GNSS技术在GEO、IGSO航天器中的导航精度与适用性分析

现阶段高轨道航天器导航主要依靠地基测控系统,为了研究全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)技术用于高轨道航天器导航的可行性,对GNSS技术在地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星、倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星航天器中的导航精度及适用性展开了分析研究. 采用2021年11月9日的两行轨道数据(TLE)仿真GNSS星座,以不同星下点的GEO卫星和不同倾角的IGSO卫星作为目标星展开导航仿真试验. 实验结果表明:为了满足GNSS解算所需的卫星数量,须通过接收旁瓣信号来增加可见卫星数目. 对GEO目标星而言,当接收机灵敏度高于?169 dB时,导航精度可达30 m;利用GPS对7个不同的GEO或IGSO轨道目标星进行导航实验表明,GPS对目标星导航的位置误差约为35 m;北斗三号(BDS-3)、GPS、GLONASS、Galileo的导航位置误差均值分别为28.03 m、21.16 m、37.15 m、25.09 m,具有良好的内符合精度,其中GPS精度最高,GLONASS精度最低,但大部分时段也在45 m内.      

基于GPS/GLONASS/BDS组合的单历元单频短基线RTK定位算法研究

随着多个GNSS系统不断建成,天空中的导航卫星越来越多,使得RTK作业时的观测量也越来越多,这对提高单频单历元RTK的可靠性起到了至关重要的作用。本文分析了GLONASS信号频分多址的特点,对GPS/GLONASS/BDS单历元单频RTK定位的算法和模型进行了研究,提出了一种适用于三系统组合条件下短基线单频单历元RTK定位的算法,并采用实测数据对算法进行了验证,结果表明,GPS/GLONASS/BDS单历元单频RTK定位是可行的。     

亚太地区BDS-3/GNSS组合系统单频单点定位性能分析

针对北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)向全球提供定位、导航和授时(PNT)服务后的定位性能评估问题,基于MGEX(Multi-GNSS Experiment) WHU2站7天实测数据,从可视卫星数、几何精度衰减因子(GDOP)、定位精度、定位成功率和伪距残差方面分析了BDS-3及BDS/GNSS组合伪距单点定位(SPP)性能.结果表明：在亚太地区,BDS-3具有比美国的GPS、俄罗斯的GLONASS、欧洲的Galileo更优的SPP性能,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为1.19 m、2.34 m、2.38 m,三维精度比北斗二号卫星导航系统(BDS-2)、GPS、GLONASS和Galileo的SPP精度分别提升了54.8%、27.2%、86.4%和1.2%.此外,BDS/GPS/Galileo组合能获得最优的SPP精度,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为0.96 m、1.66 m、1.77 m,相较于BDS-2/BDS-3 SPP分别提升了18.6%、19.4%和17.3%.     

From GPS and GLONASS via EGNOS to Galileo – Positioning and Navigation in the Third Millennium

Positioning and navigation – as are presently possible with the American Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian GLONASS system – is briefly reviewed. Deficiencies, which have led to augmentations like the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS), are outlined. Europe's decision to get involved in the definition and possible set-up of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) of the second generation (GNSS-2), called Galileo, is discussed in detail as well as the GPS modernization program that might take place during the sample phase. Finally, some brief thoughts on the benefit of GNSS-2 for geodesy and surveying are given. ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Integrity Monitoring of IGEX-98 Data,Part II: Cycle Slip and Outlier Detection

At the Delft University of Technology (DUT), the data of six stations participating in the first international GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System, the Russian counterpart of GPS) tracking campaign, IGEX-98, were analyzed with integrity monitoring software. The software was developed at the Department of Mathematical Geodesy and Positioning of DUT. The main function of this software is to detect slips and outliers in phase and code observations in real time. In addition, the software also allowe the validation of the information contained in the broadcast navigation messages. The results of the IGEX-98 data analyses will be presented in a three-part series. In this second part of the series, GLONASS outlier and slip statistics will be discussed in detail. The first part was concerned with the availability of GLONASS observations, while in the third one the broadcast navigation message validation results will be considered. ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

First use of IGEX precise ephemerides for intercontinental GLONASS P-code time transfer

 Until recently, the Global Positioning System (GPS) was the only operational means of distributing time to an arbitrary number of users and of synchronizing clocks over large distances with a high degree of precision and accuracy. Over the last few years it has been shown that similar performance can be achieved using the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS). GLONASS time transfer between continents was initially hampered by the lack of post-processed precise ephemerides. Results from the International GLONASS Experiment (IGEX) campaign are now available, however, and this paper reports on the first use of IGEX precise ephemerides for GLONASS P-code intercontinental time links. The results of GLONASS P-code and GPS C/A-code time transfer are compared under similar conditions. Received: 31 January 2000 / Accepted: 10 July 2000     

顾及卫星姿态的多系统精密钟差产品综合

国际GNSS服务(IGS)提供的GPS综合产品被广泛应用于各种高精度科学研究中. 随着各国卫星导航系统的发展,亟需研究针对多系统全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)产品的综合策略. 由于卫星姿态与钟差相互耦合,综合钟差时额外考虑姿态改正将进一步提高综合产品精度,因此研究了一种顾及卫星姿态的GNSS钟差综合策略,改正姿态后GPS综合残差最大可减小80%. 对142个IGS测站进行精密单点定位(PPP)解算发现,综合产品比单个分析中心产品更加稳定,东(E)、北(N)、高(U)方向的动态定位精度最大可提升22.7%、16.7%和18.3%. 相对于未顾及姿态改正的综合产品,顾及姿态改正的综合产品的动态定位精度最大可提升65.3%.      

基于GNSS/UWB的室内外连续定位方法

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)与超宽带(UWB)等定位系统在室内外复杂环境下作用范围有限,并且单一定位源均无法获得从室外到室内连续可靠的定位结果等问题,针对北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)+GPS/UWB松组合定位方法展开研究,设计了室内外动态定位实验与过渡区域静态定位实验,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)对定位误差状态进行最优估计,并对BDS+GPS组合、UWB以及BDS+GPS/UWB松组合三种定位模式进行分析评价.实验结果表明：在室内外的过渡区域,BDS+GPS/UWB松组合改善了GNSS-实时动态定位(RTK)的定位精度,扩展了GNSS-RTK的作用范围;BDS+GPS/UWB松组合相比于各单一定位源在一定程度上提高了系统从室外到室内定位的连续性与定位结果的可用性.     

谷歌Nexus 9智能终端原始GNSS观测值的质量分析

从信噪比、伪距残差、相位残差等方面对开阔环境下的静态谷歌Nexus 9智能平板终端的原始全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）观测数据质量进行了分析评估,结果表明,Nexus 9平板的全球定位系统（Global Positioning System,GPS）、GLONASS观测值的信噪比比测量型接收机低10 dBHz左右;伪距精度分别为5.43 m、11.39 m,相位精度分别为4.44 mm、4.99 mm;相对于高度角来说,信噪比与伪距残差的相关性更强,更能反映观测数据的质量。在此基础上给出了信噪比定权的随机模型,并进行了开阔环境下的伪距单点定位测试。实验结果表明,基于信噪比定权的单点定位平面精度为2.74 m,高程精度为4.56m,比高度角定权精度提高了约26%。     

GPS,RTK技术在像片控制测量中的应用

全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,简称GPS)是美国从20世纪70年代开始研制的用于军事部门的新一代卫星导航与定位系统,历时20年,耗资200多亿美元,分三阶段研制,陆续投入使用,并于1994年全面建成.GPS是以卫星为基础的无线电卫星导航定位系统,它具有全能性、全球性、全天候、连续性和实时性的精密三维导航与定位功能.而且具有良好的抗干扰性和保密性.因此,GPS技术率先在大地测量、工程测量、航空摄影测量、海洋测量、城市测量等测绘领域得到了应用.     

Preliminary evaluation of the Russian GLONASS system as a potential geodetic tool

By the beginning of 1996 the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) constellation was completely deployed, although several satellites have already been decommissioned since then. With 17 satellites in operation (status as of 21 December 1997, although two of them are unusable and one is a non-operative spare), GLONASS is now an alternative and a complement to GPS. We present an evaluation of the current status of the GLONASS system, paying particular attention to its possible geodetic applications. Data from several receivers were used for this evaluation, including data from GPS receivers in order to allow for a comparison between GLONASS and GPS. We tested the quality of the geodetic observables, the consistency of the broadcast orbits, the single-point positioning results, and we also looked at multipath errors and cycle slips in our GLONASS data. In general the GLONASS performance has been found to be very satisfactory, even better than GPS in aspects such as single-receiver positioning or in the quality of the second-frequency pseudo-ranges due to the degradation of the GPS measurement quality under selective availability and anti-spoofing. Received: 26 November 1996 / Accepted: 16 January 1998     

BDS/GNSS融合精密单点定位性能分析

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的全球组网成功,基于BDS的应用研究正在如火如荼的进行中,尤其是包括BDS在内的多频多模融合定位正成为研究的重点.利用MGEX(Multi-GNSS Experiment)多个测站的BDS、GPS、GLONASS、Galileo观测数据,基于RTKLIB开源代码,在Visual Studi...     

WRC-2000

The forthcoming World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) will deal with frequency allocation and protection issues that are of fundamental importance to GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and GPS (Global Positioning System), which is a component of GNSS. In many countries, GPS L1 and L2 are not protected, and much needs to be done to obtain a frequency allocation for GPS L5. A brief explanation of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and how it can impact satellite navigation at its World Radiocommunication Conference in 2000 (WRC-2000) is provided. ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

一种高精度北斗基线解算软件的研制与性能分析

针对高精度载波相位相对定位解算的需求,研制了北斗基线解算软件BGO（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System/Global Positioning System Office）。BGO能单独处理北斗及GPS数据,也可以将北斗与GPS观测数据进行联合解算。结合一高速铁路基础平面控制网（basic plane control network,CPI）的测试表明,BGO解算北斗基线X、Y、Z方向的分量精度分别优于1 mm、2 mm、1 mm,能满足高精度高速铁路CPI控制网的要求;BGO处理GPS数据的精度与TGO（Trimble Geomatics Office）软件、Bernese软件基本一致,处理北斗与GPS联合基线性能与TBC（Trimble Business Center）软件相当。相比独立系统,联合处理北斗和GPS数据能有效提高基线解算合格率与精度。     

GNSS navigation and positioning for the GEOHALO experiment in Italy

GEOHALO is a joint experiment of several German institutes for atmospheric research and earth observation where exploring airborne gravimetry over Italy using the High Altitude and LOng Range (HALO) aircraft data is one of the major goals. The kinematic positioning of the aircraft, on which all remote sensing instruments are located, by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is affected by the characteristics of long-distance, long-time duration, and high-platform dynamics which are a key factor for the success of the GEOHALO project. We outline the strategy and method of GNSS data processing which takes into account multiple GNSS systems (GPS and GLONASS), multiple static reference stations including stations from the International GNSS Service (IGS) and the EUropean REFerence network (EUREF), multiple GNSS-receiving equipments mounted on the kinematic platform, geometric relations between multiple antennas, and assumptions of similar characteristic of atmospheric effects within a small area above the aircraft. From this precondition, various data processing methods for kinematic positioning have been developed, applied and compared. It is shown that the proposed method based on multiple reference stations and multiple kinematic stations with a common atmospheric delay parameter can effectively improve the reliability and accuracy of GNSS kinematic positioning.     

Combined processing of the IGS and the IGEX network

 Since the beginning of the International Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Experiment, IGEX, in October 1998, the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) has acted as an analysis center providing precise GLONASS orbits on a regular basis. In CODE's IGEX routine analysis the Global Positioning System (GPS) orbits and Earth rotation parameters are introduced as known quantities into the GLONASS processing. A new approach is studied, where data from the IGEX network are combined with GPS observations from the International GPS Service (IGS) network and all parameters (GPS and GLONASS orbits, Earth rotation parameters, and site coordinates) are estimated in one processing step. The influence of different solar radiation pressure parameterizations on the GLONASS orbits is studied using different parameter subsets of the extended CODE orbit model. Parameterization with three constant terms in the three orthogonal directions, D, Y, and X (D = direction satellite–Sun, Y = direction of the satellite's solar panel axis), and two periodic terms in the X-direction, proves to be adequate for GLONASS satellites. As a result of the processing it is found that the solar radiation pressure effect for the GLONASS satellites is significantly different in the Y-direction from that for the GPS satellites, and an extensive analysis is carried out to investigate the effect in detail. SLR observations from the ILRS network are used as an independent check on the quality of the GLONASS orbital solutions. Both processing aspects, combining the two networks and changing the orbit parameterization, significantly improve the quality of the determined GLONASS orbits compared to the orbits stemming from CODE's IGEX routine processing. Received: 10 May 2000 / Accepted: 9 October 2000     

Android智能手机GNSS定位性能分析

随着全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)的发展和移动通信技术的进步,用户对位置服务(LBS)提出了更高的要求. 本文采用市面上常见的两部Android智能手机采集GNSS数据,对Android智能手机伪距单点定位(SPP)和单频精密单点定位(PPP)算法进行研究,分析了在不同条件下智能手机的SPP、单频PPP定位性能. 结果表明:在使用多普勒平滑伪距和信噪比随机模型的基础上,Android智能手机GPS单系统的SPP定位精度可达3 m,GPS、Galileo、GLONASS、北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)四系统定位精度可达亚米级. 在单频PPP静态定位中,在GPS单系统下,定位精度仅能达到米级,且收敛时间较长;在GPS、Galileo、GLONASS、BDS四系统下,定位精度可达亚米级,且平面方向可在40 min内收敛. 在单频PPP动态定位中,手机的定位精度仅能达到米级.      

北斗区域卫星导航系统定位性能的纬度效应

与全球定位系统（global positioning system,GPS）不同,北斗区域卫星导航系统（BeiDou navigation satellite system,BDS）采用了5颗地球静止轨道卫星、5颗倾斜地球同步轨道卫星和4颗中圆轨道卫星的混合星座,星座分布不均匀。特殊星座决定了不同纬度地区用户的可见卫星数量和观测几何结构存在明显差异,用户的导航定位性能存在明显的纬度效应。分别从理论模型和实际观测两个方面对不同纬度地区用户的可见卫星数目、观测几何结构和导航定位性能进行较全面分析,使用了多家厂商的接收机,在不同纬度地区进行了GPS、BDS以及两系统融合定位试验。结果表明,BDS定位性能存在明显的纬度效应,即定位精度随纬度升高而降低;GPS导航定位性能没有明显的纬度效应;BDS/GPS数据融合可以减弱纬度效应,提高导航定位服务的精度和可靠性。     

GNSS satellite transmit power and its impact on orbit determination

Antenna thrust is a small acceleration acting on Global Navigation Satellite System satellites caused by the transmission of radio navigation signals. Knowledge about the transmit power and the mass of the satellites is required for the computation of this effect. The actual transmit power can be obtained from measurements with a high-gain antenna and knowledge about the properties of the transmit and receive antennas as well as losses along the propagation path. Transmit power measurements for different types of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou-2 satellites were taken with a 30-m dish antenna of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) located at its ground station in Weilheim. For GPS, total L-band transmit power levels of 50–240 W were obtained, 20–135 W for GLONASS, 95–265 W for Galileo, and 130–185 W for BeiDou-2. The transmit power differs usually only slightly for individual spacecraft within one satellite block. An exception are the GLONASS-M satellites where six subgroups with different transmit power levels could be identified. Considering the antenna thrust in precise orbit determination of GNSS satellites decreases the orbital radius by 1–27 mm depending on the transmit power, the satellite mass, and the orbital period.     

GPS／BDS／GLONASS组合伪距单点定位性能测试与分析

本文以高山峡谷地区以及城市建筑群区域GNSS卫星受山体及建筑物遮挡的实际问题为出发点,通过选取不同的卫星方位角模拟不同遮挡环境,研究GPS／BDS、GPS／GLONAS和GPS／BDS／GLONASS组合系统伪距单点定位模型对于单GPS、单BDS系统在不同遮挡环境下的定位精度和三维导航可用性等方面的改善情况。结果表明,组合系统相对于单系统,增加了可见卫星数,降低了PDOP值,当观测条件不佳时,可以很好地改善定位精度和提高三维导航可用性。