Models of basalt petrogenesis: Lower Keweenawan diabase dikes and middle Keweenawan Portage Lake Lavas,upper Michigan

Lower Keweenawan diabase dikes from Marquette-Baraga Counties, and middle Keweenawan Portage Lake Lavas from upper Michigan, can each be subdivided into two chemically distinct groups: a low TiO₂-P₂O₅ group characterized by higher A1₂O₃ content, higher Mg ratio, and lower total Fe and REE abundances than a high TiO₂-P₂O₅ group. Both groups, which are indistinguishable in the field, are enriched in the LREE relative to the HREE, and have similar normalized REE abundance patterns.The systematic variation of the REE's within the subgroups is consistent with a model of fractional crystallization of the observed phenocryst phases, olivine and plagioclase. The unique TiO₂/P₂O₅ content of the subgroups cannot be explained by magma mixing or fractionation from a single primary liquid. Thus, two mantle sources of differing depth and REE abundance are required to produce the TiO₂-P₂O₅ subgroups which are intercalated in the lava pile. Similar chemical trends within the dikes have been interpreted to mean that the same magmatic processes must have been operative during their emplacement in the early opening stages of the Keweenawan rift in Michigan.     

Petrology and Petrogenesis of Clinopyroxene-Rich Tholeiitic Lavas, Merelava Volcano, Vanuatu

The mineralogy, petrography and geochemistry of a suite of clinopyroxene-richolivine tholenite lavas from Merelava island, Vanuatu are described.Located at the southern end of the Northern Trough back-arcbasin, this suite displays all the characteristics of primitiveisland arc lavas: flat REE patterns, depleted HFSE, enrichmentin K-group elements relative to LREE, highly calcic plagioclase(to An_{9 3} and Cr-rich spinels (cr-number80) Analysis of groundmasscompositions demonstrates that the variation in MgO within thelava suite (from 13?7 to 4?3% MgO) represents only a small departurefrom a liquid line of descent. Some of the more primitive lavas contain low-Al₂O₃ clinopyroxenemegacrysts (mg-number = 100Mg/(Mg+Fe^{2 +} and ultramafic xenoliths,the latter ranging from fine-grained, tectonite wehrlites andchnopyroxene-bearing harzburgites, to coarse-grained cumulatewehrlites. The cumulate nodules, megacrysts and phenocrysts are shown tobe co-magmatic, and an empirical compositional relationshipis demonstrated for equilibrium olivine-clinopyroxene pairs,covering the observed fractionation range (mg-number_Cpx=0?6375mg-number_O1 + 35?3). On the basis that the most primitive olivine(mg-number _{91 7}) is close to the liquidus composition, thiscompositional relationship demonstrates that clinopyroxene (mg-number=94,and containing no Fe³⁺) was also a liquidus phase. Clinopyroxeneswith mg-number>94 are the product of local oxidation duringmixing of primitive, relatively reduced magmas, and more evolved,oxidized magmas. This mixing also gave rise to relatively narrow,reversely zoned, internal rims on many clinopyroxene and olivinephenocrysts, cumulus crystals, and clinopyroxene megacrysts. Fractionation modelling demonstrates that the most differentiatedsample with 19 wt.% Al₂O₃ can be derived from the most primitivesample with 10?3% Al₂O₃ by removal of 48% crystals of clinopyroxeneand olivine in the proportions 73:27 Plagioclase is a late crystallizingphase and has an insignificant role in the fractionation process. The parent melt composition (mg-number=77) is deduced from themost primitive olivine composition and the liquid line of descent,and is shown to contain equal amounts of MgO and CaO (137 wt.%),a high CaO/Al₂O₃ ratio of 1?3 and an unusually low Ni contentof 137 ppm. Data from published high pressure (8–20 kb)experiments on melting of peridotite and pyrolite do not providean explanati in for the large normative diopside component inthis parent melt (38 mol.%), and a hypothesis is proposed wherebyhigh degrees of melting of refractory Iherzolite or harzburgite+acomponent of lower crustal pyroxenite and/or wehrlite takesplace at the base of the crust (5–55 kb). At this depth,and initially under hydrous conditions, high degrees of meltingwould progressively eliminate orthopyroxene and then clinopyroxeneto produce a dunite residue. The liquid produced near the pointof clinopyroxene elimination would be compatible with the highCaO and Sc contents, and high Sc/Ni, Cr/Ni and D1/Hy ratiosof the lavas, and the refractory nature of the phenocrysts.     

Komatiitic and Iron-rich Tholeiitic Lavas of Munro Township, Northeast Ontario

Munro Township, in the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt of northeastOntario, contains volcanic and hypabyssal rocks of two magmaseries: (1) an Fe-rich tholeiitic series of basaltic to daciticlava flows (3–10 m thick), layered peridotite-pyroxenite-gabbroflows (120 m thick), and layered sills (700 m thick); (2) anultramafic-mafic komatiitic series, comprising discrete lavaflows of peridotitic to andesitic composition (1–17 mthick), layered peridotite-gabbro flows (120 m thick), and layeredsills (500 m thick). The komatiitie lavas form a successionabout 1000 m thick that is both underlain and overlain by thickersuccessions of tholeiitic volcanic rocks. Three types of komatiite are recognized: peridotitic, pyroxenitic,and basaltic komatiites. The most ultramafic are peridotiticcumulates rich in forsteritic olivine (Fo_89–94), at thebases of flows and sills. Many less mafic peridotitic komatiites(MgO: 20–30 per cent), which typically form the upperparts of flows and the marginal parts of small intrusions, exhibitspinifex textures indicative of their formation from ultrabasicliquids. Pyroxenitic komatiites (MgO: 12–20 per cent)also may contain olivine, but are dominated by clinopyroxene,usually in spinifex textures. Basaltic komatiites (MgO <12per cent) are composed mainly of clino-pyroxene and plagioclaseor devitrified glass, rarely in spinifex texture and more commonlyin equigranular textures. Peridotitic komatiite with roughly30 per cent MgO appears to represent a parental liquid fromwhich the more ultramafic komatiites formed by accumulationof olivine, and the less mafic types were derived by fractionationof olivine, joined and finally succeeded in later stages byclinopyroxene and plagioclase. Komatiites of Munro Township share many of the characteristicsof the komatiites from the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa(Voljoen & Viljoen, 1969a and b), but lack the high CaO/Al₂O₃ratios that distinguish the Barberton rocks. The Munro komatiitesare identical in this respect to ultramafic volcanic rocks inAustralia, Canada, Rhodesia, and India. It is proposed thatthe definition of the term komatiite be broadened so that itincludes all members of this ultramafic-mafic rock series, notonly those from Barberton Mountain Land. The proposed criteriaare: (1) highly ultramafic compositions in noncumulate lavas;(2) unusual volcanic structures such as spinifex texture andpolyhedral jointing; (3) low Fe/Mg ratios at given Al₂O₃ valuesor high CaO/Al₂O₃ ratios; low TiO₂ at given SiO₂; and high MgO,NiO, and Cr₂O₃.     

Geological evolution of the Ishpeming Greenstone Belt,Michigan, U.S.A.

The Ishpeming Greenstone Belt is an Archean belt in the southern part of the Canadian Shield in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S.A. Two volcanic cycles are preserved in it. The oldest formation, and basal to the first cycle (the Kitchi Schist), consists of mafic metavolcanics, has a major serpentinized ultramafic body near its base, and grades upward to a coarse felsic volcanic breccia at the top of the cycle. This unit in turn is overlain by a sequence of mafic flows that grades upward to interbedded mafic flows and exhalites of the Mona Schist. This sequence has been intruded by the Dead River Pluton.The Ishpeming Greenstone Belt probably represents the keel of a previously much more extensive Greenstone Belt.Gold mineralization occurs associated with mafic basaltic volcanic rocks and serpentinized ultramafics low in the succession, and with carbonate-rich quartz-chlorite-sericite schists and exhalites higher in the sequence. No mineral deposits are now being exploited here.     

Petrogenesis of Tholeiitic Lavas from the Submarine Hana Ridge, Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii

Hana Ridge, the longest submarine rift zone in the Hawaiianisland chain, extending from Maui 140 km to the ESE, has a complexmorphology compared with other Hawaiian rift zones. A totalof 108 rock specimens have been collected from the submarineHana Ridge by six submersible dives. All of the rocks (76 bulkrocks analyzed) are tholeiitic basalts or picrites. Their majorelement compositions, together with distinctively low Zr/Nb,Sr/Nb, and Ba/Nb, overlap those of Kilauea lavas. In contrast,the lavas forming the subaerial Honomanu shield are intermediatein composition between those of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. The compositionalcharacteristics of the lavas imply that clinopyroxene and garnetwere important residual phases during partial melting. The compositionsof olivine and glass (formerly melt) inclusions imply that regardlessof textural type (euhedral, subhedral–undeformed, deformed)olivine crystallized from host magmas. Using the most forsteriticolivine (Fo_90·6) and partition coefficients     

Petrochemistry of the Fish Cove rhyolite,Keweenaw peninsula,Michigan, U.S.A.

A small (360 × 180 m) rhyolitic intrusive body in the lower portion of the Portage Lake Lava Series of Michigan's Keweenaw peninsula was mapped and sampled in detail. The rhyolite is one of a number of similar bodies which make up less than 1% of the total volume of this thick Late-Precambrian plateau basalt pile. The rock is a low-calcium rhyolite with fine-grained homogeneous texture and sparse phenocrysts of plagioclase and quartz. Analyses of selected trace and major elements for 21 samples taken from the body reveal a chemical zonation consisting of a core zone enriched in K, Rb and Ba, and a border zone relatively poor in these elements. Little areal difference is found with respect to other elements tested (Mn, Sr, Zr, Ca, Ti, and Fe). This apparently primary zonation seems to result from the migration of K, Rb and Ba during crystallization of the shallow intrusive. Though zoned, the trace-element chemistry of the Fish Cove body is distinct from that of eight other rhyolites in the Portage Lake Lava Series, and suggests that fingerprinting by trace elements might be a fruitful method for identifying and correlating the sources of numerous rhyolitic pebbles in conglomerates interbedded with the basaltlava flows of the Portage Lake Series.     

Calc-alkaline, Shoshonitic, and Primitive Tholeiitic Lavas from Monogenetic Volcanoes near Crater Lake, Oregon

Quaternary monogenetic volcanism in the High Cascades of Oregonis manifested by cinder cones, lava fields, and small shields.Near Crater Lake caldera, monogenetic lava compositions include:low-K (as low as 0?09% K₂O) high-alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT);medium-K. calc-alkaline basalt, basaltic andesite, and andesite;and shoshonitic basaltic andesite (2?1% K₂O, 1750 ppm Sr at54% SiO₂). Tholeiites have MORB-like trace element abundancesexcept for elevated Sr, Ba, and Th and low high field strengthelements (HFSE), and they represent near-primary liquids. Theyare similar to HAOTs from the Cascades and adjacent Basin andRange, and to many primitive basalts from intraoceanic arcs.Calc-alkaline lavas show a well-developed arc signature of highlarge-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and low HFSE. Their Zrand Hf concentrations are at least partly decoupled from thoseof Nb and Ta; HREE are low relative to HAOT. Incompatible elementabundances and ratios vary widely among basaltic andesites.Some calc-alkaline lavas vented near Mount Mazama contain abundantgabbroic microxcnoliths, and are basaltic andesitic magmas contaminatedwith olivine gabbro. A calc-alkaline basalt and a few basaltic andesites have MgOand compatible trace element contents that suggest only minorfractionation. There appears to be a compositional continuumbetween primitive tholeiitic and calc-alkaline lavas. Compositionalvariation within suites of comagmatic primitive lavas, boththoleiitic and calc-alkaline, mainly results from differentdegrees of partial melting. Sources of calc-alkaline primarymagmas were enriched in LILE and LREE by a subduction componentand contained residual garnet, whereas sources of HAOTs hadlower LILE and LREE concentrations and contained residual clinopyroxene.High and variable LILE and LREE contents of calc-alkaline lavasreflect variations in fluid-transported subduction componentadded to the mantle wedge, degree of partial melting, and possiblyalso interaction with rocks or partial melts in the lower crust. Andesites were derived from calc-alkaline basaltic andesitesby fractionation of plagioclase+augite+magnetite+apatite ? orthopyroxeneor olivine, commonly accompanied by assimilation. Many andesitesare mixtures of andesitic or dacitic magma and a basaltic orbasaltic andesitic component, or are contaminated with gabbroicmaterial. Mingled basalt, andesite, and dacite of Williams Craterformed by multi-component, multi-stage mixing of basaltic andesiticmagma, gabbro, and dacitic magma. The wide range of compositionsvented from monogenetic volcanoes near Crater Lake is a resultof the thick crust coupled with mild tectonic extension superimposedon a subduction-related magmatic arc.     

Geochemistry and isotope chemistry of CaNaCl brines in Silurian strata,Michigan Basin,U.S.A.

Formation waters from Silurian-aged reefs in the northern and southern trends of lower Michigan were collected and analyzed for major, minor and isotope compositions. The results were combined with an analysis of an exceptionally concentrated (TDS 640 g/l) Silurian brine reported by Case in 1945 to determine the origin and possible evolutionary pathways for the chemical and isotope components of the brines. The waters are extremely concentrated(TDS> 450g/l) CaNaCl brines. Bromide values support that they originated from seawater concentrated into the MgSO₄ and possibly the KCl salt facies. The brines have, however, evolved considerably from an expected seawater composition and now contain a dominant CaCl composition. Dolomitization appears to have been very important in the brine evolution, but this process cannot explain all the Ca present in these brines. Four scenarios may explain the enrichment in Ca: (1) halite dissolution accompanied by the exchange of Na for Ca; (2) reactions involving aluminosilicate minerals, carbonates and halite; (3) an input of CaCl₂ solutions derived from altered MgCl₂ fluids released during the metamorphism of carnallite into sylvite; and (4) a pre-existing enrichment of CaCl in the Early Paleozoic seawater that filled the basin. All four are possible, but the favored explanation involves the diagenesis of the Salina A-1 potash salts. The isotope composition of the waters is consistent with evaporated seawater, perhaps enriched by exchange with carbonates or by the input of hydration water from evaporite minerals. The isotopic evolution, however, is equivocal but the brine composition does not indicate they have been diluted with meteoric water. This implies the waters have remained isolated from surface-controlled hydrological systems.     

Contrasting Metamorphic Record of Heat Production Anomalies in the Penokean Orogen of Northern Michigan

It is proposed that the contrasting metamorphic mineral assemblages of the isolated amphibolite facies metamorphic highs in the Penokean orogen of northern Michigan may be caused by different heat production rates in the Archean basement. This hypothesis is based on concentrations of K, U, and Th in the Archean basement gneisses and Paleoproterozoic metasediments that indicate significant contribution of radiogenic heating during Penokean metamorphism. Heat production was anomalously high ( approximately 10.6 μWm-3) where andalusite-bearing mineral assemblages indicate that high temperatures were attained at shallow crustal levels ( approximately 550 degrees -600 degrees C at approximately 3 kbar). In contrast, where exposed metamorphic rocks indicate peak temperatures of 600 degrees -650 degrees C at 6-7 kbar, heat production in the Archean basement was lower ( approximately 3.7 μWm-3). The effect of heat production rates on the metamorphic pressure-temperature paths was tested with numerical thermal models. The calculations show (1) that if the heat production rate, where andalusite-bearing assemblages formed, was significantly <6.0 μWm-3, the estimated pressure at peak temperatures (PTmax) would be much higher and lie in the sillimanite or kyanite stability fields; and (2) differences between PTmax estimates for the metamorphic highs based on thermobarometry can be reproduced if thermal history involved significant crustal thickening as well as moderate unroofing rates.     

Groundwater quality variations in glacial drift and bedrock aquifers,Barry County,Michigan, U.S.A.

Groundwater samples from 288 domestic wells in Barry County, Michigan, were analyzed for 33 inorganic chemical parameters. Variations in chemical composition were investigated by considering the possible effects of human impact, aquifer type (bedrock vs glacial drift), chemical evolution along groundwater flow paths, and glacial landform type (moraine vs outwash). Approximately 25 percent of the glacial drift wells were classified as degraded by human impact and were excluded from further analysis of chemical variation. Two-sample tests comparing individual concentrations from drift and bedrock aquifers suggest that groundwater in the Marshall Sandstone aquifer is derived from local recharge through the glacial drift. This conclusion is supported by generalized groundwater flow patterns recognized for the two aquifers.Concentrations in both aquifers were examined in relation to generalized flow paths derived from water level data and also by classification of wells as recharge, transition, and discharge. No spatial concentration trends in major ions were detected, although iron concentrations do appear to increase from recharge to discharge areas. Declining redox potential along groundwater flow paths may explain this trend.The possible influence of glacial landform type was investigated by comparing concentrations of wells in moraines with those in outwash deposits. Wells in moraines have significantly higher concentrations of most parameters, perhaps due to higher content of finer, more chemically reactive sediment grains.     

Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of dolomite types and the origin of ferroan dolomite in the Trenton Formation, Ordovician, Michigan Basin, U.S.A.

Three major types of dolomite occur in the Trenton Formation (Mid-Ordovician) of the Michigan Basin. These are: (1) ‘regional dolomite’ which is confined to the extreme western edge of the basin; (2) ‘cap dolomite’ which occurs in the upper portion of the Trenton and is confined to the basin's southern margin; and (3) ‘fracture-related’ dolomite which occurs in association with both large- and small-scale faults and fractures. These three dolomite types can be distinguished from one another by their major element chemistry, oxygen isotope ratios and rock texture. The regional dolomite is fine-grained, has <0.34 mol% FeCO₃, and mean δ¹⁸O of ?6·8‰_OPBD. The cap dolomite is texturally similar to regional dolomite but contains 3–13·0 mol% FeCO₃ and has a mean δ¹⁸O of ?7·7‰. Fracture-related dolomites are coarse-grained, low in iron, and have the most depleted δ¹⁸O ratios (x?=–9·0%_PDB). Petrographic relationships imply that the regional dolomite, formed prior to the cap dolomite probably during early diagenesis. The cap dolomite formed at relatively shallow depths as a result of the interaction of the overlying Utica Shale and the Trenton Limestone. Fracture-related dolomites post-date the cap dolomite and formed during deeper burial. A temperature of precipitation of approximately 80°C was calculated for fracture-related dolomites using oxygen isotope data. The distribution of the cap dolomite was controlled by the availability of Fe^2? which was in turn controlled by the availability of S^2?. In the centre of the basin Trenton-Utica deposition was continuous. The upper Trenton contained relatively high concentrations of organic matter which was used by sulphate reducing bacteria to produce H_2S from seawater sulphate. The precipitation of iron sulphides (pyrite + iron monosulphide) followed and used up most of the available Fe^2?. As a result only small amounts of ferroan dolomite formed. On the periphery of the basin, subaerial exposure resulted in the oxidation of most of the available organic matter. Sulphate reducing bacteria were therefore limited and produced limited amounts of H₂S. As a result only a minor amount of iron sulphide (iron monosulphide) formed. The remaining Fe^2- was then available for the formation of the ferroan cap dolomite. This model is supported by the following: (1) In the southern margin of the basin, the contact between Trenton cap dolomite and the overlying Utica Shale is sharp and probably unconformable. In the centre of the basin the contact is gradational. (2) In the centre of the basin, the total organic carbon content in the upper Trenton is an order of magnitude higher than in the cap dolomite. (3) The whole-rock concentration of iron is high in both the cap dolomite and in slightly dolomitized equivalent beds in the basin centre. (4) Iron sulphides are abundant in the centre of the basin and mostly in the form of pyrite. In the cap dolomite, iron sulphide is minor and primarily in the form of iron monosulphide.     

The Prinsen af Wales Bjerge Formation Lavas, East Greenland: the Transition from Tholeiitic to Alkalic Magmatism during Palaeogene Continental Break-up

We present elemental and isotopic (Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf–Os–He)data on primitive alkalic lavas from the Prinsen af Wales Bjerge,East Greenland. Stratigraphical, compositional and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ardata indicate that this inland alkalic activity was contemporaneouswith the upper parts of the main tholeiitic plateau basaltsand also post-dated them. The alkalic rocks show a marked crustalinfluence, indicating establishment of new magmatic plumbingsystems distinct from the long-lived coastal systems that fedthe relatively uncontaminated plateau basalts. The least contaminatedlavas have high ³He/⁴He isotope ratios (R/R_A 12·4–18·5),sub-chondritic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os_i (0·120–0·126),low     

Metamorphic Petrology of the Northern Tokoro Metabasites, Eastern Hokkaido, Japan

The metabasites within the Tokoro belt of eastern Hokkaido,Japan, suffered pervasive high–P/ Tetamorphism. Mineralassemblages and compositions of more than 400 metabasites fromthe Saroma–Tokoro district were investigated. The metabasites are divided into six metamorphic zones basedon mineral assemblages. The laumontite (Lm) zone is definedby the presence of laumontite. The prehnite–pumpellyite(Pr–Pp) zone is characterized by the association of prehnite+ pumpellyite. The lawsonite–sodic. pyroxene (Lw–Napx)zone is defined by the assemblage lawsonite + pumpellyite +sodic pyroxene + chlorite. The epidote–sodic pyroxene(Ep–Napx)(1) and (2) zones are charecterized by the assemblage epidote+ pumpellyite + sodic pyroxene + chlorite. The former is characterizedby the absence of aragonite, sodic amphibole, and winchite,as well as the presence of jadeite–poor sodic pyroxene(maxJd mol% = 13), whereas these minerals occur in the Ep–Napx(2)zone, together with jadeite–rich sodic pyroxene (max.Jd mol % = 34). In the epidote–actinolite (Ep–Act)zone, the most common assemblages contain epidote+ actionolite+ pumpellyite + chlorite. The Lm zone corresponds to the zeolite facies (150–200?Cand 1–2 kb) and the Pr–Pp zone is equivalent tothe prehnite–pumpellyite facies (200–250?C and 2–2–5kb). The Ep–Napx(I) zone appears to be stable at 200–250?C and 2? 5?3?5 kb. The pressure conditions in the Lw–Napx,Ep-Napx(2), and Ep–Act zones appear to range from 5 to6 kb, and the temperatures are estimated to be 200–230,230–270, and 270–300? C, respectively. The sequenceof the metamorphic zones is charaterized by the curved P–Tpath. The stability field of pumpellyite+ sodic+ pyroxene+ chloritein Fe₃+ bearing metabasites is located in the lower–temperatureand higher–pressure part of the pumpellyite–actionolitefacies. On the basis of Schreinmaker's method, the stabilityfield of the assemblage is bounded by a high–pressurereaction Pp+ Napx+ Chl+ Ab+ Qz+ H₂O= Lw+ Gl, and by a high-temperaturereaction Pp Napx+ Chl+ Ab+ Qz = Ep + Gl + H₂O.     

闽北麻源群变质流体对变质反应温度缓冲作用研究

闽北麻源群在空间上表现为巴罗式递增变质带：绿泥石带→黑云母带→石榴石带→十字石带→蓝晶石带→夕线石带。变质温度计算结果表明,区内蓝晶石带变质温度（４７０℃～５００℃）明显低于石榴石带和十字石带变质温度（５００℃～５５０℃）,即蓝晶石带在石榴石带和十字石带之前出现。这显然与传统的递增变质带理论相悖。流体组成化学平衡计算和变质反应热力学分析研究表明,蓝晶石带较低的变质温度并非是压力或退化变质作用所致,而是低ＸＨ２Ｏ流体对形成蓝晶石的脱水变质反应温度缓冲的结果,缓冲温度值高达１００℃～２００℃。本文从热力学理论上解释了缓冲作用的机制并估算了缓冲的温度范围,据此讨论了变质流体在变质相带研究方面的重要意义。     

苏北高压变质带及其与北侧超高压变质带的关系

在苏北超高压变质带以南存在一条与之平行的高压变质带。带内由东南向西北可进一步划分出蓝闪石-黑硬绿泥石带,石榴石-绿帘石带和蓝晶石-黄玉带三个变质亚带。从蓝门石-黑硬绿泥石带到蓝晶石-黄玉带变质温压逐渐升高,其峰期地热梯度为15±3℃/km,属于高压变质相系。北侧超高压变质带的典型矿物组合是石榴石+绿辉石+柯石英+金红石,地热梯度为9±2℃/km。高压变质带峰期变质与北侧超高压带峰期变质的地热梯度明显不同,而与超高压变质体的退变质地热梯度相吻合。结合同位素年代学资料,本文指出本区的高压变质作用与北侧的超高压变质作用不是同时发生,而是与超高压变质体的退变质作用同时发生于中生代的印支期。含柯石英榴辉岩的超高压峰期变质早于印支期,并经两次抬升出露于地表。     

Crystallization of the West Farrington Pluton, North Carolina, U.S.A.

The West Farrington pluton in the North Carolina Piedmont isconcentrically zoned from gabbro-diorite near the chilled marginsto leucogranodiorite in the center. A crystallization modelfor the West Farrington pluton has been derived utilizing chemical,petrographic, field, and experimental data. The model involvessimple in situ fractional crystallization from the margins inward,with minimal contamination, crystal settling and floating, ormetasomatism. Rocks of the pluton can be considered as mixturesof early crystallizing minerals (liquidus or near-liquidus phases)and crystallized interstitial liquids. Relative percentage ofentrapped pore liquid increased with increasing degree of crystallization. The original tonalite magma began crystallizing Fe-Ti spinels,plagioclase, and hornblende within a short temperature interval.Crystallization of these minerals controlled fractionation trends.The initial water content in the magma was probably 2–3per cent; under such conditions water saturation would havebeen reached after about 60 per cent of the magma crystallized,assuming crystallization in the lower epizone at about 2000bars total pressure.     

Composition of the Precambrian Llano Uplift,central Texas,U.S.A.

The Llano uplift exposes rocks of approximately 1000 m.y. age. The weighted average composition of the exposed crust is: 70.7% SiO₂; 0.35% TiO₂; 13.6% A1₂O₃; 3.4% total Fe as Fe₂O₃; 1.1% MgO; 2.6% CaO; 3.3% Na₂O; and 4.4% K₂O. This composition is similar to, but more potassic, than equivalent estimates for the Canadian shield.     

Quaternary lavas from the southern Cascades,western U.S.A.

A series of basaltic and andesitic lavas from three centers in the Cascades (Lassen, Medicine Lake, Mt. Shasta) have been investigated. The lavas are weakly porphyritic, containing phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite, and olivine or orthopyroxene; these phases are also found in the groundmass. Titanomagnetite is a groundmass phase in most lavas but it appears to be absent in some. A sub-calcic augite is found in the groundmass in some of the basic lavas. Orthopyroxenes are present only in the salic lavas and show an increase in calcium with increasing iron. The range in composition shown by both phenocryst and groundmass plagioclase is very similar except that the phenocrysts extend to slightly more calcic compositions. The residual glasses in many of the lavas have a rhyolitic composition. However, only those from the Shasta andesites have normative salic constituents that plot near the ternary minimum in the Ab-Or-Qtz system at 500 bars. Both chemical and mineralogical data allow the lavas of the different centers to be distinguished from one another. The most likely origin for the orogenic lavas of the Cascades is by partial melting of the upper mantle.     

Holocene lake-level trends in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.

The availability of water shapes life in the western United States, and much of the water in the region originates in the Rocky Mountains. Few studies, however, have explicitly examined the history of water levels in the Rocky Mountains during the Holocene. Here, we examine the past levels of three lakes near the Continental Divide in Montana and Colorado to reconstruct Holocene moisture trends. Using transects of sediment cores and sub-surface geophysical profiles from each lake, we find that mid-Holocene shorelines in the small lakes (4–110 ha) were as much as 10 m below the modern lake surfaces. Our results are consistent with existing evidence from other lakes and show that a wide range of settings in the region were much drier than today before 3000–2000 years ago. We also discuss evidence for millennial-scale moisture variation, including an abruptly-initiated and -terminated wet period in Colorado from 4400 to 3700 cal yr BP, and find only limited evidence for low-lake stands during the past millennium. The extent of low-water levels during the mid-Holocene, which were most severe and widespread ca 7000–4500 cal yr BP, is consistent with the extent of insolation-induced aridity in previously published regional climate model simulations. Like the simulations, the lake data provide no evidence for enhanced zonal flow during the mid-Holocene, which has been invoked to explain enhanced mid-continent aridity at the time. The data, including widespread evidence for large changes on orbital time scales and for more limited changes during the last millennium, confirm the ability of large boundary-condition changes to push western water supplies beyond the range of recent natural variability.     

Crystal Accumulation and Magma Mixing in the Petrogenesis of Tholeiitic Andesites from Fukujin Seamount, Northern Mariana Island Arc

Fukujin Seamount is a large, active, submarine volcano on thevolcanic front in the northernseamount province (NSP) of theMariana island arc (MIA). Five dredge hauls from the summitand upper flanks of Fukujin recovered mainly highly porphyriticbasaltic andesites. A few nearly aphyric samples are medium-Ksiliceous andesites (SiO₂ = 62%, K₂O = 1•5%). Fukujin andmost other large arc-front volcanoes of the northern MIA havetholeiitic (iron-enrichment) fractionation trends. This contrastswith the calc-alkaline trends of many smaller seamounts. A negativecorrelation of modal plagioclase content with bulk-rock SiO₂,as well as bulk-rock major and trace element variation trends,and glass analyses, suggests that lavas with >30 vol.% phenocrystsand <55 wt.% SiO₂ are partial cumulates. The presence ofbimodal phenocryst populations along with reversed to normalzoning of phenocrysts is explained by magma mixing of andesiticand basaltic liquids. Hybrid basaltic andesites probably formedby the accumulation of plagioclase in a tholeiitic magma chamberundergoing replenishment and mixing at a shallow crustal level.A petrogenetic model is presented for the origin of basalticandesite by combined magma mixing and fractional crystallization.Aphyric siliceous andesites can be modelled by simple fractionationof basaltic andesite. The early fractionating assemblage consistedmainly of plagioclase and clinopyroxene, with lesser olivineand minor magnetite, but plagioclase remained suspended in themelt. The later fractionating assemblage was dominated by plagioclasewith orthopyroxene instead of olivine. ^*Present address: 2260 rue Panet, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 3A6, Canada.