莱州湾及东营近岸海域生物体中有机氯农药 和多氯联苯污染状况与风险评价

2011年5月采集莱州湾及东营近岸海域鱼、贝、甲壳(蟹、虾)、头足四类235个生物体样品, 用气相色谱法测定其中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)及多氯联苯(PCBs)含量, 对其残留水平、分布、组成特征及污染源进行分析, 对污染现状及人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明, 研究海域生物体中HCHs含量(湿重) N.D.—5.73?g/kg; DDTs含量(湿重) 0.122—304?g/kg; PCBs含量(湿重) N.D.—6.51?g/kg。根据各同分异构体百分比组成分析, 莱州湾及东营近岸海域近期无新的大面积HCHs、DDTs污染输入。与同类研究相比, 莱州湾及东营近岸海域生物体PCBs含量处于较低水平, 而HCHs和DDTs含量处于中间水平。通过污染指数分析得出: 所有生物体HCHs、PCBs均未受到污染; 55%生物体DDTs受到不同程度污染。研究海域生物体HCHs、DDTs、PCBs含量低于各国食品安全限量; 以美国环保局推荐方法评价本海域生物体HCHs、PCBs食用致癌风险为可接受风险, 但是DDTs含量存在一定的致癌风险。     

浙江沿岸海域经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留分布与污染评价

对2006年6月和2007年6月采集于浙江沿岸海域12个站位的5种经济贝类样品,采用气相色谱(GC)方法,进行了有机氯农药(HCHs和DDTs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)残留量的检测,分析了不同种类贝类中HCHs、DDTs和PCBs异构体组分特征,探讨了浙江沿岸海域HCHs、DDTs和PCBs残留分布状况、年际变化趋势和DDTs的来源,并与厦门岛东部等5个主要沿海海域进行了污染物残留量的比较。结果表明:(1)调查区各海域贝类中的HCHs、DDTs和PCBs残留量(湿质量)分别为:(ND~7.86)×10-9,(0.72~281.73)×10-9,(ND~97.95)×10-9;残留量(湿质量)平均值分别为:1.50×10-9,33.65×10-9,19.56×10-9。调查区各海域所有贝类中的HCHs残留量,均符合国家一类生物质量标准,DDTs残留量仅在四角蛤蜊中符合国家一类生物质量标准,在其余4种贝类中仅符合国家二类生物质量标准。DDTs残留量平均值明显高于HCHs和PCBs,因此可以将DDTs视为调查区各海域典型的有机氯污染物。(2)在HCHs和DDTs组分中,分别以-αHCH和P,P-′DDT占优势;在PCBs中,以含4~7个氯原子的PCB占主要优势,调查区部分海域有新的HCHs和DDTs污染源。(3)自2006年6月至2007年6月,HCHs和PCBs残留量总体呈下降趋势,而DDTs残留量则呈上升趋势,不同海域的有机氯残留量有较明显差异。DDTs的污染源与农业生产中三氯杀螨醇的使用有关。(4)与厦门岛东部等5个主要沿海地区相比,浙江沿岸海域经济贝类有机氯污染物中,HCHs残留量仍处于较低水平,DDTs残留量处于中等水平,PCBs残留量则处于较高水平。     

海州湾北部海域表层沉积物污染分布特征及环境质量评价

为了了解海州湾北部海域表层沉积物污染分布特征及环境质量状况,以2010-09在该海域的监测数据为基础,分析了该海域表层沉积物污染物含量及污染分布特征,并采用单因子质量指数法对该海域沉积物的质量情况进行评价。结果表明:1)表层沉积物的分布在调查海域承现中部及西部近岸区域高,东部低的趋势;2)该海域表层沉积物各调查要素符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准。     

广西海域沉积物重金属、滴滴涕、多氯联苯含量及生态风险分析

在广西近岸海域采集了36个站位的表层沉积物样品,测定了沉积物样品中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Hg、As共7种重金属和DDTs、PCBs共2种持久性有机污染物的含量,分析了各检测因子的含量和分布特征,对沉积物中7种重金属和DDTs、PCBs进行了综合生态风险评价。结果表明:广西海域沉积物中重金属平均含量(×10-6,干重)顺序为Zn(49.4)>Cr(41.7)> Cu(21.5)>Pb(15.6)>As(9.1)>Cd(0.07)>Hg(0.026),持久性有机污染物平均含量(×10-9,干重)为PCBs(2.97)> DDTs(0.88),重金属、DDTs、PCBs所有站位含量平均值均低于一类标准,广西海域沉积物Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Hg、As、DDTs、PCBs总体含量水平较低;沉积物重金属潜在生态风险程度排序为Hg>As>Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn,36个监测站位的潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为19.51,广西海域总体潜在风险程度较轻,属低潜在生态风险,位于茅尾海和廉州湾的站位潜在生态风险较高,As和Cu为主要的潜在生态风险因子;沉积物中DDTs、PCBs的残留水平生态风险较低,但部分站位DDTs含量介于其相应的ERL和ERM之间。     

大连湾和杭州湾表层沉积物中多氯联苯和有机氯农药及风险评价

对大连湾与杭州湾沉积物样品中多氯联苯(Polychlorinated Biphenyls,PCBs)和有机氯农药(Organochlorine Pesticides,OCPs)进行了分析测定。结果表明,大连湾和杭州湾沉积物中PCBs的含量为0.72~14.87 ng/g和0.76~3.86 ng/g,其中3、4、5氯联苯比例较高,其和超过总含量的70%;OCPs的含量为2.98~32.23 ng/g和1.61~4.71 ng/g,其中主要成分为六六六(Hexachlorocyclohexanes,HCHs)和滴滴涕(Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylenes,DDTs)。大连湾和杭州湾表层沉积物中HCHs主要来自农业使用,而且大连湾有新的DDTs输入,杭州湾表层沉积物中的DDTs则主要来自历史残留。生态风险评价的结果表明,PCBs几乎不会对研究区域产生生态风险,OCPs对杭州湾也不会造成潜在的生态风险,但大连湾的OCPs处于中等风险水平,应当引起关注。     

桑沟湾经济贝类有机氯农药和多氯联苯残留水平及分布特征

采用气相色谱法定量测定了桑沟湾海域2009年4月-2009年12月的经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留量。结果显示：该海域贝类中 HCHs 为 N.D.~2.04×10-9,均值为0.30×10-9; DDTs 为(0.13~3.36)×10-9,均值为0.97×10-9;PCBs为(0.01~3.20)×10-9,均值为0.59×10-9,有机氯物质含量均低于相关国家标准值,符合食用安全要求。经济贝类中的有机氯农药的组分特征为HCHs中b-HCH占优势, DDTs中p, p′-DDT占相对优势; PCBs中多为5~7个氯原子。与北海等6个海域相比,桑沟湾海域经济贝类有机氯污染物中, HCHs、DDTs和PCBs的残留量都处于中等水平。     

大亚湾海域典型有机氯农药生物累积特征及变化因素研究

于2003年采集大亚湾海域28个鱼类等生物样品和14个表层沉积物样品,分析其中滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)和氯丹(CHLs)各组分的含量以及脂含量和δ15N,δ13C同位素值,重点研究了大亚湾沉积物和生物体中有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染现状及其生物积累规律.大亚湾海域鱼类DDTs,HCHs和CHLs平均含量分别为57.1±52.9,0.30±0.18和0.87±0.35ng/g(湿重);与其他海区相比,该海域生物体中DDTs的含量相对较高,HCHs和CHLs较低;表层沉积物中高的p,p'-DDT含量及较低的(DDE+DDD)/DDT比值(平均为0.56,<1),均显示仍有新的DDTs源输入;OCPs在生物累积中表现出脂溶性的特征,生物体内脂含量越高,其OCPs含量也越高;δ15N,δ13C同位素的研究结果显示肉食性生物比植食性生物更易累积OCPs;大亚湾海域OCPs的生物-沉积物累积系数(BSAF)与有机物的亲脂性程度即辛醇-水比值(K_OW)存在显著的正相关.     

广西钦州湾近江牡蛎体有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留水平与分布

对广西钦州湾近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)体有机氯农药(HCHs和DDTs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留水平进行监测与分析。结果表明:近江牡蛎体中HCHs、DDTs和PCBs的质量比分别为ND～0.23μg/kg、0.01～0.21μg/kg和ND～2.3μg/kg;检出率分别为45%、100%和95%,3种污染物含量符合国家《海洋生物质量》第一类标准和无公害水产品质量要求。相对国内其他海区而言,钦州湾近江牡蛎受HCHs、DDTs和PCBs污染程度处于低污染水平。     

甬江口海洋倾倒区沉积物中多氯联苯分布特征和生态风险评价

为了探讨甬江口海洋倾倒区附近海域表层沉积物中多氯联苯的污染水平及生态环境影响,对2014年1月在甬江口倾倒区及附近海域采集的8个沉积物样品用气相色谱法测定PCBs残留量,并且进行环境生态风险评价。结果显示:甬江口海洋倾倒区表层沉积物中PCBs含量为1.310~6.538 μg·kg^-1,平均值为3.413 μg·kg^-1,其分布表现为西北和东南向PCBs含量高于倾倒区;10种指示性PCBs中,主要以低氯代的PCB28、PCB118和PCB155为主,其中PCB118和PCB155在表层沉积物中的含量相对较高,其含量在各采样站位中占PCBs总量的26.1%~93.1%。甬江口海洋倾倒区沉积物中PCBs污染水平低于长江口、闽江口及珠江口,高于鸭绿江口、辽河口及黄河口。采用潜在生态危害指数法、加拿大环境质量标准ISQG法、生态风险值(EPA)法及毒性当量因子法进行评价,结果基本一致:甬江口海洋倾倒区属于较低生态风险,一般不会引起生物的负效应。     

西北太平洋海域黑潮区有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度及其组成特征

由于传统持久性有机污染物（POPs）如有机氯农药（OCPs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）在全球范围内被广泛的限制或禁用,各种环境介质中的污染物浓度呈现逐年降低的趋势。西北太平洋作为远离大陆的开放性海域,无明显的污染点源,其洋流在POPs的输送和扩散过程中扮演重要的角色。本研究采集西北太平洋黑潮区表层和次表层（2～5 m和150 m）水体为研究对象,分析其中溶解态OCPs（六六六（HCHs）、滴滴涕（DDTs）、氯丹（CHLs））和PCBs的浓度及组成特征。结果显示,黑潮区表层水体中HCHs、 DDTs、 CHLs和PCBs的浓度范围分别为30.7～68.8 pg/L、 6.16～23.8 pg/L、1.07～5.75 pg/L和49.8～124 pg/L;次表层水体中分别为27.3～68.4 pg/L、7.06～14.1 pg/L、0.518～10.1 pg/L和34.1～68.4 pg/L。HCHs各异构体的比值特征表明该海域以林丹输入为主,而DDTs和CHLs的比值结果显示,该海域水体中滴滴涕和氯丹均主要是来自于历史残留。水体中PCBs主要以三氯联苯、四氯联苯为主,与东亚多氯联苯的历史使...     

厦门港湾沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的垂直分布特征

从厦门港海区采集两根沉积柱样，研究有机氯农药六六六（ＨＣＨｓ），滴滴涕（ＤＤＴｓ）和多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）在沉积物中的垂直分布，ＨＣＨｓ，ＤＤＴｓ及ＰＣＢｓ含量用ＧＣ法测定，取自厦门港湾口的１号柱样ＨＣＨｓ，ＤＤＴｓ和ＰＣＢｓ的含量范围分别为０．１２～ ０．３２ｎｇ／ｇ，４．６４～１０．５ｎｇ／ｇ和０．０９～０．４６ｎｇ／ｇ取自厦门西港内湾的５号柱样采分别为０．１７～０．３１ｎｇ／ｇ，３．６５     

湛江湾陆源入海排污口沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的残留和来源

由于含有DDT的防污漆和林丹曾在我国使用,一些渔港`DDTs和HCHs的残留严重,湛江湾作为我国南方重要的渔港和养殖地区相关研究较少。为评估湛江湾HCHs和DDTs的残留状况和来源,本研究调查分析了湛江湾11个陆源入海排污口沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的含量、空间分布和来源。自1980s以来,研究区域HCHs的残留量明显下降,但DDTs含量变化较小,甚至在一些站位出现较高值。HCHs和DDTs组成和特征比值显示HCHs可能来自湛江湾周围土壤中残留的HCHs和近期少量的输入,DDTs可能来自工业DDTs的历史残留和含有DDTs的防污漆。根据沉积物质量指导,DDTs对海洋环境具有一定生态风险,可能对海洋生物体产生危害。本研究表明林丹和含有DDT的防污漆在湛江可能还有使用,相关部门应该加强控制管理,以及对现有污染区域的治理。     

Trace organic contaminants and their sources in surface sediments of Santa Monica Bay,California, USA

Spatial distribution of selected contaminants in the surface sediments of Santa Monica Bay (SMB), California was investigated. Sediments were analyzed for DDTs (DDT and metabolites), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and coprostanol. Effluent samples from the Hyperion Treatment Plant (HTP), which discharges treated municipal wastewater effluents into SMB, were also analyzed. The inter-correlation in the distribution trends of contaminants was examined. The concentrations of contaminants were interpolated in a geographic information system to visualize their spatial distribution in the Bay. Inventories of the contaminants were also estimated.The concentrations of coprostanol, LABs and PCBs are very high only in the vicinity of the sewage outfall whereas PAHs and DDTs occur widespread in the Bay. The poor correlation of DDTs with LABs, PAHs or coprostanol content confirms the historic origin of DDTs and their absence in the contemporary wastewaters. Moderate correlation of DDTs with PCBs implies historic deposits as a major origin of PCBs. There are hot spots of DDTs at water depths of 60 and 100 m and the inventory of DDTs in Bay sediments is insignificant compared to that estimated in the Palos Verdes Shelf which extends from the southern edge of Redondo Canyon around Palos Verdes Peninsula. The concentration of toxic contaminants was examined according to published sediment quality guidelines. About 20 stations contain p, p′-DDE and/or total DDTs above ERM and, PCBs between ERL and ERM indicating potential for adverse biological effects.     

Assessment of toxicological status of a SW Mediterranean segment population of striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) using skin biopsy

Various studies have revealed high concentrations of contaminants such as organochlorines (OCs) and heavy metals in Mediterranean cetaceans. A geographical trend of contamination (PCBs and DDTs) has been found for striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). In this study we used a non-lethal approach (skin biopsy) to investigate bioaccumulation of OCs, including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), trace elements (Hg, Cd, Pb) and CYP1A activity (BPMO) in nine striped dolphins sampled in the Aeolian area (Sicily - Italy) in summer 2002. The arithmetic mean value of BPMO activity in this group was 43.46 AUF/g tissue/h. This value is approximately 3 times and 5 times lower, respectively, than the value found in the Ionian and in the Ligurian groups. Skin biopsies of striped dolphins emerged as a suitable material for assessing the toxicological status of the various Mediterranean groups.     

Assessment of toxicological status of a SW Mediterranean segment population of striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) using skin biopsy

Various studies have revealed high concentrations of contaminants such as organochlorines (OCs) and heavy metals in Mediterranean cetaceans. A geographical trend of contamination (PCBs and DDTs) has been found for striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). In this study we used a non-lethal approach (skin biopsy) to investigate bioaccumulation of OCs, including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), trace elements (Hg, Cd, Pb) and CYP1A activity (BPMO) in nine striped dolphins sampled in the Aeolian area (Sicily – Italy) in summer 2002. The arithmetic mean value of BPMO activity in this group was 43.46 AUF/g tissue/h. This value is approximately 3 times and 5 times lower, respectively, than the value found in the Ionian and in the Ligurian groups. Skin biopsies of striped dolphins emerged as a suitable material for assessing the toxicological status of the various Mediterranean groups.     

Geographical and temporal variation in levels of organochlorine contaminants in marine mammals

The interpretation of the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in organochlorine concentrations in marine mammal populations is complex because of the lack of wide-scale, long-term surveys. Therefore the results from several surveys must be combined and this causes undesired heterogeneity due to differences in the sampling and analytical techniques used and in the biological characteristics of the individuals sampled. Moreover, information is not homogeneously distributed in either space or in time. Most research is concentrated in western Europe, northern America and certain areas of Asia, while it is extremely limited or non-existent in Africa and most regions of the southern hemisphere. Marine mammals from the temperate fringe of the northern hemisphere, particularly fish-eating species which inhabit the mid-latitudes of Europe and North America, show the greatest organochlorine loads; noteworthy are the extremely high levels found in the Mediterranean Sea and certain locations on the western coasts of the United States. Concentrations in the tropical and equatorial fringe of the northern hemisphere and throughout the southern hemisphere are low or extremely low. The polar regions of both hemispheres showed the lowest concentrations of DDTs and PCBs, although levels of HCHs, chlordanes and HCB were moderate to high in the cold waters of the North Pacific. During recent decades, concentrations have tended to decrease in the regions where pollution was initially high but they have increased in regions located far from the pollution source as a consequence of atmospheric transport and redistribution. It is expected that the Arctic and, to a lesser extent, the Antarctic, will become major sinks for organochlorines in the future; this process may already be significant for some compounds such as HCB and HCHs. Effort should be devoted to both assessment of organochlorine trends in the now highly polluted populations of the temperate fringe of the northern hemisphere and to the implementation of long-term monitoring of marine mammal populations inhabiting polar regions.