渭河流域滞留沉积物的磁化率各向异性特征及水动力方向研究

通过对渭河流域上游、中游及下游的三个剖面(天水、宝鸡、渭南)磁化率各向异性研究,发现了滞留沉积物的磁组构特征。滞留沉积物的形成受控于沉积作用并且与渭河的沉积动力有关,即滞留沉积物磁化率椭球体的三大主轴方向及三轴比值与沉积物磁性颗粒的空间排列分布方式相关。对渭河不同地段取样的实验数据结果得出,上游至下游的滞留沉积物的磁化率各向异性参数中L、Q的平均数值逐渐减小,而F、P、E、T的平均数值呈现逐渐增大的变化趋势。磁化率各向异性参数特征及Kmax的方位表明:渭河上游至下游的变化趋势主要为水动力能量逐渐减弱、沉积环境趋于稳定,水动力方向由NW向转变为SWW向,与现在的渭河水流路径大致相同。     

川东北飞仙关组鲕粒特征与水动力相关性研究

早三叠世鲕粒在全球范围内广泛发育,且出现巨鲕。川东北飞仙关组台缘鲕粒滩非均质性强,鲕粒类型复杂。选择川东北龙潭村、莱溪及鱼洞子剖面进行野外实测、镜下鉴定及粒度分析,对鲕粒类型及粒度参数演化与水动力相关性进行研究。研究发现川东北飞仙关组发育7种原生沉积鲕粒,9种后生改造成因鲕粒,其中后生改造成因的破碎鲕可进一步细分。除偏度外,平均粒径、标准偏差、峰度等粒度参数及粒度资料图解曲线形态具有很强的相关性,与鲕粒类型结合判断龙潭村鲕粒滩由活动边缘带转变为稳定鲕粒砂坪沉积,水动力逐渐减小;莱溪呈活动边缘带—稳定鲕粒砂坪—活动边缘带沉积旋回,水动力先减小再增大;鱼洞子向上水动力逐渐减小。但含巨鲕的层位与整体的鲕粒类型及粒度变化趋势相关性较差,这可能是由于巨鲕异常大的粒径形成主要受微生物作用和海水碳酸盐岩饱和度的快速增大复合影响,而非水动力快速变化。因此,在利用粒度参数判断具有巨鲕发育的沉积环境水动力条件时,不能简单地凭借粒度便做出结论,需对鲕粒粒度参数进行相关性分析,去除相关性较差的样品数据。     

准噶尔西北部山地晚新生代以来隆升过程: 来自沉积学和磁组构的证据

通过对准噶尔西北缘和什托洛盖盆地新近系白杨河剖面详细的沉积学和磁组构的研究, 探讨了准噶尔西北部山地约7 Ma以来的构造变化.白杨河剖面由下至上可划分为塔西河组、独山子组和西域组, 分别对应于浅湖相、扇三角洲相和砾质辫状河相.古流向和砾石成分分析表明, 剖面物源来自和什托洛盖盆地北侧山地.根据沉积学和磁化率与磁组构参数(P_j、T、L和F)的变化, 准噶尔西北部地区约7 Ma以来的构造-环境演变可划分为3个阶段: 阶段Ⅰ(6.80~3.50 Ma): 浅湖相, 磁化率和磁组构参数值为剖面最低, 且变化幅度很小, 代表了构造环境比较稳定, 地势高差较小或物源区较远; 阶段Ⅱ(3.50~2.58 Ma): 扇三角洲相, 沉积速率、磁化率和磁组构参数值显著增大, 表明准噶尔西北部山地强烈隆升; 阶段Ⅲ(＜2.58 Ma): 砾质辫状河相, 磁化率和磁组构参数值进一步增大, 可能是构造隆升与气候变化共同作用的结果.3.50 Ma准噶尔西北部山地强烈的构造隆升与天山地区和青藏高原周缘约3.00~4.00 Ma的构造隆升具有准同时性, 是印度-欧亚板块陆内俯冲挤压远程效应表现.      

江苏王港潮间带表层沉积物特征及输运趋势

潮滩沉积物粒度参数可以用来反映沉积物沉积的水动力条件和沉积环境。根据对江苏王港潮间带采集的15 4个表层样品的粒度资料进行分析,结果表明,沉积物类型以粉砂为主;随着水动力环境由海向陆的减弱,沉积物粒度参数表现出有规律的变化趋势,即由岸向海粒径具有粗化趋势,分选变好,逐渐正偏并达到近对称。研究区与世界其他地区的潮滩在沉积特征上有较大差异,主要是由于沉积物来源、水动力环境及受生物作用的强弱程度不同所致。沉积物输运趋势分析显示,该地区沉积物输运主要受当地潮波特征、大型人工建筑物、地貌形态及生物作用的影响;在低潮线附近主要向西北方向输运,随着向陆地方向的延伸,沉积物由向西输运逐渐转变为向南输运。     

龙门山冲断带北段前锋带新生代构造变形

龙门山北段前锋构造的地震剖面解释和前缘盆地内沉积地层的磁组构研究表明前锋构造中发育两期构造挤压作用,即整体强烈的晚三叠世变形和由北向南逐渐减弱的弱新生代构造变形。受这两期构造挤压作用的控制,龙门山北段前锋构造中发育上、下两套构造层,地表构造为晚三叠世时期形成,而深部隐伏构造则形成于新生代。北部的矿山梁和天井山构造几何学上表现为一个双重构造,浅层是一个晚三叠世形成的断层转折褶皱;深层是新生代形成的多个逆冲岩片叠置所构成的隐伏堆垛背斜;南部的青林口和中坝构造主体表现为叠瓦状逆冲,前锋构造是断层转折褶皱和断层传播褶皱。新生代构造冲断位移量以及造成早期构造抬升由北向南逐渐减小,反映新生代变形强度由北向南的减弱。磁组构研究表明新生代变形从龙门山冲断带边缘到盆地内部,磁组构从铅笔状磁组构到初始变形磁组构并逐渐过渡到沉积磁组构。由南向北磁组构由初始变形磁组构转变为铅笔状磁组构,说明应变越来越强,从而进一步证明了龙门山前锋新生代构造的弱变形作用和变形强度的北强南弱分布特征。     

长江中游水成沉积与风成沉积磁组构特征

为了建立长江中游不同成因的沉积物磁组构识别标志,讨论磁组构参数与沉积环境之间的关系,对采自长江中游风成沉积与现代不同沉积环境下的水成沉积物进行了磁组构参数测试和对比。结果表明：①风成沉积的κ、Ｐ、Ｆ、Ｌ值均明显低于水成沉积的相应值,但q值却比水成沉积的偏大,反映风成沉积物的分选较水成沉积物的要差;②在磁组构参数FL关系图上,风成沉积数据点多集中于坐标原点附近,指示沉积动力相对比较弱的沉积环境,而水成沉积数据点却主要分布于F轴附近,反映水成沉积物的F较L发育;③风成沉积的磁化率最大主轴偏角的方向比较分散,但总体方向仍与形成风尘砂的风向一致,并且长轴的倾角较大（22°～24°）,短轴的倾角较小（45°～51°）,而水成沉积的磁化率最大主轴偏角的方向比较稳定,指示了来水方向,并且长轴的倾角一般小于10°,短轴的倾角大于80°;④风成沉积的T值介于-1~1之间,而水成沉积的T值却主要以大于1的为主。上述特点可作为长江中游风成与水成沉积物的识别标志。     

土壤剖面的磁学特征及其对交通污染的指示意义——以北京首都机场高速公路为例

对北京首都机场高速公路旁采集的土壤柱状T01剖面的磁学参数和金属元素分析,探讨了研究区内现代交通导致的土壤磁学性质的变化及其对环境污染的响应.结果表明,磁参数(χ,ARM和SIRM)与重金属含量呈同步垂向变化趋势.来源于交通运输排放的污染物是土壤剖面上部(0～8 cm)磁性和金属含量增强的主要原因,8cm以下,土壤基本未受到污染,磁性矿物和重金属含量较低,磁性颗粒变化稳定,基本代表了该地区土壤的自然背景.尽管土壤岩石磁学分析表明剖面上下部受污染和未受污染样品的磁载体均是粒度较粗的多畴磁铁矿,但是结合磁参数比值曲线,说明底部样品的磁颗粒的粒度较顶部偏细.磁性矿物的含量变化没有影响磁颗粒的粒度特征.指标聚类等相关分析表明,土壤磁参数(χ,ARM和SIRM)与重金属元素(Pb,Zn和Cu)含量显著相关;结合模糊聚类分析,磁参数可用于追踪、识别交通污染物质在土壤剖面中的富集、迁移状态,揭示不同深度土壤的污染程度.     

颍河下游洪泛沉积物磁组构特征与古水流研究

通过对颍河下游6个采样点的磁组构研究,初步推断了该地区洪泛沉积物的古环境及其意义。洪泛沉积物的形成受控于沉积作用且与颍河的沉积动力有关,而磁组构特征通常记录了沉积物沉积动力的古环境、古气候信息,洪泛沉积物磁组构的椭球体三大主轴方向及相关参数与沉积物磁性颗粒的空间排列分布方式相关。对颍河下游2个洪泛沉积物样品的光释光测年结果得出沉积年龄为3500年左右,与华北平原最近的一次古洪水年龄较为一致。在得到该套洪泛沉积物的沉积年龄基础上,进一步对颍河下游6个磁组构采样点的研究发现沉积时期的水动力方向,并与现代颍河水流方向进行对比。结果表明,洪泛沉积时期的水动力方向与现代河流方向存在一定范围的角度偏转,但总体差别不大,角度偏差不超过37°,并通过测得的角度偏差对比模拟了古沉积时期的古水流路径。     

南西天山晚新生代沉积序列磁组构特征及其构造意义

喀什凹陷西部位于塔里木盆地、帕米尔构造带和南西天山构造带的交接处,在新生代以来接受了大量来自于南天山和帕米尔的沉积物,并记录了新生代以来南西天山构造抬升的信息。本文选择了位于南西天山山前的铁热克萨孜晚新生代剖面开展磁组构研究。铁热克萨孜剖面晚新生代沉积序列自下而上为一套整体上粒度逐渐变粗的陆相沉积,由河流湖泊相逐渐变为扇三角洲相,并最终变为冲积扇相和洪积扇相。岩石磁学结果的分析表明剖面晚新生代沉积序列中的主要磁性矿物为赤铁矿,仅在帕卡布拉克组下部为以磁铁矿为主。磁组构结果表明该剖面的磁组构为早期的同沉积弱变形磁组构,指示了当时构造应力的方向和变化。在22.1Ma以来南西天山山前晚新生代磁组构所反映的构造应力整体上为N-S向挤压,这与帕米尔和南天山的南北向持续汇聚作用相一致。在安居安组和西域组时期,应力方向由N-S向挤压变为NNE-SSW向挤压,这一变化可能是由塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂的活动所导致的。塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂(Talas-Fergana Fault, TFF)的右行走滑活动可能吸收了南西天山晚新生代的部分应变量,使得南西天山山前的构造应变量相对TFF以东的南天山山前地区要更小,使得TFF以东的晚新生代山前冲断带活动相对TFF以西地区更为发育和活跃。     

白云岩之上红色粘土的磁组构特征及其成因指示意义探讨

通过与粉尘堆积,以及玄武岩和片麻杂岩风化剖面磁组构的对比,探讨了以贵州平坝白云岩之上红色粘土剖面磁组构特征及其成因指示意义。红色粘土的各向异性较弱,并且不具有明显的沉积磁组构;母岩的组构特征对红色粘土磁化率各向异性没有明显的控制“痕迹” ;红色粘土与粉尘堆积物之间磁组构特征的明显差异,表明它们在物源和形成机制方面是不同的;红色粘土磁化率及磁组构特征反映出红色粘土中磁性矿物的物质来源和成因具有一定的特殊性。      

Magnetic Fabric Study of Late Holocene Sediments in Huangqihai Lake,Inner Mongolia and its Sedimentary Significance

The detailed magnetic susceptibility anisotropy study on the sediments of two sections, which are located in the lake-center and the lakeshore of the Huangqihai Lake,Inner Mongolia, revealed their hydrodynamics and sedimentary environment changes in the recent 2000 years.The results show that the sediments of two sections both display normal depositional magnetic fabrics,of which the minimum susceptibility axes（K₃） are oriented perpendicular to the bedding plane and the maximum magnetic susceptibility axes（K₁） lie parallel with the bedding plane.In addition,the lakeshore presents higher magnetic anisotropy degree（P）,magnetic foliation（F） and current factor （F_s） than the lake-center,showing that the lakeshore has higher flow velocity.For the west Huangqihai Lake（HQW） section in the lake-center,the magnetic matrix grain degree（Q） and the inclination of the minimum susceptibility axes sharply increased and decreased,respectively,at a depth of about 10 cm,24 cm,45 cm and 74 cm,which indicate abnormal depositional events with strong kinetic energy.Through comparative analysis,the HQW section can be divided into three stages from top to bottom.The upper stage was a stable depositional environment with strong hydrodynamic energy and low water level,which shows relatively higher F_s value and the Q value varies similarly with P and F.The middle stage was a stable depositional environment with high water level and low hydrodynamic energy,intermitted with high-energy abnormal events,which shows relatively lower F_s and the Q value was negatively correlated with P and F.The lower stage was an unstable depositional environment with low hydrodynamic energy and high water level,which shows relatively lower P,F,and F_s value.     

燕山山地伊逊河下游河流阶地沉积物特征及古环境意义

河流沉积物蕴藏着其形成之时水动力条件及古气候变化等重要信息,因此研究河流相沉积物不仅可指示其沉积之时的水动力条件,还可对其反演的古气候进行一定的探索.伊逊河地处燕山东段,开展其下游河流相沉积物粒度、磁化率及形成年代的探讨,可为燕山山地河流相沉积物蕴藏的古环境意义研究提供参考.笔者等通过野外实地调查、光释光测年、粒度分析...     

Late Pleistocene Paleoflood Deposits Identified by Grain Size Signatures,Parsons Valley Lake,Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu

A study involving grain size analysis was carried out from the Parsons valley lake deposit, Nilgiris, India to determine the depositional environments and paleoflood events since late Pleistocene period (～29,838 cal yr BP). A 72 cm lacustrine core was collected from the lake and eight organic rich sediment samples were AMS radiocarbon dated. The study reveals variations in the grain size distribution chiefly influenced by regional climatic conditions. Paleoflood events have been identified by the individual sedimentary flood signatures of varying changes in the magnitude of sediment supply from the background silty sediment matrix around ～29,838 and ～8405 cal yr BP.     

Sandstone grain size characteristics of the Upper Jurassic Emuerhe Formation in the western region,Mohe Basin (NE China)

The Upper Jurassic Emuerhe Formation was developed with abundant sedimentary facies types in the western section of the Mohe Basin. Based on the systematic sampling and detailed observation on the Emuerhe Formation of this section, the research on the sandstone grain size characteristics of the Emuerhe Formation was carried out with the grain size parameters features (Mz, SK₁, K_G and σ₁), the sensitive components parameters features (SCPGS, SCGSR and SCPV) and the grain size analytical graphs features (grain size frequency curves, grain size cumulative curves, probability cumulative curves and C–M plots). The comprehensive analytical results illustrate that the hydrodynamic energy of the Emuerhe Formation (three times fan delta facies, two times sandy shallow lake microfacies and five times turbidite deposit) in the western section gradually reduced from bottom to top. In addition, the hydrodynamic energy of each fan delta facies gradually enhanced from bottom to top. Based on the analysis of the hydrodynamic conditions of the Emuerhe Formation in the western section, the hydrodynamic conditions evolution history of this section can be divided into five sedimentary phases, namely respectively for the fan delta sedimentary phase, the first‐time sandy shallow lake microfacies sedimentary phase, the short‐term deep lake subfacies sedimentary phase, the second‐time sandy shallow lake microfacies sedimentary phase and the relatively stable deep lake subfacies sedimentary phase from bottom to top. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滦平盆地大北沟组—大店子组沉积和地层格架及陆相层型意义

依据大量实测剖面资料初步建立了滦平盆地侏罗－白垩系大北沟－大店子组地层格架,证明盆地在两组沉积期为西南高、东北低的簸箕形,两组地层从西南向东北在地层厚度、沉积旋回组成、相序与环境和标志层的分布等方面均发生规律性变化。地层格架不仅有助于研究盆地形成演化、构造应力条件和火山活动,而且可以确定盆地沉降中心,确定建立地层层型的候选剖面。位于盆地沉降中心的张家沟剖面大北沟组－大店子组以扇三角洲前缘半深湖－深湖相深水沉积为主,由5个完整的沉积旋回（SDC）组成。旋回沉积相序大北沟组由滨浅湖相－前扇三角洲半深湖、深湖相－扇三角洲前缘相构成;大店子组明显水体加深,沉积环境相对单一,地层厚度增大,旋回相序由半深湖、深湖相泥页岩、粉砂岩夹砂岩组成,部分层位为扇三角洲前缘的砂、砾岩层。两组沉积较厚,达665m。并且排除了其它剖面上“蜂窝梁砾岩”（辫状河道－分流河道砾岩）对下伏层侵蚀造成的大北沟组顶部沉积间断,以及“玄武安山岩”喷发活动造成的大店子组顶部地层缺失。张家沟剖面沉积连续、暴露完全、化石极为丰富,是建立侏罗－白垩系临界阶陆相层型的研究界线划分的理想剖面。     

永安镇油田沙四段冲积扇-扇三角洲沉积

运用地震与沉积相结合的方法对永安镇油田沙四段冲积扇－扇三角洲体系进行了较详细研究。指出冲积扇－扇三角洲体系在地震剖面上具有两种反射形态：陡坡楔形体及陡坡丘形体，并认为前者形成时间早于后者。在对冲积扇－扇三角洲岩石学研究的基础上，识别出了６种岩相，结合地震剖面，划分了沉积亚相及主要微相。通过对岩相及沉积构造组合关系的分析，总结出了冲积扇－扇三角洲辫状水道沉积的３种类型及水道前缘沉积的２种主要类型。     

辽南大莲泡沉积物的沉积特征及古环境变化

辽南大莲泡是形成于冰后期的一个现已干涸的小型山间湖泊。对大莲泡沉积物粒度作一般分析，并用对应因子分析法作了计算分析，结果表明：大莲泡沉积物粒度分布主要受入湖的沟谷泥石流、河流和湖泊沉积作用控制。即下层以泥石流沉积为主；中层以湖泊沉积为主；上层以河流作用为主。据此并结合孢粉分析资料（主要以湿生沼生和旱生、盐生草本孢粉带更替为依据），初步恢复了大莲泡沉积环境的演变过程。全新世高海面在辽南地区是存在的，大莲泡与海相通的特殊位置及地层特征和孢粉特点揭示在全新世气候最适宜期海水在涨潮时曾作过短暂的停留，高海面在渤海沿岸出现位置不超过现代海面之上５ｍ。     

新汶凹陷官庄组沉积演化特征

通过对研究区沉积构造等相标志的研究,以层序地层学和沉积学原理为指导,结合室内岩石薄片、粒度分析,识别出冲积扇、辩状河和湖泊3种沉积相类型.并对官庄组的沉积相垂向演化和平面展布有了系统的认识.研究结果表明:新汶凹陷官庄组自下而上发育冲积扇-辩状河-湖泊和冲积扇两大沉积体系.沉积演化经历了早期凹陷掀斜下沉时的冲积扇、辩状河沉积,中期凹陷扩张阶段的湖泊相沉积,晚期凹陷收缩时的冲积扇进积沉积.     

Environmental evolution and hydrodynamic process of Dongping Lake in Shandong Province, China, over the past 150 years

Sporopollen, when recorded in the sedimentary record, is a characterization factor of vegetation over geological time of an area; the grain-size characteristics are direct reflection of the hydrodynamic conditions. Based on analyses of high-time resolution sporopollen and grain size of a 55-cm-long sediment core of Dongping Lake, it is shown that the sedimentary environment and hydrodynamic processes of Dongping Lake have seen significant changes over the past 150 years. From 1855 to 1865, the lake is in a hydrostatic depositional environment, where submerged plants were in great abundance, emergent and floating-leaved aquatic plants were comparatively fewer, and reworked sporopollen fossils were not observed. These indicate a weak and stable hydrodynamic condition during this stage. However, fluctuation of Mz, amounts of clay and silt were present, which may be due to high volumes of sediments around Dongping Lake basin transported into Dongping Lake via the Yellow River during the early lake-forming stages. From 1865 to 1922, the lake is in a backswamp depositional environment, where aquatic plants are nearly nonexistent, appearing occasionally in some layers with relatively low abundance. Fern spores show a twofold increase in occurrence and reworked sporopollen fossils are frequently identified. All of these indicate a strong hydrodynamic condition and frequent environmental change. Grain-size characteristics also support this interpretation. From 1922 to 1961, aquatic plants appeared at the upper layers of this zone at relatively low amounts, and reworked sporopollen fossils were frequently identified. Grain-size characteristics show an obvious change in grain-size distribution, indicating a strong hydrodynamic condition and unstable depositional environment. These relationships were attributed to a backswamp depositional environment. From 1961 to 2007, Dongping Lake is in a hydrostatic depositional environment, where the hydrodynamic condition is weak and stable. Evidence for this is shown by a remarkable increase in submerged plants, a rapid decrease in fern spores, and occasional appearances of reworked sporopollen fossils in the lower part of the zone. However, grain-size characteristics reveal that fluctuation of Mz, amounts of clay, silt and sand are noticeable and frequent, which may be mainly related to impacts of ever-enhancing human activities in recent years.     

冀中坳陷深县凹陷古近系沙河街组沙一段沉积相特征

冀中坳陷深县凹陷在古近系沙河街组一段沉积时期处于填平补齐阶段,地层厚度变化大,在200～1200 m之间,沉积相研究及其分布规律长期制约着勘探工作.为此,在系统的岩心观察与精细描述的基础上,通过测井资料的分析,并结合粒度分析资料对盆地水动力环境和沉积相类型进行了探讨,共识别出3种沉积相类型:辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲和湖泊...