渤海湾北岸海相贝壳AMS 14C测年与"驻留时间"

以渤海湾地区曹妃甸沿海全新统埋藏贝壳为研究对象,对比同一层位中不同形态贝壳的AMS 14C年龄,总结贝壳形态-年龄差异及所指示的"驻留时间".测年结果显示,在研究区同一地层中,用于测年的腹足类-单瓣壳-贝屑3种形态贝壳的年龄通常具有依次变小的特征,以校正年龄中值计算,年龄差值总体介于52～466 yr.以2倍标准偏差的...     

珍珠层中文石晶体择优取向的XRD极图分析

本文采用XRD极图方法对海水大珠母贝、企鹅珍珠贝及淡水三角帆蚌贝壳珍珠层中文石晶体的结晶学定向进行了研究。根据文石的 ( 0 0 2 )和 ( 0 12 )极图可以推断 ,三种贝壳珍珠层文石的a轴平行珍珠层面 ,c轴垂直珍珠层面。在珍珠层面上 ,二种海水壳珍珠层中文石的a轴亦存在强烈的择优取向现象 ,大珠母珍珠层中文石a轴沿与壳生长纹方向呈 2 0 0°左右的夹角分布 ,企鹅珍珠贝沿近平行壳生长纹的方向分布 ;淡水三角帆蚌珍珠层文石a轴亦平行珍珠层面分布 ,但其择优取向不如海水壳明显 ,在珍珠层面上沿各个角度上均有分布。     

生物碎屑灰岩的沉积环境和Sr同位素定年:以华北板块北缘二叠纪三面井组为例

为明确广泛出露于华北板块北缘三面井组的地层时代,本文报道了康保县三面井剖面和正镶白旗朝海图剖面三面井组一段下部生物碎屑灰岩发育的古生物特征和差异以及生物碎屑灰岩的Sr同位素组成特征,并运用Sr同位素进行了地层年龄限制。三面井组一段下部生物碎屑灰岩中的生物碎屑丰度较高,保存完好,两个剖面的生物种类存在差异。其中三面井剖面主要是有孔虫(■类为主)、腕足类和介形类,形成于滨海高能环境;而朝海图剖面主要是藻类、苔藓类、棘皮类、海绵类、腹足类和腕足类,有孔虫(■类为主)相对少见,形成于滨海高能带-浅海低能环境。生物碎屑灰岩的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值范围在0.707556～0.708130之间,平均值为0.707748,这与同期全球海水Sr同位素组成相当。与全球海水Sr同位素演化曲线进行标定,结果显示研究区三面井组一段下部的生物碎屑灰岩形成年龄不晚于276.55Ma,结合前人研究,认为其形成时代为早二叠世空谷阶(Kungurian)中期。     

柴达木盆地诺木洪贝壳堤水体演变的介形类证据

柴达木盆地贝壳堤保存有大量大小混杂及两壳绞合的双壳类化石,是全球干旱区罕见的地貌景观,为青藏高原东北部中晚更新世的气候与环境演化提供了重要的区域地质记录.该记录在诺木洪西北约20 km出露,将其命名为诺木洪贝壳堤.目前诺木洪贝壳堤的沉积属性存在河湖之争,对该贝壳堤剖面开展系统的介形类分析,建立了8个生物组合带,除1带化...     

九瑞矿集区志留纪西坑组疑源类化石和碎屑锆石年代学研究及其地层意义

九瑞矿集区是长江中下游成矿带中一个最重要的铜金多金属矿集区,区内发育了城门山铜矿、武山铜矿、洋鸡山金矿等重要的多金属矿床。本文对该区域的城门山和望夫山两个剖面的疑源类化石及碎屑锆石开展了详细研究,在城门山剖面原来被认为是志留纪西坑组的地层中发现了化石面貌为新元古代或早寒武世的化石,结合碎屑锆石U-Pb定年工作,推测其时代为早寒武世,该地层与上覆地层泥盆系五通组之间存在一个明显的角度不整合。望夫山剖面仍旧为正常志留纪西坑组地层,疑源类化石和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明九瑞西坑组沉积时代应该晚于特列奇阶。九瑞矿集区“扬子抬升”的开始时间应该晚于特列奇阶,结束时间应该晚于中泥盆世早期。     

贝壳的傅立叶变换红外光谱和热分析

通过傅立叶变化红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和差热(DSC)等技术分析了蜘蛛螺贝壳粉末的成分和热行为。XRD和DSC结果表明蜘蛛螺贝壳是由文石型碳酸钙构成,在300℃文石转变为方解石。红外光谱表明在海螺壳的有机质中存在NH,OH和amide等官能团,在文石晶格或有机与晶体的界面处存在HCO3-原子团。加热后的FT-IR特征峰的峰型和峰位表现出明显的变化,这些变化说明在250℃加热1 h后贝壳的有机质部分发生分解;在500℃～600℃时海螺壳中的有机质仍然没有完全分解,揭示出贝壳具有良好的热稳定性。     

扬子陆块三峡地区莲沱组砂岩中碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

对扬子陆块三峡地区黄牛岩剖面莲沱组顶部砂岩中的120颗碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析.结果显示,黄牛岩剖面莲沱组中碎屑锆石的年龄谱具有～880～800 Ma、～2 000 Ma、～2 500 Ma及～2 700 Ma的峰值,其中最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为724±8 Ma.结合前人对该地区莲沱组顶部凝灰岩开展的年代学工作,将莲沱组顶部砂岩沉积时代限定为724～714 Ma.莲沱组砂岩沉积时间与其中最年轻的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄接近,反映了其源区地壳物质的快速再循环.碎屑锆石Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄(TDM2)集中在～3.7～3.1 Ga、～2.5～2.0 Ga和～1.3～1.0 Ga,反映其物源区存在古-中太古代、古元古代以及中元古代末期的初生地壳生长.对比近年来三峡地区不同剖面莲沱组砂岩中已报道的碎屑锆石年龄和Hf同位素数据,黄牛岩剖面的莲沱组碎屑锆石年龄和Hf同位素组成与之以北的王丰岗剖面均存在明显差异,说明莲沱组沉积期两者的陆源物质供给区有较大差别.     

重新布展后的贝壳堤博物馆将以崭新面貌向公众开放

<正>天津古林古海岸遗迹博物馆(贝壳堤博物馆),坐落于天津市大港区上古林第二道贝壳堤上(在馆内地下开挖了一条垂直于贝壳堤的剖面,观众可直接看到贝壳堤的内部结构)。在全球数十处贝壳堤中,渤海湾贝壳堤的时间跨度长、分布范围广,是记录海陆"沧桑巨变"的重要地质遗迹。环绕剖面的展馆地上一层,自2003年建馆以来一直陈列着与渤海湾贝壳堤关系并不密切的我国南方的贝壳。2012年,天津地质调查中心海岸带与第四纪地质研究所向天津古海岸与湿地国家级自然保护区管理处提出以渤海湾贝壳堤记录的海陆变迁历史为主     

中山市神湾镇晚中生代花岗岩风化壳剖面元素地球化学特征

选择珠三角沿海地区有代表性的中山市神湾镇三个晚中生代花岗岩风化壳剖面进行系统采样和主量、微量元素分析,研究了花岗岩风化壳剖面元素地球化学特征.花岗岩风化壳剖面自上而下可划分为淋溶层(E)、淀积层(B)、半风化层(C)和基岩层(R),不同层位的Si、Al、K、Rb、U、Nb、Ta、Hf、Th、Se含量均高于大陆上地壳相应...     

云南镇雄二叠系栖霞组—茅口组沉积微相及沉积环境演变

本研究采用碳酸盐岩微相分析的方法,对位于扬子板块西缘云南镇雄栖霞组—茅口组碳酸盐岩的生物组合、微相类型和岩相古地理进行了研究,将剖面碳酸盐岩归纳为24个微相:小有孔虫-假蠕孔藻生物碎屑粒泥岩、海绵骨针粒泥岩、生物碎屑密集堆积的泥粒岩、苔藓虫生物碎屑泥粒岩、发育孔隙的棘皮颗粒岩、粗枝藻-小有孔虫泥粒岩、似球粒内碎屑生物碎屑颗粒岩、二叠钙藻粒泥岩、含生物碎屑细晶白云岩、小有孔虫泥状灰岩、二叠钙藻生物碎屑泥粒岩、二叠钙藻-古串珠虫-苔藓虫泥粒岩、古串珠虫生物碎屑颗粒岩、细粒生物碎屑粒泥岩、生物扰动细粒生物碎屑粒泥岩、海绵骨针粒泥岩、叶状藻障积岩、包壳颗粒翁格达藻颗粒岩、翁格达藻-?颗粒岩、冲洗差的生物碎屑粒泥岩、棘皮-苔藓虫泥粒岩、小有孔虫-钙藻生物碎屑泥粒岩、裸海松藻生物碎屑泥粒岩、似球粒颗粒岩。剖面垂向微相特征指示其时代为亚丁斯克期末期—空谷期,栖霞组形成于碳酸盐缓坡环境,以假蠕孔藻组合为特征。栖霞组顶部为白云岩,为区域性不整合面,该不整合面标志着扬子板块碳酸盐缓坡被填平,形成较为平缓的台地地形。瓜德鲁普世早期,随着相对海平面升高,上扬子区域为较深水所覆盖,形成非镶边碳酸盐台地环境,以二叠钙藻组合为特征;随着扬子板块南侧台地边缘礁的形成,瓜德鲁普世中晚期转变为镶边碳酸盐台地环境,以翁格达藻组合为特征。     

New Maikhanellid Shells and Siphogonuchitid Spicule Bundles from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage of South China

Maikhanellids are a distinct group of Cambrian Fortunian small shelly fossils by the cap-shaped profiles and scaly shell ornamentation. According to the individual shell shape and ornamentation feature types of 50 maikhanellids fossils which were collected from Xixiang botia, we confirmed the family Maikhanellidae content of six genera, which are Maikhanella, Ramenta, Purella, Ramentoides, Yunnannopleura and Mediata. Unlike the halkieriid animals whose shells and spicules are articulated on different body parts, maikhanellids were presumably yielded by siphogonuchitid spicules penetrating the intermediate matrix (the "spicule shell" hypothesis), and this is the reason that some researchers treated maikhanellids and co-occurring siphogonuchitids as synonyms. The affinities of Maikhanellids and siphogonuchitids remain debatable. Here, we report three dimensionally phosphatized maikhanellid shells and siphogonuchitid spicule bundles from the Cambrian Fortunian small shell faunas of South China. They differ from all the previously reported maikhanellids and siphogonuchitids, and may represent new types. The intact and smooth surface underneath the partially preserved scales of the shells challenges the "spicule-shell" hypothesis. The present siphogonuchitid spicules differ from the maikhanellid scales in size, morphology, and .arrangement pattern, thus the spicules might not be derived from the shells. Whether the shells and spicule bundles were articulated on different body parts of the same animals remains unknown.     

松辽盆地东部宾县凹陷青山口组介形类生物地层与生态环境

实测松辽盆地东部宾县地区鸟河畔的两条剖面。鸟河剖面上下岩性变化较小,以灰绿色泥岩、泥质粉砂岩为主,含数层黄铁矿薄层及介形虫灰岩薄层。红石山剖面岩性岩相变化较大,下部为灰绿色,黄绿色泥岩,上部出现大套红层。通过介形类组合特征,判断出这两个剖面属于青山口期沉积。其中,鸟河剖面对应青山口组一段上部,含介形类Triangulicypris torsuosus-Triangulicypris torsuosusvar.nota组合带。红石山剖面属于青山口组二段下部,含介形类Cypridea dekhoinensis-Li mnocyrpridea copiosa组合带;及叶肢介Nenestheria sp.、Cratostracus sp.、Dictyestheia sp.,化石富集成层。通过介形类古生态分析,松辽盆地宾东地区在青一段沉积时期为浅湖环境,湖水约为半咸水至微咸水。介形类的属种单调,但优势种Triangulicypris torsuosus极为繁盛。青二段沉积时期为滨浅湖环境,湖水盐度较青一段沉积时期降低,为淡水或微咸水。生物组成以腹足、轮藻、叶肢介以及带瘤介形类的出现为特征。宾县地区在青山口组沉积时期生物具有与松辽盆地其他地区相同的化石面貌和古生态特征。其一致性表明该时期宾县地区同属于松辽盆地。青一段至青二、三段之间微体化石古生态特征发生转变,暗示松辽盆地水体条件在该沉积阶段的演变。     

Late Eocene marginal marine deposits and paleoenvironment characterisation from the Maadi Formation (Northern Eastern Egypt)

Two beds containing relatively thick and highly concentrated oyster shell banks occurring in the densely fossiliferous Wadi Al Abraq outcrop (Upper Eocene Maadi Formation, Cairo-Sukhna Road, Egypt). Such shell beds are almost monospecific. The upper level consists mainly of Ostrea clotbeyi Bellardi, topped by a considerable concentration of Carolia placunoides Cantraine, while in the lower level occurs Ostrea multicostata Deshayes. In both beds, the upper contact with the overlying marl bed (about 2 m thick) is sharp and sometimes erosive. Similarly, the contact with the underlying shale (1.5 m thick) is sharp and erosional. The shell beds are composed mainly of loosely packed oyster shells and their fragments (usually with a high proportion of disarticulated specimens) set in the sandy limestone matrix. The collected oysters show bioerosion and skeletobiont assemblages. Bioerosion trace fossils comprise ten ichnospecies while skeletozoans comprise five taxa. In general, shells of O. clotbeyi show a higher incidence of bioerosion than O. multicostata. The shells' chaotic orientation and their moderate fragmentation indicate that the shell bed formation was associated with high energy events. On the other hand, the low frequency of articulated specimens suggests that the shell beds are parautochthonous oyster banks' remnants. The taphonomic features of the studied assemblage indicate deposition in a shallow-water, wave-dominated environment.     

湖北黄陵球状花岗闪长岩的发现及其岩相学特征

在扬子陆块核部黄陵地区发现具球状构造的花岗闪长岩。岩石产于新元古代斑状花岗闪长岩与石英闪长岩之间,出露面积极小。球状花岗闪长岩岩体由主岩、球状体及球间基质三部分组成,球状体呈圆形、椭圆形及不规则状,由球核和同心球壳组成,球体大小多为5~12cm。依据球壳及球核的差异,可大致分为具有多壳层同心结构、具单壳层结构、无明显壳层结构3种类型的球状体。单壳层球壳由角闪石、黑云母等暗色矿物含量高的暗色层组成,具放射状构造;多壳层球壳由含角闪石、黑云母等暗色矿物的暗色层和基本不含或含少量暗色矿物、以斜长石为主的浅色层组成韵律层,具梳状、放射状构造;球核成分可以是同源岩浆组分,也可以是异源捕虏体。单壳层球体,球核、球壳、基质的斜长石牌号依次为36、32、26,酸性程度不断增加,内部呈放射状生长,反映其可能由内向外经岩浆结晶作用形成。初步认为多壳层球体球壳富韵律的变化为富含气水热液的岩浆在动荡的环境下结晶形成,球壳中矿物结晶顺序可能由外向内,核部结晶时间相对更长。     

The glacial and interstadial sediments at the Burn of Benholm,Kincardineshire: evidence for onshore pre‐Devensian ice movement in northeast Scotland

Pebbly clays and diamictons containing marine shell fragments and peat lenses exposed beneath subglacially deposited Late Devensian till at the Burn of Benholm provide new insights into the glacial history of Quaternary sequences in eastern Scotland. The peat yielded pollen of interstadial affinity (including Bruckenthalia spiculifolia) and non‐finite radiocarbon dates. Comparisons with other pre‐Late Devensian pollen records in northern Scotland suggest that the peat lenses are remnants of an Early Devensian interstadial deposit, of Oxygen Isotope Substage 5c or 5a age. Reworked faunal assemblages in the shelly sediments include Quaternary marine molluscs of low boreal aspect, as well as Mesozoic and Palaeozoic microfossils. Amino acid ratios from fragments of Arctica islandica suggest that the shells are of Oxygen Isotope Stage 9 age or older. The fabric and composition of the shelly sediments are consistent with their emplacement as deformation till during the onshore movement of glacially transported rafts of marine sediment. Folded and sheared contacts between the shelly deposits, peat lenses and the overlying Late Devensian till indicate that the fossiliferous sediments were glacitectonised during the main Late Devensian glaciation, when ice moved from Strathmore and overrode the site from the southwest. British Geological Survey. © NERC 2000.     

四川盆地元坝地区下侏罗统介壳灰岩储层分布预测

四川盆地下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段一亚段(大一亚段)灰岩是元坝地区主要产气层。岩心、薄片、物性资料、试油、录井、测井、地震资料综合研究表明,大一亚段灰岩主要为介壳灰岩和含泥介壳灰岩,介壳灰岩平均孔隙度236%,平均渗透率为002×10-3 μm2,含泥介壳灰岩平均孔隙度为459%,平均渗透率为021×10-3 μm2。介壳灰岩为浅湖亚相高能滩微相沉积,含泥介壳灰岩为浅湖亚相次高能滩微相沉积。地震波形分类上,以介壳灰岩为主的高能滩微相为高连续低频中强波谷反射,以含泥介壳灰岩为主的次高能滩微相为高连续低频中弱振幅波谷反射。高连续低频中强振幅波谷反射和高连续低频中弱振幅波谷反射以SW-NE向分布于研究区中央地带。以伽马值大于46 API为门槛值剔除泥岩、泥质粉砂岩等,得到介壳灰岩和含泥介壳灰岩的伽马数据体。精细刻画了高能滩微相介壳灰岩和次高能滩微相含泥介壳灰岩的分布范围,新增天然气有利区面积518 km2,为元坝地区大安寨段天然气储量和产量的增加奠定了坚实的基础。     

Stable carbon isotopes in freshwater mussel shells: Environmental record or marker for metabolic activity?

Mussel shells have been used in a number of paleoecological and environmental studies. The interpretation of stable carbon isotopic composition of shell material is still controversial. The carbon for shell carbonate precipitation can either be derived from ambient dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), with shells recording environmental signals, or from metabolic CO₂, with the potential to disguise environmental signals. To gain insight into this question, we investigated four nearly 100-yr long-term records of aragonite shells from an extant freshwater bivalve species, the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.). Single growth increments of the outer prismatic and the inner nacreous zones were successfully and easily separated with a simple heat treatment for chronological analyses of δ¹³C in single layers of each zone. Autocorrelation and semivariance statistical methods reveal that mussels show distinct individual signal patterns, which extend up to 25 yr. Signal patterns are reliably reproduced with replicate samples from defined layers within one shell and show similar patterns with a slight offset for inner nacreous and outer prismatic layers for individual animals. Mussels exposed to the same environmental conditions exhibit distinct and contradictory signature patterns, which do not match between individuals. This observation can only be explained by strong metabolic influences on shell precipitation. Environmental changes in pH, temperature, electric conductivity and atmospheric carbon signature had no or little (<5%) influence, whereas body tissue protein and body tissue δ¹³C signatures negatively correlated with the youngest produced shell δ¹³C signatures, indicating that respiration causes a preferential loss of light isotopes from body mass and an inverse enrichment in shell aragonite. Hence, the shells of the freshwater pearl mussel yield a long-term record of metabolic activity, whereas the use of δ¹³C in these shells as recorder for environmental signals is questionable. This may also be true for shells from other species, for which metabolic carbon incorporation has been acknowledged.     

Probable tsunami origin for a Shell and Sand Sheet from marine ponds on Anegada, British Virgin Islands

A distinctive Shell and Sand Sheet found beneath the marine ponds of Anegada, British Virgin Islands, was formed by a post-1650 AD overwash event, but its origin (tsunami or hurricane) was unclear. This study assesses the taphonomic characters of the shell and large clast material (>2?mm) to determine its provenance and origin. Pond-wide stratigraphic units (Shelly Mud, Shell and Sand Sheet, Mud Cap) were analyzed (12 samples) at four sites in Bumber Well and Red Pond along with eight samples from the Shell and Sand Sheet in a 2-km transect of Bumber Well. Mollusks in the pond muds include Anomalocardia spp. and cerithids with no allochthonous shells from the offshore reef-flat. Results show that the shells and clasts (>2?mm) are derived from the erosion and winnowing of the underlying Shelly Mud of the former marine pond, forming a distinctive sheet-like deposit with Homotrema sand. The Shell and Sand Sheet contains articulated Anomalocardia bivalves and moderate numbers of angular fragments (approximately 35%) that are likely from crab predation. Radiocarbon dates of articulated Anomalocardia specimens from the Shell and Sand Sheet range widely (approximately 4000?years), with shell condition (pristine to variably preserved) showing no correlation with age. The articulated condition of the bivalves with the wide-ranging dates suggests erosion and winnowing of the underlying Shelly Mud but minimal transport of the bivalves. The Shell and Sand Sheet has taphonomic characteristics indicative of a widespread tsunami overwash (sheet-like extent and articulated specimens) but lacks allochthonous reef-flat shells. Reef-flat shell material may not have penetrated the pond, as a tsunami would have to cross the reef-flat and overtop high dunes (2.2?m) hindering transport of larger shell material but allowing the Homotrema sand to penetrate. Processes including hurricane overwash, pond wave action, or tidal channel opening and closure are not favoured interpretations as they would not produce extensive sheet-like deposits. Taphonomic analysis is hampered by the limited (400?C500?years BP) depositional history from Anegada??s ponds and the lack of comparative data from other Caribbean locations.     

渤海湾西岸贝壳堤堆积与海陆相互作用*

渤海湾西岸淤泥质海岸已见两类砂体,滨外坝先形成于水下,而后随着海岸进积和在海洋动力作用下,逐渐出露于潮间带和陆地上; 另一种普遍出现的是具沿岸堤意义的贝壳堤,而且是在海岸进入弱侵蚀期即形成。研究发现,在海岸进积和海-陆相对稳定条件下,海岸线附近中潮坪-高潮坪受向岸风和波浪作用也可形成雏形贝壳堤砂体。目前研究区海岸上的贝壳堆积有3类,即:风暴潮堆积的沿岸堤型贝壳堤,主要堆积在中潮坪-高潮坪-滨海低平原上; 潮沟~潮汐河道型"贝壳堤",为潮汐河口湾顶或潮道外侧风暴贝壳堆积(自潮汐通道水下堆积延续到低地); 以及沿海低平原在大潮或风暴潮天气背景下出现的无序贝壳堆积。贝壳堤堆积既有风暴潮大浪瞬时、高能幕式堆积,又有大浪、向岸风综合作用下堆积的可能,贝壳测年及贝壳堤层序表明其形成是复杂的再堆积过程,不宜解释为海平面变化。在三角洲不均衡推进过程中,有可能形成不规则的海岸线,向岸风浪对不同地貌岸段的作用,可导致形成并非与现代海岸线平行的贝壳堤。贝壳堤术语的随意使用,已经造成海岸线变迁研究的简单化。严格使用沿岸堤的贝壳堤概念,可进一步划分三角洲叶瓣变迁,但是事件堆积必须剔除。将贝壳堤的研究与三角洲顶面泥炭测年相结合,可能更精确重塑海岸形成过程。     

渤海湾全新世贝壳堤和牡蛎礁的古环境

贝壳堤和牡蛎礁是渤海湾沿海全新世的两类重要地质现象。本文运用沉积学、年代学(ＡＭＳ１４Ｃ测年和古地磁)和生物碳酸钙氧、碳同位素测定等方法，研究了贝壳堤、牡蛎礁及相关泥质沉积物的形成和地层序列，考订了各类海面标志点的地质意义和１４Ｃ数据的可靠程度，校正了文献中的１４Ｃ数据，测定了区内全新世晚期软体动物壳体的δ１３Ｃ平均值，以及δ１８Ｏ水／盐度和δ１３Ｃ贝壳／Ｔ等基础数据，绘出了地区性相对海面变化的时间－深度图，研究了新构造活动对相对海面变化的影响。基于上述研究，进一步探讨了本区约４０００ｃａｌＢ．Ｐ．以来的环境变化及其原因。