三种高寒草甸植被分布及与湍流交换通量关系的比较

对海北定位站分布的金露梅灌丛草甸、矮嵩草草甸、藏嵩草沼泽化草甸3种高寒植被类型群落结构、感热(H)和潜热(LE)通量比较观测表明,3种植被类型年地上净初级生产力表现出矮嵩草草甸(318.600g/m2)>藏嵩草沼泽化草甸(258.341g/m2)>金露梅灌丛草甸(217.695g/m2)。植物种类组成有矮嵩草草甸(54种)>金露梅灌丛草甸(47种)>沼泽草甸(24种)。3种植被类型区近地表大气能量交换过程中,LE和H的月际变化明显,而且随植被类型的不同月际变化差异显著。3种不同植被类型在年内均表现出H LE>0,表明在青海海北高寒草甸地区,太阳辐射强烈,近地层湍流输送明显,地表为一热源。3类型高寒草甸植被的年地上净生产量基本与波文比(β)呈现正效应,与LE H呈现明显的反效应。植物种类组成基本与LE H有反效应,与β呈明显的正效应。     

青海海北高寒草甸五种植被生物量及环境条件比较

分析了高寒草甸不同植被类型植物种类组成、生物量变化规律及其差异。研究表明不同植被类型的分布与土壤湿度和温度有很大的关系。藏篙草草甸、金露梅灌丛草甸、矮篙草草甸、正恢复的矮篙草草甸、小嵩草草甸这5种不同植被类型所对应的土壤湿度依次降低，而所对应的土壤温度依次升高；植物种类数量表现为矮嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞小篙草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸＞藏篙草草甸。地上生物量高低依次为小嵩草革甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸＞藏篙草草甸；地下生物量则表现出金露梅灌丛革甸＞矮嵩草甸＞小篙草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸的特征，而其在年内的周转值表现出金露梅灌丛草甸＞正承复的矮嵩草草甸＞小篙草草甸＞矮篙草草甸;土壤有机质的季节变化表现为0—40cn整层土壤有机质含量小嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸，0—10cm的表层土壤有机质金露梅灌丛草甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞小嵩草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸。     

雅鲁藏布江中上游植物群落的数量分类与排序（英文）

本文基于雅鲁藏布江流域植被调查数据和环境数据对研究区植被群落组成、物种组成与环境关系进行数量生态学分析。结果表明:(1)采用TWINSPAN分类法把雅鲁藏布江中上游地区的44个调查样地划分为7个群落类型,分别是垫型蒿+紫花针茅群落、纤杆蒿+紫花针茅+藏沙蒿群落、高山嵩草群落、三角草群落、砂生槐+水栒子+白草群落、冷蒿群落以及金露梅+固沙草群落。(2)DCA排序显示,样地和物种的分布格局主要受经度和海拔因素的影响。(3)CCA排序的结果再次表明,经度变化引起的温度和降水的改变是控制整个雅鲁藏布江中上游植被群落类型形成和变化的主要因子,并将自然植被分成了针茅、沙蒿等为优势种的荒漠草原群落(源头地区),固沙草、青藏薹草为优势种的高寒草原群落(中游地区),以及灌丛、农田等植被群落(雅江与年楚河汇流处)。     

高寒植被类型及其植物生产力的监测

监测并分析了高寒草甸二种不同植被类型的生态环境条件、植物种类组成、生物量变化规律及其差异。研究表明：距离相近且海拔高度基本相同的矮蒿草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸二种群落内部,由于受地形部位影响,虽然降水基本相同,但地表受热及蒸发量不同,土壤湿度存在明显差异。受上述环境条件特别是受土壤温湿度条件的限制,二种群落内的植物种类不同,地下、地上生物量的变化也不同,一般在山地阴坡主要分布着以金露梅灌丛为优势种外,多以线叶蒿草、小蒿草、羊茅、及其它杂草类为伴生种的金露梅灌丛草甸植被类型,而主要分布于滩地的矮蒿草草甸多以垂穗披碱草等植物为伴生种的湿中性植被类型,属典型的高寒草甸植被类型。生物量监测结果的比较分析表明,群落的地上生物量为：矮蒿草草甸 > 金露梅灌丛草甸;地下生物量随植被类型的不同,其峰值与谷值出现时间不一致。年内地下净生产量为：金露梅灌丛草甸 > 矮蒿草草甸。地下生产量周转值为：矮蒿草草甸 > 金露梅灌丛草甸。     

青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线高寒植被、土壤特性与人工植被恢复研究

 对青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线不同海拔梯度下高寒植被与土壤特征进行研究。沿线高寒植被的主要分布种有91个,主要建群种为:紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii Falc)、藏异燕麦(Helictotrichon tibeticum)、黄芪(Astragalus)、棘豆(Oxytropis)、粗壮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)、矮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)等。高寒植被物种数、平均盖度、地下生物量和总生物量与海拔呈正相关性,而平均高度和地上生物量与海拔呈负相关性。沿线高寒植物群落主要可划分为海拔小于4 000 m的高寒荒漠植被、海拔4 000~4 500 m的高寒河谷灌丛植被、海拔4 500~4 700 m的高寒草原植被、海拔4 700~4 800 m的高寒垫状植被、海拔4 800~4 900 m的高寒草甸植被和海拔5 000 m左右的高寒沼泽和高寒流石坡植被。土壤全氮和有机质含量都与海拔高度呈正相关性,但全磷、全钾及pH值则在高海拔地区达到最低。沿线土壤颗粒组成主要以中、细沙(d＜0.4 mm)为主,占到了总含量的85%以上,因此,中、细沙是构成沿线土壤的最主要颗粒。沿线植被恢复比较有效的方法是选择紫花针茅、垂穗披碱草、燕麦、棘豆、黄芪、蒿草、梭罗草等当地草种,采取原生植物种子异地繁殖,再经沿线播种或栽培抚育,从而达到植被恢复的目的。该研究对青藏铁路沿线的植被恢复与植物防沙工程具有一定的指导意义。     

青藏高原典型植被土壤溶解性氮与植物量相关性分析

研究区域位于中国生态网络海北高寒草甸生态系统定位研究站,选取青藏高原典型植被禾草-矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸,对其土壤速效无机氮(IN)/溶解性有机氮(DON)储量与植物量相关性进行分析,发现三种草地土壤IN储量同地上植物量具有正相关性,其中灌丛相关系数高于草甸;地带性植被(禾草-矮嵩草草甸)土壤IN储量同地上植物量之间的相关性高于其偏途演替阶段(小嵩草草甸);土壤溶解性有机氮的消耗同地上植物量的形成具有一定程度的正相关性,其中小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸达到中度相关水平,禾草-矮嵩草草甸为低度相关水平;地下根系现存量同IN/DON之间均没有明显的相关关系.说明土壤IN/DON对地上植物量的形成可能具有一定程度的贡献,如果这一论断成立,那么研究其对植物量形成的贡献形式及过程将成为亟待解决的问题.     

寒冻雏形土不同地形部位土壤湿度及其与主要植被类型的对应关系

寒冻雏形土不同地形部位土壤湿度均有较高的水平,0cm～60cm整层土壤湿度北坡＞滩地＞南坡.土壤湿度在年内可分为春季水分消耗期、雨季初水分补给期、水分波动消耗期和冬季冻结水分稳定聚集期.在垂直方向随深度加深湿度逐渐降低,北坡极为明显,南坡及滩地降低幅度均匀.土壤湿度随时间的变化过程分解为周期性变化项、随机性分量项及趋势项.同时表明,在土壤湿度较低的南坡,以小嵩草等为主的草原化草甸植被类型;土壤湿度适中的滩地,多以矮嵩草为主的高寒嵩草草甸植被类型;湿度较高的北坡,多以金露梅为主的灌丛草甸植被类型;而在土壤湿度很高、地表长久积水的河边,多以藏嵩草等为主的沼泽化草甸植被类型.     

高寒金露梅灌丛草甸植被反射率特征

根据祁连山海北高寒金露梅灌丛草甸2004年观测的太阳总辐射和反射辐射资料,分析了高寒金露梅灌丛草甸植被反射率（A）的变化特征。结果表明,金露梅灌丛草甸A在日间或一年间均表现出＂U＂型变化规律,晴天、昙天和阴云天气状况下的早晚略有差异,中午前后的A值三者无明显差异。季节不同下垫面性质不同的影响,A的分布不同。海北高寒金露梅灌丛草甸A的月平均在植物生长季内5～9月为0.15,植物非生长季的10月～翌年4月为0.20,年平均A为0.18。     

青海表土花粉分布规律及其与植被的关系

对青海地区63个样点进行植被调查及表土样点分析结果显示:青海地区山地针叶林、针阔混交林、高山灌丛-灌丛草甸、温带草原、灌木-半灌木荒漠及高寒荒漠植被区均有相对独特的花粉组合特征。乔木类中桦呈超代表性,云杉、柏、杨属呈低代表性;灌木、草本中白刺、沙拐枣、柽柳呈低代表性,蒿、藜、麻黄呈超代表性,蔷薇科金露梅、银露梅在自身为优势种的落叶灌丛群落中呈低代表性,在针阔叶林、灌丛草甸过渡带中呈适中代表性。禾本科、莎草科、菊科、豆科、十字花科呈低代表性。A/C值在不同生态环境下的变化幅度较大,但数据组显示A/C值中位数值由半干旱向干旱植被区逐次降低,如草甸和草原为4.14,高山灌丛为2.93,荒漠草原为1.22,荒漠灌丛为0.13,荒漠戈壁为0.05。可见,A/C值能很好地反映环境干湿程度,是环境干旱程度的良好指标。     

试论贺兰山植物多样性的若干特点

通过实地考察,对贺兰山植物多样性特点进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,贺兰山植物多样性主要表现为植物种类丰富多样、区系地理成分复杂多样、山地植被垂直带类型多样和形态、生理生态适应性多样等一系列鲜明特点：根据中国植被分类标准,山体植被带分为山麓荒漠草原带、旱生乔灌木带、油松山杨林带和高山灌丛带：不同植被带由不同的植被类型组成;植被类型除了受海拔梯度影响外,水分条件也成为影响植被坡向分异的关键因子,从山麓到山顶,阴坡的植被类型依次为荒漠、荒漠草原、典型草原、疏林灌丛、亚高山灌丛、高山灌丛草甸,而阳坡的植被类型依次为灌丛、湿性针叶林、寒温性针叶林、亚高山针叶林和高山灌丛草甸。该研究对于了解中国干旱区草原和荒漠过渡区的山地植被空间分布特征具有重大意义。     

孢粉指示鄂陵湖地区晚全新世以来植被与环境演化

通过对黄河源地区鄂陵湖地层剖面的研究,综合分析同一地区不同植被带孢粉代用指标,获得了晚全新世以来鄂陵湖流域植被及气候演变记录。1)1.90~1.60 ka BP,植被类型以高寒草原为主,区域气候干旱寒冷;2)1.60~0.80 ka BP,为高寒草甸景观,孢粉组合反映出次生植被具有垂直地带性,湖滨地区次生植被为十字花科及紫菀属,而阴坡和山顶区则为紫菀属及蒲公英属,干旱程度有所缓解;3)0.80 ka BP~,整体景观为莎草、十字花科、蒿属为主的高寒草甸景观,气候转向暖湿,但整体仍较为干旱。其中,0.66~0.84 ka BP出现一次湿润时期,植被丰富。     

伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布

结合2008年和2009年野外实地调查与室内分析的资料,运用方差分析等方法对伊犁河谷高山草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、温性针叶林等9种不同植被条件下的土壤有机碳含量分布及其储量进行了分析估算.研究结果表明:伊犁河谷土壤有机碳含量因植被类型变化而不同.在0～50 cm土层范围,高山草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,其次是温性针叶林和典型草原,含量最低的是隐域植被和荒漠植被土壤.除隐域植被外,各植被类型下土壤有机碳含最基本呈随着土层深度增加而降低的,变化趋势.有机碳密度同样是高山草甸、草甸草原和温性针叶林土壤有机碳密度较高且比较相近,荒漠植被下土壤有机碳密度最低.伊犁河谷草地表层土壤有机碳含量高、密度大,因此应重视对伊犁河谷草地的保护,尤其要保护草地表层土壤以降低浅层土壤有机碳发生变化的可能性,维护土壤碳库的稳定性.     

Distribution of soil organic carbon under different vegetation zones in the Ili River Valley,Xinjiang

We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ili River valley, Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.     

新疆伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布(英文)

We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow,meadow steppe,typical steppe,desert steppe,and temperate coniferous forest and so on,in the Ili River valley,Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009.The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation.In the 0-50 cm soil horizon,the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe,slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe,and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types.The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation.Similarly,the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow,meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest,and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type.Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high,so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley,and especially their topsoil,should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced,and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.     

贺兰山表土花粉与花粉通量对比研究

贺兰山西坡4个植被类型(荒漠草原、榆树疏林、青海云杉林、高山灌丛草甸)的18个表土样品和12个捕捉器样品花粉组合与周围植被对比研究表明,表土和捕捉器样品花粉组合能较好地代表当地的植被类型,但荒漠草原带、榆树疏林带和高山灌丛草甸带捕捉器样品花粉组合表现植物建群种比表土样品好,青海云杉林植被带表土样品花粉组合表现植物建群种比捕捉器样品好。松属、蒿属和藜科花粉表土样品花粉组合百分比高于捕捉器样品,表明这4种花粉类型易于在表土环境保存,蔷薇科、豆科和杨属捕捉器样品花粉组合百分比高于表土样品,表明这3种花粉类型不易在表土环境保存。捕捉器样品花粉组合反映植物多样性比表土样品好,绣线菊、百合科、毛茛科和石竹科花粉在捕捉器样品花粉组合出现,而在表土样品花粉组合均未发现。捕捉器样品花粉组合聚类分析结果显示不同植被带花粉组合差异明显,而表土样品花粉组合聚类分析只可区分荒漠草原植被和高山灌丛草甸植被。     

Quantitative Classification and Ordination of Plant Communities in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

Based on vegetation survey data and environmental data of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, we conducted a quantitative ecological analysis of the vegetation community composition and the relationship between species and the environment in the study area. The results showed that 44 sampling sites and 68 plant species in the study area can be classified into seven subtypes: Artemisia minor + Stipa purpurea; Artemisia demissa + Stipa purpurea + Artemisia wellbyi; Kobresia pygmaea; Trikeraia hookeri; Sophora moorcroftiana + Cotoneaster multiflorus + Pennisetum centrasiaticum; Artemisia frigida; Potentilla fruticosa + Orinus thoroldii. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated that both longitude and altitude play important roles in site and species distribution patterns. In addition, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, changes in temperature and precipitation caused by longitude are the main factors controlling the formation and transition of vegetation community types. Moreover, natural vegetation could be divided into three types: desert steppe community (source area), alpine steppe community (middle reaches region), and shrub community (confluence of Yarlung Zangbo River and Nyangqu River).     

Responses of aboveground biomass of alpine grasslands to climate changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Aboveground biomass in grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has displayed an overall increasing trend during 2003-2016, which is profoundly influenced by climate change. However, the responses of different biomes show large discrepancies, in both size and magnitude. By applying partial least squares regression, we calculated the correlation between peak aboveground biomass and mean monthly temperature and monthly total precipitation in the preceding 12 months for three different grassland types (alpine steppe, alpine meadow, and temperate steppe) on the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that mean temperature in most preceding months was positively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow and alpine steppe, while mean temperature in the preceding October and February to June was significantly negatively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of temperate steppe. Precipitation in all months had a promoting effect on biomass of alpine meadow, but its correlations with biomass of alpine steppe and temperate steppe were inconsistent. It is worth noting that, in a warmer, wetter climate, peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow would increase more than that of alpine steppe, while that of temperate steppe would decrease significantly, providing support for the hypothesis of conservative growth strategies by vegetation in stressed ecosystems.     

哈拉湖流域表土花粉与植被关系研究

哈拉湖位于青海省境内祁连山系西部,属于高山内陆湖泊。对哈拉湖域进行了植被样方调查及表土、湖底表层沉积物花粉分析,结果显示该流域表土花粉组合能较好地反映样方植被群落特征,高寒荒漠草原植被样点花粉组合以蒿属、菊科、藜科花粉为主,高寒草甸样点莎草科花粉占绝对优势。R值分析结果显示藜科、莎草科和蒿属花粉具有超代表性,而禾本科、菊科、豆科花粉具有低代表性特征。湖底表层沉积物中的花粉分析结果显示湖泊沉积物花粉受控于湖泊近源植被,花粉组合能较好反映湖区整体植被特征,花粉分布具有均一性。沉积物表层花粉组合以蒿属、藜科为主,双气囊型花粉如云杉属、松属等少量出现,表明河流和风力是哈拉湖沉积物花粉输入的主要动力。该研究为在哈拉湖地区利用花粉重建古植被提供了重要的参考依据。     

Eco-environment range in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers

Based on geographical and hydrological extents delimited, four principles are identified, as the bases for delineating the ranges of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in the paper. According to the comprehensive analysis of topographical characteristics, climate conditions, vegetation distribution and hydrological features, the source region ranges for eco-environmental study are defined. The eastern boundary point is Dari hydrological station in the upper reach of the Yellow River. The watershed above Dari hydrological station is the source region of the Yellow River which drains an area of 4.49×104 km2. Natural environment is characterized by the major topographical types of plateau lakes and marshland, gentle landforms, alpine cold semi-arid climate, and steppe and meadow vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River. The eastern boundary point is the convergent site of the Nieqiaqu and the Tongtian River in the upstream of the Yangtze River. The watershed above the convergent site is the source region of the Yangtze River, with a watershed area of 12.24×104 km2. Hills and alpine plain topography, gentle terrain, alpine cold arid and semi-arid climate, and alpine cold grassland and meadow are natural conditions in the source region of the Yangtze River.     

1982~2013年青藏高原高寒草地覆盖变化及与气候之间的关系

利用GIMMS NDVI数据和地面气象站台观测数据,对青藏高原1982~2013年高寒草地覆盖时空变化及其对气象因素的响应进行研究,结果表明：青藏高原高寒草地生长季NDVI表现为从东南到西北逐渐减少的趋势,近32 a来,整个高原草地生长季NDVI呈上升趋势,增加速率为0.000 3/a (p<0.05);高寒草地生长季NDVI年际变化具有空间异质性,整体为增加趋势,呈增加趋势的面积约占研究区域面积的75.3%,其中显著增加的占26.0% （p<0.05）,类型主要为分布在青藏高原东北部地区的高寒草甸;比例为4.7%,草地类型主要为高寒草原,主要分布在高原西部地区;基于生态地理分区的分析显示,青藏高原草地与降水、温度的相关关系具有明显的空间差异,高寒草地生长季NDVI均值与降水呈显著正相关,对降水的滞后效应显著;高原东北部温度较高,热量条件较好,降水为高寒草地生长季NDVI变化的主导因子;东中部地区降水充沛,温度则为高寒草地生长的制约因子;南部地区降水和温度都较适宜,均与高寒草地生长季NDVI相关性显著(p< 0.05),共同作用于草地的生长;中部和西部地区,气候因子与高寒草地生长季NDVI关系均不显著。