WRF中尺度模式对两个沿浙江近海北上热带气旋的预报分析

结合宁波市气象台业务运行WRF中尺度模式,对2011年2个沿浙江近海北上的热带气旋"米雷"和"梅花"的预报进行对比分析。结果表明,模式对"米雷"和"梅花"在浙江省气象站点预报降水与实况相关系数分别为0.617和0.478。降水分级TS评分表明,模式对"米雷"的预报效果好于"梅花",主要由于"梅花"空报率过高,模式对这2个热带气旋20 mm以上的降水误差主要出现在浙江东部特别是沿海地区,呈南北向带状分布。"梅花"和"米雷"具有相似的湿层结构,但热力和动力结构很不相同,"米雷"结构明显不对称,风速较大区域主要在风暴中心东侧,风暴内垂直上升速度弱,而"梅花"结构典型,全风速分布较对称、眼壁清楚,具有明显的深厚暖心,中心附近温度比"米雷"高2℃左右,"梅花"中心附近具有强烈的上升气流,最强上升速度超过4 m/s。WRF模式10 m风场预报对"米雷"和"梅花"在浙江沿海海面风力有较好的参考性。模式对热带气旋的强度模拟误差和气旋自身结构差异可能是导致"米雷"站点大风漏报偏多,而"梅花"空报偏多的原因。     

影响南宁热带气旋路径统计特征

利用1965～2003年39年资料，对比分析了影响广西与南宁的热带气旋影响频数与路径异同，得到影响南宁市的热带气旋气候统计分布特征，供南宁市热带气旋路径预报时参考。     

近50年影响化州的热带气旋规律分析

利用中国气象局整编的热带气旋资料,初步统计了1959～2008年共50年的历史资料,对近50年来影响化州的热带气旋进行了分型、统计、归纳,得出影响化州热带气旋的源地、影响月份、强度、登陆点、路径走向等给化州带来的风速、雨量的一些关系.以供预报服务参考,从而为地方政府防灾减灾提供更好、更准确的决策依据.     

影响南宁热带气旋路径统计特征

利用1965～2003年39年资料,对比分析了影响广西与南宁的热带气旋影响频数与路径异同,得到影响南宁市的热带气旋气候统计分布特征,供南宁市热带气旋路径预报时参考.     

1977—2007年影响南海的热带气旋强度变化特征

应用东京台风中心(RSMC Tokyo)提供的1977—2007年影响南海的热带气旋(TC)最佳路径资料,统计分析了影响南海的不同初始强度的TC强度变化的时空分布特征,以及迅速加强(RI)和缓慢加强(SI)样本的大尺度统计特征。主要结果为:(1)热带风暴(TS)和强热带风暴(STS)以增强和稳定为主,台风(TY)减弱为主。初始强度越强,增强观测次数越少,变化率越小;减弱观测次数越多,变化率越大。(2)00时(世界时,下同)增强样本最多,增强率最大,12时减弱样本最多,减弱率最大。(3)增强状态下,南海东北部TS最多,中东部STS最多,中部TY最多。减弱样本分布在我国海南岛、越南近岸以东洋面、菲律宾近海以西洋面,TS和STS在南海中部有部分减弱样本。(4)7、9和10月RI样本较多。RI样本的平均纬度偏南,垂直切变相对较小,200 hPa纬向风东风分量稍弱,15.4 m/s风圈半径更小。SI样本的海温略高。     

近71a影响黑龙江省热带气旋统计特征分析

利用中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的1949—2019年热带气旋数据,统计分析近71 a影响黑龙江省的热带气旋发生时间、频率、强度、移动路径等特征。结果表明：近71 a影响黑龙江的热带气旋共有77个,平均1.08个·a^-1,其中有28 a没有热带气旋影响黑龙江;近10 a是黑龙江受热带气旋影响的活跃期,西北太平洋生成的热带气旋频数与影响黑龙江的频数没有直接相关关系,出现El Ni1o或La Ni1a现象时对影响黑龙江的热带气旋起抑制作用;热带气旋影响黑龙江最早出现在5月,最晚出现在9月,8月出现频率最高,“七下八中下”是每年的活跃阶段;在强度上,影响黑龙江的超强台风居多,但近年趋于减少,更多低级别的热带气旋可维持较长生命史北上产生影响;牡丹江市为黑龙江最易受热带气旋影响的地区;按移动路径可将影响黑龙江的热带气旋分为两类,分别为北上热带气旋和偏东路径热带气旋,其中北上热带气旋又可进一步分为七类,其中经朝鲜半岛东转向出现的频次最多,但对黑龙江影响相对较小;经朝鲜半岛北上和高纬东转向更容易给黑龙江带来严重的风雨影响。     

西北太平洋热带气旋强度变化的统计特征

用中国气象局整编的1949-2003年共55年的《台风年鉴》和《热带气旋年鉴》资料,依据平均值与标准差的数学涵义,给出了TC突然增强、缓慢增强、强度稳定、缓慢减弱和突然减弱的标准,分析了西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)强度变化的年代际、年际、月际、日变化和区域分布的基本特征。结果表明:(1)1960年代以前,T℃的年平均增强或减弱幅度较小。(2)在TC出现较为频繁的夏秋季节,8月份TC强度变幅较小。TC在14时(北京时,下同)最易发展,20时最易减弱;08时TC增强速度最快,02时最慢;02时TC减弱速度最快, 20时最慢。(3)TC频数和增强TC频数的高值区位于海南岛以东的南海北部中国近海区域和菲律宾以东洋面,减弱类TC频数极值区在吕宋岛及其东部海域、海南岛以西的北部湾、广东沿岸。(4)TC突然增强不出现在30°N以北的中高纬地区和0—5°N的低纬地区。TC突然减弱多出现在125°E以西的中国近海大范围海域,在0～5°N的低纬地区基本不出现。     

西北太平洋热带气旋强度变化的统计特征

应用 35a的资料 ,分析西北太平洋热带气旋 (TC)强度变化的基本统计特征 ,包括年代际、年际、月际、日变化和区域分布等。主要结果有 :(1)西北太平洋TC平均增强速率为 4.97hPa/6h ,标准差是 4.5 4hPa/6h。平均减弱速率为 5 .15hPa/6h ,标准差是 4.17hPa/6h ;(2 ) 2 0世纪 6 0年代中后期TC强度变幅小 ,进入 2 0世纪 70和 80年代后有所增大 ;(3) 11月TC平均增强速度最快 ,2月最慢 ,8月是TC强度变幅较小的月份 ;(4) 0 8时 (北京时 ,下同 )TC平均增强速度最快 ,14时最慢 ,平均减弱速度无明显日变化特征 ;(5 )TC发展较快的一个主要区域是 12 .5～ 2 0°N ,132 .5～ 15 0°E ,TC平均减弱速率的高值区在岛屿和大陆沿岸。在南海中部活动的TC平均强度变幅不大。依据平均值与标准差的数学涵义 ,给出了TC强度稳定、缓慢变化和迅速变化的标准。在对各级强度变化发生频率的年代际、年际、月际、日变化以及区域分布特征分别进行分析的基础上 ,重点给出了在大陆和岛屿附近迅速增强样本和在远离陆地的洋面上迅速减弱样本的一些统计特征。     

影响我国北方热带气旋的若干统计特征

利用中国气象局出版的１９４９—１９９４年台风年鉴资料，在大量普查的基础上，定义进入３０°Ｎ以北、１２５°Ｅ以西热带气旋为影响我国北方的热带气旋。根据其后期移动路径的不同划分为：沿海北上、沿海转向、登陆北上、登陆填塞、登陆转向及西折６类。最后，对各类不同路径的热带气旋的气候特征及产生的暴雨区和暴雨强度做了详细的分析     

IMPACT OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION ON THE TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

In this work,an index of tropical 20-90 d oscillation(intra-seasonal oscillation;ISO)in the western North Pacific(WNP)was determined via the combined empirical orthogonal function(EOF)method using daily outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)field data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA),daily wind field data(at 850 hPa)from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)and referencing the Madden-Julian oscillation(MJO)index proposed by Wheeler and Hendon.An in-depth investigation was conducted to examine the impact of the ISO on changes in tropical cyclone(TC)tracks in the WNP during different ISO phases.The research results indicate that during the easterly phase of the ISO,under the impact of the northeastern airflow of anti-cyclonic ISO circulation,the easterly airflow south of the western Pacific subtropical high is relatively weak,and TCs generated in the subtropical high tend to change their tracks east of 140°E;during the westerly phase,there is a relatively high probability that TCs change their tracks west of 140°E.This work also analyzed the ISO flow field situation in cases of typhoons and determined that the track of a tropical cyclone will experience a sudden right turn when the center of the ISO cyclonic(anti-cyclonic)circulation coincides with that of the cyclone.     

ANALYSIS OF THE CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDING TROPICAL CYCLONES IN EAST CHINA

The intensity, landing time, track trend and intensity variation of tropical cyclones (TCs) after landfall are analyzed using the TCs data (of best track from the China Meteorological Administration) between 1949 and 2006 for the western North Pacific and South China Sea. The trend differences of track and intensity between the TCs that directly land in East China and those making the second landfall in East China after landing in Taiwan Island are categorically discussed. The results show that the first kind of landing TCs are more likely to go northward or turn while the second kind of TCs have a larger tendency to keep going northwest. The intensity of the first kind of TCs is more persistent than the second one. There is a higher percentage for the intensity to be weakened significantly if the TCs keep going west to northwest or southwest after landing.     

登陆华东热带气旋的气候特征分析

利用1949—2006年西北太平洋及南海的热带气旋（TC）资料,分析了登陆我国的TC强度、登陆时间、登陆后路径趋向及强度变化等气候特征,并重点讨论了直接登陆华东和登陆台湾后再次登陆华东的TC路径和强度趋势差异。结果表明,直接登陆华东的TC比登陆台湾后再次登陆华东（以下简称为间接登陆）的TC更易北上或北上转向,而间接登陆的TC更易维持西偏北行;另外直接登陆华东的TC登陆后的强度更易维持,其登陆后路径趋向在西北偏西和西南方位的强度明显减弱的百分比率比其它方位的大。      

AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO SHORT-AND MEDIUM-RANGE PREDICTION OF TRACK AND INTENSITY OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

An objective prediction approach to the 6 h-144 h track and intensity of tropical cyclones over the northwestern Pacific is proposed. On the basis of both analog deviation technique and completed historical sample curve library, the track or intensity prediction for each forecast period are determined respectively through the optimum weighted superposition of displacement or intensity change of the cases, with different number and weighted coefficient corresponding to minimal analog deviation, from different tropical cyclone or different stage of the same cyclone. so that the prediction results for both forecast period and entire process are optimal. The verification suggests that the approach exhibits better forecast performance than other previous forecast methods by having remarkable decreasing forecast errors in short-and medium-range forecast of both track and intensity,and that the approach can also be used to predict effectively the decay process of tropical cyclone and is able to predict anomalous track and tropical depression.     

台风远距离暴雨的研究进展

台风是最强的暴雨天气系统，针对台风暴雨的研究由来已久，并把台风暴雨分为台风环流本身的暴雨和台风远距离暴雨。近几十年来，有关台风远距离暴雨的研究有了一些新的进展和成果。2007年的第十四届全国热带气旋研讨会上还给出了最新的台风远距离暴雨定义。谨从此定义出发，简要总结国内外在台风远距离暴雨方面的研究成果，并在分析归纳的基础上提出存在的问题和可能的研究方向。     

STATISTICAL AND COMPOSITE ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF CONVECTIVE CORES AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TBB WITHIN THE TROPICAL CYCLONE CIRCULATION AND ITS INTENSITY

Based on the data(including radius of maximum winds) from the JTWC(Joint Typhoon Warning Center),the tropical cyclones(TCs) radii of the outermost closed isobar, TCs best tracks from Shanghai Typhoon Institute and the Black Body Temperature(TBB) of the Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite M1 TR IR1, and combining13 tropical cyclones which landed in China again after visiting the island of Taiwan during the period from 2001 to2010, we analyzed the relationship between the number of convective cores within TC circulation and the intensity of TC with the method of convective-stratiform technique(CST) and statistical and composite analysis. The results are shown as follows:(1) The number of convective cores in the entire TC circulation is well corresponding with the outer spiral rainbands and the density of convective cores in the inner core area increases(decreases) generally with increasing(decreasing) TC intensity. At the same time, the number of convective cores within the outer spiral rainbands is more than that within the inner core and does not change much with the TC intensity. However, the density of convective cores within the outer spiral rainbands is lower than that within the inner core.(2) The relationship described above is sensitive to landing location to some extent but not sensitive to the structure of TC.(3) The average value of TBB in the inner core area increases(decreases) generally with increasing(decreasing) of TC intensity, which is also sensitive to landing situation to some extent. At the same time, the average value of TBB within the outer spiral rainbands is close to that within the entire TC circulation, and both of them are more than that within the inner core. However, they do not reflect TC intensity change significantly.(4) The results of statistical composite based on convective cores and TBB are complementary with each other, so a combination of both can reflect the relationship between TC rainbands and TC intensity much better.     

环境气流及非绝热加热对热带气旋结构和移动的影响

设计一个三层的准地转斜压模式,研究了不同结构环境气流和环境非绝热加热场中热带气旋移动路径和结构的特征.数值试验的结果表明:(1)无外界影响下热带气旋向西北方向移动,垂直速度场有明显的螺旋结构;(2)热带气旋主要受基本环境气流引导,非对称环流中的小扰动干扰了热带气旋的移动;(3)非绝热加热场对热带气旋影响较大,热带气旋有向加热中心移动的倾向,同时热带气旋的水平、垂直结构都有较大的变化.     

IMPACT OF SEA SPRAY ON TROPICAL CYCLONE STRUCTURE AND INTENSITY CHANGE

In this paper,the effects of sea spray on tropical cyclone(TC)structure and intensity variation are evaluated through numerical simulations using an advanced sea-spray parameterization from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory(NOAA/ESRL),which is incorporated in the idealized Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF-ARW)model.The effect of sea spray on TC boundary-layer structure is also analyzed.The results show that there is a significant increase in TC intensity when its boundary-layer wind includes the radial and tangential winds,their structure change,and the total surface wind speed change.Diagnosis of the vorticity budget shows that an increase of convergence in TC boundary layer enhances TC vorticity due to the dynamic effect of sea spay.The main kinematic effect of the friction velocity reduction by sea spray produces an increment of large-scale convergence in the TC boundary layer,while the radial and tangential winds significantly increase with an increment of the horizontal gradient maximum of the radial wind, resulting in a final increase in the simulated TC intensity.The surface enthalpy flux enlarges TC intensity and reduces storm structure change to some degree,which results in a secondary thermodynamic impact on TC intensification.Implications of the new interpretation of sea-spray effects on TC intensification are also discussed.     

环渤海地区下垫面对北上热带气旋强度变化的影响分析

利用统计分析结合数值模拟试验的方法,研究1949—2019年6—9月登陆北上后影响环渤海地区的热带气旋（后统称TC）所经下垫面和强度变化的不同特征,及环渤海地区下垫面对TC强度加强的可能影响。结果表明：71年间共有25例TC影响环渤海地区,按照首次登陆点的不同将其分为山东及山东以北登陆（第一类,11个）,以及山东以南登陆（第二类,14个）两类,第一类TC北上时路径所经下垫面为先海洋后陆地,发生变性的几率较小且北上后无加强,第二类路径所经下垫面为先陆地后海洋,移入环渤海区域后发生变性的几率增大且存在强度加强现象,其中加强的TC共5例;对第二类TC中强度加强的个例“温比亚（2018）”TC进行数值模拟试验表明,增加或降低黄渤海的海温时,TC均表现出加强趋势,将黄渤海修改为草地时,TC不再加强,而海陆分布指数的分析表明无论海温如何变化,TC由陆地移入海洋与强度加强趋势之间关系密切。以上表明TC由陆地移入黄渤海是产生强度增强趋势的主要原因。     

一种初始涡旋重定位方法及热带气旋路径数值模拟试验

采用平滑滤波和柱形滤波技术,从背景场中分离出初始涡旋环流和大尺度环境场,然后把分离出的涡旋环流进行平移和再植入到观测位置,最终得到一种初始涡旋重定位方法。针对2006—2007年7个热带气旋共23个时次,采用背景场直接加入热带气旋bogus模型和背景场进行初始涡旋重定位后加入热带气旋bogus模型2种方案,分别进行了对比模拟试验。结果表明:对背景场进行初始涡旋重定位后加入热带气旋bogus模型的方案模拟的24和48小时热带气旋路径平均误差都相对较小,初始涡旋重定位方法可以减小热带气旋模式因热带气旋初始位置偏差而引起的误差,有助于提高热带气旋模式的路径预报水平,有较好的业务应用前景。