资源化综合效益。主要结论：（1）洪...