青藏高原盐湖硼、锂同位素变化规律及其对当雄错盐湖资源评价应用

近年,硼、锂同位素地球化学理论和分馏机理的深入,为盐湖体系硼、锂同位素示踪奠定了基础。基于现有大量研究数据,文章系统归纳盐湖体系硼、锂同位素分馏变化特征,总结盐湖演化过程硼、锂同位素组成的变化规律,建立它们的示踪方法。并以此为基础,对西藏典型富硼、锂盐湖-当雄错开展了硼同位素示踪,解决了当雄错与其物源硼同位素特征不符的难题,提出当雄错湖底蕴含大型硼、锂矿床的新认识,并预测了湖底的硼、锂资源量。根据盐湖体系硼、锂同位素地球化学特征,揭示了溶蚀湖的盐湖资源评价意义,为盐湖体系硼、锂同位素示踪和盐湖资源评价奠定理论基础。此外,借助硼同位素地球化学手段建立的当雄错“围岩-地热水-盐湖”的物源补给模式在西藏和全球具有普遍性。     

硼、氯同位素测定方法及地球化学研究进展

近十年来,由于高精度硼、氯同位素测定方法的建立,硼、氯同位素地球化学在研究的深度和广度上都得到了快速发展。硼、氯同位素地球化学的研究已在海洋、盐湖、地下水、蒸发岩、热液矿床、环境等方面开展,并显示出在解决一些地学问题方面所具有的良好前景。该文简要概述了目前国内外硼、氯同位素测定方法和在地球科学的一些领域应用方面取得的成果和进展。     

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河及其尾闾盐湖锂成矿物源：来自水化学和锶、硫同位素证据

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河尾闾盐湖（一里坪干盐滩、东台吉乃尔盐湖、西台吉乃尔盐湖和察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段）赋存了我国目前最大的卤水锂矿床。那棱格勒河及其尾闾盐湖锂的物源仍存在一定争议,主要有围岩风化、古湖残留、含盐系地层淋滤、油田水、深部水等,目前缺乏有力的地球化学证据。本文系统采集了那棱格勒河流域及其尾闾盐湖不同水体样品16件,分析了其主、微量元素含量及锶、硫同位素组成。结合前人的研究成果,对区域水体中锂的来源进行了探讨,得出结论如下：那棱格勒河水锂含量（0. 45~0. 79 mg/L）比楚拉克阿拉干河支流（0. 00~0. 05 mg/L）高出一个数量级,其高锂含量主要受洪水河支流的补给;洪水河高锂含量与其上游热泉水的补给有关,该热泉水锂、锶含量高、 87 Sr/ 86 Sr比值偏高, δ 34 S值偏低,与青藏高原典型热泉水地球化学特征（锂含量0. 4~34. 8 mg/L,锶含量0. 07~4. 24 mg/L, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr比值0. 71224~0. 71259, δ 34 S值- 10. 6‰~7. 6‰）较一致。那棱格勒河水（0. 71170）和尾闾盐湖卤水（0. 71143~0. 71156）相似的 87 Sr/ 86 Sr比值,以及研究区河、湖水硫同位素组成符合主要蒸发浓缩过程 δ 34 S值逐渐下降的变化趋势,均证明研究区尾闾盐湖卤水锂资源主要受那棱格勒河的补给;而古湖残留水、盆地西部含盐系地层淋滤水或油田水具有明显不同的水化学特征和锶、硫同位素组成,这些水体对研究区尾闾盐湖锂补给的贡献较小,可忽略不计。     

稳定同位素地球化学研究新况

近年来稳定同位素地球化学进展显著。同位素测试方面的主要进展表现为：①离子探针质谱及激光制样系统的迅速发展和在同位素分析中广泛应用；②同位素测量仪器的自动化和电脑化；③分析方法和结果标准化；④新的同位素分析方法的开拓。同位素分馏机制方面最突出的进展是对与质量无关的同位素分馏的研究。已发现这种分馏在大气化学反应中和前太阳系阶段起重要作用。同时对热力学和动力学同位素分馏研究正进一步系统化。同位素应用方面，地球表面圈层研究受到更多注意。与资源与环境问题直接相关的研究更受到特别重视。对硼、硅、氯和锂等同位素新方法的地质应用也进展突出。     

硫酸钠亚型盐湖卤水不同温度下Li~+富集、结晶行为研究——以西藏拉果错盐湖为例

西藏拉果错盐湖属于硫酸钠亚型盐湖,卤水含有钾、锂、硼等有价值组分,针对此类盐湖资源,研究锂的富集过程非常必要。通过硫酸钠亚型盐湖卤水的变温蒸发过程,对比了锂在不同温度下富集规律和饱和点,卤水中的锂在蒸发过程中主要以硫酸锂和锂芒硝等形式结晶,在此基础上建立了锂和硫酸根浓度与温度变化关系的相关性,根据组成和温度,计算了浓度熵,模拟了锂饱和点和浓度熵的关系方程;利用浓度熵方程,控制锂盐析出,从而实现获得高锂浓度的卤水,为硫酸钠亚型盐湖卤水天然蒸发富集锂和盐湖资源高效利用提供依据。     

中国盐湖资源的开发利用与科技问题

我国青海、西藏、新疆、内蒙古等西部地区盐湖分布广泛,盐湖中蕴藏着丰富的钾、镁、锂、硼等盐类资源,潜在经济价值极大。开发利用这些资源对于西部地区经济发展、社会稳定和满足国家对钾、锂、镁、硼等的需求具有重要的现实意义。要认真考虑西部地区自然生态条件的脆弱性,一定要本着可持续发展原则搞好盐湖资源开发。在发展盐湖钾肥工业的同时,要高度重视和解决共生资源的综合利用。
介绍了我国盐湖资源现状,分析了国民经济发展对盐湖资源的需求情况,讨论了制约盐湖资源开发利用的重大科技问题。在介绍国内外盐湖科技发展现状与趋势的基础上,提出了盐湖资源综合利用的基本思路、科技发展目标,以及技术示范基地建设、支撑条件等方面的建议与政策措施。指出现阶段盐湖资源开发利用的主要力量应放在占我国总钾资源97%的柴达木盆地,通过加强盐湖资源开发科技攻关和加快产业化进程,解决制约盐湖钾、锂、镁、硼等资源的综合利用问题,加快盐湖资源综合利用工程示范基地的建设,在此基础上建设综合利用钾、锂、镁、硼等资源的现代化企业,为可持续开发西部资源做贡献。     

同位素技术在寒旱区水科学中的应用进展

近20a来,同位素技术作为一种新技术在寒区旱区水科学研究中得到越来越广泛的应用.中国学者在大气降水稳定同位素,干旱区地下水起源,盐湖中氯、硼、锂等同位素的应用研究中取得了较大进展,在寒区旱区同位素剖面的建立和古地理、古环境演化信息的提取上得到了一系列重要的成果,还对蒸发过程的同位素分馏理论进行了探索和发展.随着科技的发展和同位素应用水平的提高,同位素技术还将在寒区旱区水科学中取得更大进展.     

青藏高原盐湖资源研究的新进展

本文着重就盐湖中心“九五”研究工作进展作一简要报道,该研究以“盐湖学”（Salinology)为指导,开展基础理论研究与开发实验相结合的探索,将盐湖资源综合性调查与典型盐湖开发研究密切结合。首次揭示了环昂拉陵区为锂硼铯（钾铷）盐湖巨大成矿域;指出扎布耶超大型锂硼盐湖矿床为一陆-陆碰撞区多级浅盆成矿模式,不同于南美弧后裂谷的高深盆锂硼成矿域;指出扎布耶超大型锂硼盐湖矿床为一陆-陆碰撞区多级浅盆成矿模式,不同于南美弧后裂谷的高深盆锂硼成矿模式;首次通过大范围盐湖综合调查,从而确认青藏高原是我国重要产卤虫盐湖远景区;以“因地制宜、就地取材、扬长避短”的原则,通过实验盐湖学研究,找到了一条适高原特殊环境的锂盐湖开发路线。     

地表过程与盐湖学中锂同位素地球化学应用

由于具有较大的相对质量差异,锂同位素在地球化学过程中分馏程度较高。尤其是在地表环境中,锂同位素分馏现象最为明显。本文介绍了锂元素的基本性质,讨论了锂同位素分馏行为以及存在的争议。其次,地表环境中河水或海水锂同位素特征作为构造事件和气候变化的地球化学响应,可反映区域构造、气候条件以及风化程度,并且有可能作为定量计算大陆硅酸盐风化CO_2消耗量的指标。另外,在现阶段盐湖学研究中,锂同位素主要用来示踪盐湖锂的物质来源,同时也应结合其它示踪元素,共同研究锂资源来源以及找矿问题。但能否利用盐湖沉积物或者卤水的锂同位素组成来定量计算硅酸盐化学风化过程CO_2消耗量,为全球碳汇及相关古气候、古环境研究提供依据,还有待做更深入的细致调查与验证。     

特约主编致读者

分析仪器和技术的进步可以推动科学研究的巨大突破。自从多接收等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）和新一代热电离质谱仪（TRITON）得到广泛应用以来,人们可以对元素周期表中大量的稳定同位素体系进行精确测量。有别于传统的H、C、N、O、S等可以用气体质谱仪测量的同位素,这些新的同位素被称为非传统稳定同位素,又因为它们大多是金属元素（除了Si、Se和Te）,也被称为金属稳定同位素。非传统稳定同位素地球化学是20世纪以来地球化学领域最具活力的方向,为研究重大地球科学问题带来了全新的视野和手段,是地球化学学科发展的一次战略机遇。国际上该领域发展很快,竞争激烈,成果倍出;我国开展相关研究的科研机构越来越多,学术影响力也越来越大。 我们和《地学前缘》编辑部一起,邀请专家撰写了《非传统稳定同位素：分析方法、示踪机理和主要应用》专辑,希望进一步介绍相关领域的进展。该专辑包括8篇论文,对非传统稳定同位素的分析方法、分馏机理和重要应用进行了较全面的总结。 分析方法和分馏机理是开展非传统稳定同位素研究的前提。白江昊等总结了非传统稳定同位素的分析方法。该文以钙同位素分析为代表,阐述了溶液法和热电离质谱仪的分析要点。李银川等综述了硼同位素研究最新的进展。硼是一种中等挥发性元素,具有11B和10B两个稳定同位素。硼在自然界主要与氧键合形成三配位(BO3)和四配位(BO4)结构,因而硼同位素分馏主要受控于二者之间的配分。随着硼同位素分馏机理研究的深入以及地质储库硼同位素端员特征的完善,矿物和流体包裹体的硼同位素地球化学指标可用来灵敏示踪成矿物质来源、探究成矿作用与成因模式。 挥发性元素对于研究流体作用和地球行星演化有重要意义。氯是一种挥发性元素,具有强烈的亲水性。刘茜等介绍了氯在各个地质储库的特征、稳定氯同位素分馏的控制因素以及氯同位素的地质应用三大方面的研究进展,概述了蒸发岩、海水、岩浆岩、沉积物、变质岩、地幔等地球主要储库中的氯同位素组成存在的差异。周秋石和王瑞介绍了氯同位素的主要地质储库分布、各种测试方法、实验分馏机制,特别强调了在地球科学和地外行星演化研究中的应用。文章对磷灰石氯同位素在岩浆热液体系和月球urKREEP岩浆研究中的应用做了概述,对近年来受高度关注的月球磷灰石氯同位素的异常值做了特别综述。 元素周期表中第一行过渡金属同位素对于很多重要高温和低温地球化学问题提供了独特的研究手段。赵新苗等总结了钛元素及钛同位素的地球化学性质,钛元素化学分离和钛同位素分析方法,钛在陨石及硅酸盐地球储库中的同位素组成,稳定钛同位素在岩浆演化过程中的分馏行为。王相力和卫炜总结了铬同位素在高温和低温地球化学研究中的进展,主要阐述了铬稳定同位素分析方法、铬同位素分馏原理以及铬稳定同位素体系在高温、低温地球化学中的应用。 碱金属同位素体系也具有独特的地球化学意义。王昆等重点讨论了钾稳定同位素在低温地球化学、生物地球化学、高温地球化学和宇宙化学中的应用。张卓盈等回顾了近20年来国际上在地球科学领域现有的铷同位素研究,包括分析方法、分馏机理、地质应用等各个方面,在此基础上展望了未来铷同位素研究的光明前景。 由于时间仓促和水平有限,本专辑的内容还不够完善,特别是在专辑写作和评审期间,仍然有大量的最新进展发表在国内外学术刊物上,来不及归纳总结到本专辑论文中。所以本专辑只是一个开始,仅仅反映了非传统同位素领域研究的部分进展,我们相信更多的优秀成果在不久的将来会大批涌现。最后,我们向参与撰写和评审本专辑论文的专家表示感谢,向《地学前缘》编辑部表示感谢。     

西藏改则县吉布茶卡-拉果错盐湖锂矿控矿因素分析

西藏是我国内陆盐湖分布最多的省区之一,藏西北现代盐湖星罗棋布,锂资源丰富。文章简述了西藏改则县吉布茶卡-拉果错盐湖的自然地理概况,系统阐述了该区与盐湖锂矿成矿有关的区域地质背景及成矿地质特征,并通过对吉布茶卡-拉果错地区的地质、水文特征及时空关联分析,总结了该区湖盆构造、成矿物质来源、水文条件及气候条件对盐湖锂矿的成矿控制作用。     

内蒙古伊克昭盟现代碱湖区矿层的矿物组成及分布特征

内蒙伊克昭盟是我国现代碱湖分布最集中的地区,各碱湖矿层的主要盐类矿物是泡碱,其次是芒硝,天然碱和石盐及少量单斜钠钙石,氯碳钠镁石,钙水碱和水碱。泡碱普遍存在于各个碱湖的矿层中,芒硝主要存在于西部碱湖的矿层中,天然碱集中分嘏于碱湖区西南部的几个碱湖中,且只分布于矿层的某些部位,碱湖矿层剖面上,天然碱与芒硝呈互为消长关系,天然碱和石盐则呈正相关。     

Resources and eco-environmental protection of salt lakes in China

The Chinese salt lake mega-region is controlled by an arid and semi-arid climate, and modern salt lakes are mainly distributed within areas with mean annual precipitation <500 mm. According to their geomorphological features, structural conditions, and material composition, salt lakes in China can be broadly divided into four regions. The degrees of exploitation and utilization of these salt lakes differ because these four regions have experienced different climatic changes and structural activities and have had their own characteristics of salt lake evolution since the beginning of the Quaternary. The salt lakes in these regions have different scales, economic value, and technical conditions for traffic. Among others, Jarantai (Jartai) Salt Lake and Yuncheng Salt Lake are better in terms of comprehensive utilization and environmental protection, and the potash salt lakes represented by Qarhan are most important in terms of exploitation. At present, there exist many environmental problems in the salt lake regions of China, especially in remote, small and medium-sized basins, where abusive or wasteful mining, low recovery, and mining of a single saline mineral have caused impoverishment and large quantities of byproducts. Furthermore, climatic environmental factors can also cause significant changes of salt lake environment. Since 1987, against the background of global warming, the climate in the northwest salt lake region has turned warm and wet, and lakes have exhibited a tendency for expansion and rise, whereas in the east of the region, the climate has remained in a warm dry stage, lake levels have dropped, and salt lakes have become desertified. With the implementation of the strategy of building an environmentally friendly society in China, increasing attention is being paid to eco-environmental protection. It is suggested that experience and advanced techniques in terms of comprehensive utilization, overall development, and environmental protection of salt lakes at home and abroad be further developed to strengthen observation and monitoring of environmental changes of salt lakes and build an environmentally friendly, great salt lake industry.     

Hydrochemistry of Salt Lakes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The authors have carried out scientific investigations of salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 1956 and collected 550 hydrochemical data from various types of salt lakes. On that basis, combined with the tectonic characteristics of the plateau, the hydrochemical characteristics of the salt lakes of the plateau are discussed. The salinity of the lakes of the plateau is closely related to the natural environment of lake evolution, especially the climatic conditions. According to the available data and interpretation of satellite images, the salinity of the lakes of the plateau has a general trend of decreasing from north and northwest to south and southeast, broadly showing synchronous variations with the annual precipitation and aridity (annual evaporation/annual precipitation) of the modern plateau. The pH values of the plateau salt lakes are related to both hydrochemical types and salinities of the lake waters, i.e., the pH values tend to decrease from the carbonate type → sodium sulfate subtype → magnesium sulfate subtype → chloride type; on the other hand, a negative correlation is observed between the pH and salinities of the lakes. Geoscientists and biological limnologists generally use main ions in salt lakes as the basis for the hydrochemical classification of salt lakes. The common ions in salt lakes are Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^? SO₄ ^2?, CO₃ ^2?, and HCO₃ ^?. In this paper, the Kurnakov-Valyashko classification is used to divide the salt lakes into the chloride type, magnesium sulfate subtype, sodium sulfate subtype and carbonate type, and then according to different total alkalinities (K _C = Na₂CO₃ + NaHCO₃/total salt × 100%) and different saline mineral assemblages, the carbonate type is further divided into three subtypes, namely, strong carbonate subtype, moderate carbonate subtype and weak carbonate subtypes. According to the aforesaid hydrochemical classifications, a complete and meticulous hydrochemical classification of the salt lakes of the plateau has been made and then a clear understanding of the characteristics of N–S hydrochemical zoning and E-W hydrochemical differentiation has been obtained. The plateau is divided into four zones and one area. There is a genetic association between certain saline minerals and specific salt lake hydrochemical types: the representative mineral assemblages of the carbonate type of salt lake is borax (tincalconite) and borax-zabuyelite (L₂CO₃) and alkali carbonate-mirabilite; the representative mineral assemblages of the sodium sulfate subtype are mirabilite (thenardite)-halite and magnesium borate (kurnakovite, inderite etc.)-ulexite-mirabilite; the representative mineral assemblages of the magnesium sulfate subtype are magnesium sulfate (epsomite, bloedite)-halite, magnesium borate-mirabilite, and mirabilite-schoenite-halite, as well as large amount of gypsum; The representative mineral assemblages of the chloride type are carnallite-bischofite-halite and carnallite-halite, with antarcticite in a few individual salt lakes. The above-mentioned salt lake mineral assemblages of various types on the plateau have features of cold-phase assemblages. Mirabilite and its associated cold-phase saline minerals are important indicators for the study of paleoclimate changes of the plateau. A total of 59 elements have been detected in lake waters of the plateau now, of which the concentrations of Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Cl, and SO₄ ^2?, CO₃ ^2?, and HCO₃ ^? ions are highest, but, compared with the hydrochemical compositions of other salt lake regions, the plateau salt lakes, especially those in the southern Qiangtang carbonate type subzone (I₂), contain high concentrations of Li, B, K, Cs, and Rb, and there are also As, U, Th, Br, Sr, and Nd positive anomalies in some lakes. In the plateau lake waters, B is intimately associated with Li, Cs, K and Rb and its concentration shows a general positive correlation with increasing salinity of the lake waters. The highest positive anomalies of B, Li, Cs, and K center on the Ngangla Ringco Lake area in the western segment of the southern Qiangtang carbonate type subzone (I₂) and coincide with Miocene volcanic-sedimentary rocks and high-value areas of B, Li, and Cs of the plateau. This strongly demonstrates that special elements such as B, Li, and Cs on the plateau were related to deep sources. Based on recent voluminous geophysical study and geochemical study of volcanic rocks, their origin had close genetic relation to anatectic magmatism resulting from India–Eurasia continent–continent collision, and B–Li (-Ce) salt lakes in the Cordillera Plateau of South America just originated on active continental margins, both of which indicate that global specific tectonically active belts are the main cause for the high abundances of B, Li, and Cs (K and Rb) in natural water and mineralization of these elements.     

The lithium isotopic composition of waters of the Mono Basin, California

Mono Lake, a major closed-basin alkaline salt lake in eastern California, derives its water from a mixture of creeks and springs, with the former providing in excess of 75% of the total. The Li isotopic composition of lake water has not varied significantly over a 4 year meromictic period (δ⁷Li ∼ +19.5). Springs are isotopically distinct: groundwater springs and seeps carry water enriched in isotopically heavy Li whereas thermal springs supply isotopically light (δ⁷Li < lake), but 10 times more Li-rich, water. Isotopic fractionation during crystallization of carbonate tufa and evaporitic salt appears to be insignificant, and thus cannot be called on as a principal control of the isotopic balance of Li of the lake. Isotopic differences between the end-member source components permit a water budget to be calculated, suggesting (1) springs provide > 50% of the Li to the lake; (2) the Li budget is sensitively balanced on small thermal spring contributions, < 3% of the total spring inflow; and (3) the residence time of Li in the lake is 28 ka. Other Great Basin closed lakes have variable Li isotopic compositions (δ⁷Li from +16.7 to +23.7), all of which differ significantly from those of several major lakes and seawater (homogeneously ∼ +32).     

Progress and Prospects of Salt Lake Research in China

China has unique salt lake resources, and they are distributed in the east of Eurasian salt lake subzone of the Northern Hemisphere Salt Lake Zone, mainly concentrated in the regions with modern mean annual precipitation lower than 500 mm. This paper preliminarily reviews the progress made in salt lake research in China for the past 60 years. In the research of Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment from salt lake sediments, a series of salts have been proposed to be indicators of paleoclimate, and have been well accepted by scholars. The chloride-sulfate depositional regions of the west Qaidam and the east Tarim have been revealed to be the drought center of China since the Quaternary, and more than 6 spreading stages of arid climate(salt forming) have been identified. Five pan-lake periods with highstands have been proved to exist during the late Quaternary on the Tibetan Plateau. In mineral resource prospecting and theories of the forming of salt deposits: the atlas(1:2500000) of hydrochemical zoning of salt lakes on the Tibetan Plateau has been compiled for the first time, revealing the zonal distribution and transition from carbonate type to chloride type from south to north and presenting corresponding mineral assemblages for different type of salt lakes; several large continental salt deposits have been discovered and the theory of continental potash deposition has been developed, including the salt deposition in deep basins surrounded by high mountains, the mineral deposition from multistage evolution through chains of moderate or shallow lakes with multilevels, the origin of potassium rich brines in gravel layers, and the forming of potassium deposits through the inheriting from ancient salt deposits, thus establishing the framework of "Continental Potash Deposition Theory"; several new types of Mg-borate deposits have been discovered, including the ulexite and pinnoite bed in Da Qaidam Lake, Qinghai, the pinnoite and kurnakovite bed in Chagcam Caka, Tibet, the kurnakovite bed in Lake Nyer, and the corresponding model of borate deposition from the cooling and dissolution of boron rich brines was proposed based on principles of geology, physics and chemistry. The anti-floatation-cold crystallization method developed independently has improved the capacity of KCl production to 3 million tons per year for the Qarham, serving the famous brand of potash fertilizer products. One 1.2 million ton K-sulfate production line, the biggest in the world, has been built in Lop Nor, and K-sulfate of about 1.6 million tons was produced in 2015. Supported by the new technology, i.e. brine preparation in winter-cooling-solarization-isolation-lithium deposition from salt gradient solar pond" the highest lithium production base at Zabuye Lake(4421 m), Tibet, has been established, which is the first lithium production base in China that reaches the year production of 5000 tons of lithium carbonate. The concept of Salt lake agriculture(Salt land agriculture) has been established based on the mass growth of Dunaliella and other bacillus-algae and the occurrence of various halophytes in saltmarsh and salt saline-alkali lands, finding a new way to increase arable lands and develop related green industry in salt rich environments. Finally this paper presents some new thoughts for the further research and development on salt science, and the further progress in salt science and technology will facilitate the maturing of the interdisciplinary science "Salinology".     

内蒙古伊盟地区现代碱湖地质特征和形成条件分析

内蒙古伊克昭盟地区分布着众多小型现代盐湖。湖内沉积有天然碱、芒硝和石盐等化工矿产。各碱湖地层构成碎屑-粘土-蒸发岩沉积旋回,沉积厚度在10m 左右,基岩为白垩纪砂岩。结晶碱层以块状、厚层状为主,其分布受湖盆形态控制,一般埋深0.1～0.4m。伊克昭盟地区碱湖的形成是构造活动的结果。经长期风化剥蚀,地表和地下水向古河道和风蚀洼地聚集了基岩或剥蚀区地层的有关组分,并携带到湖盆中,使湖水转变为成水、卤水,后来由于气候骤然变冷,湖水中 Na_2CO_3或 Na_2SO_4过饱和而分别结晶为Na_2CO_3·10H_2O 或 Na_2SO_4·10H_2O,从而形成碱湖沉积。     

Estimating the contribution of glacial meltwater to Ranwu Lake,a proglacial lake in SE Tibet,using observation data and stable isotopic analyses

It is important for both current monitoring and paleoenvironmental research conducted on proglacial lakes and their adjacent glaciers to clarify the hydrological processes operating on these lakes. However, in remote regions with limited accessibility it may be difficult to study hydrological processes by direct monitoring. In this study, we use measurements of stable isotopic compositions to trace the multiple water sources contributing to Ranwu Lake, a proglacial lake in south-eastern Tibet. Using stable isotopic data from precipitation, inflowing rivers and the lake water, a water and isotope mass balance modelling method was used to calculate the ratio of evaporation to input. Subsequently, using hydrological and climatic data for the outflow, the largest inflow and precipitation, other hydrological elements of the lake water balance were also calculated. The results demonstrate that the ratio of evaporation to inflow is as low as 0.009, the lowest value observed for the Tibetan Plateau, indicating that Ranwu Lake is a through-flow lake with a very short retention time. Glacial meltwater accounts for at least 55% of total runoff, the highest value observed for the Tibetan Plateau, indicating that the sediments of Ranwu Lake may have considerable potential for reconstructing variations in the activity of the local glaciers. Finally, we note that it may be inappropriate in this glacier-fed lake to use the intersection of the local meteoric water line with the lake water line for determining the isotopic composition of the input water, and this possibility must be carefully considered when stable isotope mass modelling is used in proglacial lakes.     

基于LightGBM的盐湖锂浓度遥感反演研究——以西藏扎布耶盐湖北湖为例

青藏高原盐湖中的锂、硼等矿产资源具有极高的经济价值.锂、硼等矿产资源的含量及其空间分布是盐湖观测的重点,对于盐湖资源的开发利用具有重要的指导意义.利用遥感技术开展盐湖观测可以克服传统观测站观测空间上数据不连续、费时费力等缺点,而机器学习等人工智能算法可以快速高效地挖掘遥感数据信息,因此本文基于Landsat-8遥感影像数据,利用LightGBM算法开展西藏扎布耶盐湖北湖锂浓度遥感反演.经过采样点波谱数据的获取、锂浓度LightGBM回归模型的构建、盐湖锂浓度反演一系列的实验步骤,最终的模型评价结果显示平均相对误差为0.053530925,均方根误差为10.2869,卡方为0.867,模型与实测数据拟合程度较高.反演结果表明:整个北湖中,锂浓度最高的是东南部的水域,最低的是中西部的水域;河流和秋里南木泉水群的汇入使得附近的水域锂浓度降低;对于本身位于中部锂浓度低值区的钙华岛来说,岛内泉水的汇入使得附近的水域锂浓度有所升高,这一结果与实际情况较为吻合.通过本文的反演研究,证明了LightGBM机器学习算法用于快速反演盐湖锂浓度的可行性和精确性,同时为其它盐湖矿产资源遥感反演提供了技术启示,也为后续的盐湖资源量评估奠定了基础.     

Strontium Isotopic Signatures of the Streams and Lakes of Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Chemical Weathering in a Polar Climate

We have collected and analyzed a series of water samples from three closed-basin lakes (Lakes Bonney, Fryxell, and Hoare) in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, and the streams that flow into them. In all three lakes, the hypolimnetic waters have different ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than the surface waters, with the deep water of Lakes Fryxell and Hoare being less radiogenic than the surface waters. The opposite occurs in Lake Bonney. The Lake Fryxell isotopic ratios are lower than modern-day ocean water and most of the whole-rock ratios of the surrounding geologic materials. A conceivable source of Sr to the system could be either the Cenozoic volcanic rocks that make up a small portion of the till deposited in the valley during the Last Glacial Maximum or from marble derived from the local basement rocks. The more radiogenic ratios from Lake Bonney originate from ancient salt deposits that flow into the lake from Taylor Glacier and the weathering of minerals with more radiogenic Sr isotopic ratios within the tills. The Sr isotopic data from the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley strongly support the notion documented by previous investigators that chemical weathering has been, and is currently, a major process in determining the overall aquatic chemistry of these lakes in this polar desert environment.