坑内钻探存在的问题及对策

坑内钻探经常遇到钻机液压系统压力不足和钻进硬岩层时钻头进尺困难两大问题，严重影响了钻探效率。根据多年的实践经验，提出采取逐－排除法、腐蚀和弱包镶钻头法分别解决这2个问题。     

大洋钻探计划及其高新技术

在概述大洋钻探计划之由来与现状的基础上,重点阐述了大洋钻探中使用的钻探船及其高新技术,展望了新世纪大洋钻探技术的发展方向。     

钻掘工程国内外发展水平与差距及建议（上）

简介钻掘工程领域国内外发展水平。重点概述在固体矿产岩心钻探、水井钻探、石油天然气钻探、大陆科学钻探、大洋钻探、极地钻探和外星钻探及掘进工程等方面的国内外发展状况与差距，并提出重点研究开发和引进建议。     

科学超深井钻探技术国内外现状

文章阐述了实施科学钻探的必要性,简要回顾了科学钻探技术发展历程。以前苏联科拉科学超深井钻探技术,联邦德国大陆深钻计划(KTB),中国大陆科学钻探工程(CCSD),美国卡洪山口项目钻探技术,美国夏威夷项目钻探技术,湖泊科学钻探技术等为例,介绍了世界各国在实施科学钻探工程过程中形成的特色技术以及取得的技术成就。论述了实施科学钻探工程前,进行人才队伍培养和关键技术准备的必要性。     

固体矿产钻探技术的现状和展望

分析了国际钻探市场现状以及固体矿产钻探技术的进展,归纳总结了近１０年来我国固体矿产钻探技术的主要进展,并对发展我国固体太科钻探技术提出了建议。     

我国海洋钻探技术

介绍了中国海洋钻探的主要技术方法,其内容包括：中国大洋钻探、南海天然气水合物钻探、深海矿产钻探、深水工程钻探。对每种钻探技术进行了描述,为海洋钻探提供部分技术支持。     

新世纪我国地质钻探技术发展的思考

探讨了新世纪我国地质钻探技术的发展，论述了综合钻探技术是我国未来地质钻探技术的发展方向，分析了发展综合钻探技术的必要性及有利条件，并提出了前期应做的准备工作。     

我国实施大洋钻探工程的初步设想

约占地球面积71%的海洋里蕴藏着海量的地质、生物、气候等信息和丰富的资源,我国“十三五”国家科技创新规划中,将“深海、深地、深空、深蓝科学研究”列为战略性前瞻性重大科学问题,并将“国际大洋发现计划（IODP）列为5项国际大科学计划和大科学工程之一。但在深海钻探,作业环境和条件都较陆地上更加复杂,对钻探船、钻探工艺、环保措施、施工组织管理等都是严峻的考验。本文在概述大洋钻探的意义和成果,回顾世界大洋钻探的演进史和工程实施概况以及我国参加大洋钻探情况的基础上,针对大洋钻探的钻井特点和地层条件,探讨了海洋科学钻探取心技术、超深水条件的重入钻孔技术、跟管钻进下套管技术、超深水条件的泥浆循环等关键技术问题,提出了我国实施大洋钻探工程的初步设想。     

地热钻探技术配套工作的研究

本文针对地热钻探的深度和难度，提出了选择合理的钻探设备，优化钻探技术与成井工艺的技术配套方法，分析了地热钻探技术配套工作性和迫切性，与亟待解决的技术问题。     

金刚石坑内岩心钻机初步评述

金刚石岩心钻进法,特别是对于坑内进行钻探工作来说,是一种有效的先进的方法。过去由于我国金刚石钻探技术发展缓慢,生产矿山的探矿工作主要靠坑探,且工作量很大。有色金属和黄金矿山的年坑探工作量占掘进总量的30～40％。采用坑探方式费工、费钱、费料、费时、常造成探矿落后于采矿的被动向面,而且因需运出大量的废石,与采矿争运输,影向采矿工作的正常进行。 1969年我们开始探索用人造金刚石于钻探,1974年取得了基本或功,为我国推广应用金刚石钻探技术开造了一条新路,这也促进了坑内钻探技术的发展。特别是我们自己已研制的坑内钻机推广应用后,使坑内钻探的工作量有了较大幅度的增长,並取得了良好的经济效     

多种生态补偿方案下流域农户生计的响应机制

通过对不同生态补偿方式的对比分析, 可知生态补偿能够在一定程度上提升农户的生活水平, 促进农户五种生计资本的合理均衡分布. 而资金支持的补偿方式对于农户生活的提升最为有效, 技术支持的补偿方式对促进农户生计资本的合理分布更为有效. 从对农户人力资本的影响来看, 政府可以通过对农户给予资金支持, 从而有效促进农户人力资本的提高; 从对农户物质资本的影响来看, 政府可以通过对农户给予技术支持, 从而有效促进农户物质资本的提高; 从对农户金融资本的影响来看, 政府可以通过对农户给予资金和技术支持, 从而有效促进农户金融资本的提高, 弥补农户由于实施生态补偿后所损失的利益, 提高农户的生计水平.     

基于积分变换采场底板应力与变形解析计算

煤层开挖后,采空区卸载的同时侧帮产生支撑压力作用于侧帮底板上,导致底板应力重分布;根据最终应力场由初始应力场与开挖应力场叠加的特点,建立底板岩层的力学分析模型;采用Fourier积分变换方法求解双调和方程,并利用形式函数待定法求解对偶积分方程,得到底板应力场与位移场的解析表达式;然后根据Mohr-Coulomb准则判断底板岩层的塑性破坏深度。通过算例分析结果表明：在采空区底板中主应力随着深度的增加而增大至原岩应力;而在侧帮底板中最大主应力随深度的增加而逐渐减小至原岩应力;在侧帮底板深度小于10 m时,主应力发生旋转, 变为中间主应力并且随深度逐渐减小,当随深度继续增加时又逐渐增大至原岩应力;在采空区的中心发生最大底臌位移为0.236 m,侧帮底板受支撑压力作用产生向下的位移;塑性破坏范围呈中间大两边小,最大破坏深度为31.2 m,为半开挖宽度的1.04倍。最后通过FLAC3D模拟煤层开采,发现两者计算结果虽存在一定的偏差,但总体趋势基本一致,说明该解析方法能较准确地分析底板的应力与位移,可为工程实践提供指导与计算方法。     

金属硫化物矿石中同沉积组构的成因鉴别

同沉积组构是特定地质环境的产物，在矿化地层中有一定的空间分布特点。对组构进行成因鉴别时，必须注意野外地质产状的调查。在室内，既要对组构中硫化物颗粒的形态特征、排布形式及其与胶结物的关系进行放大观察，还要对一些可能是多解性的组构形态进一步进行测试研究。电子探针可以对其中的矿物颗粒进行成分对比分析，Ｘ光岩组可以测定硫化物晶体的定向特征及其与层理的方位关系。     

Tectonically induced climate and its control on the distribution of depositional systems in a continental foreland basin, Cloverly and Lakota Formations (Lower Cretaceous) of Wyoming, U.S.A.

Continental sediments of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations (Lower Cretaceous) in Wyoming are subdivided into three depositional systems: perennial to intermittent alluvial, intermittent to ephemeral alluvial, and playa. Chert-bearing sandstones, conglomerates, carbonaceous mudrocks, blocky mudrocks, and skeletal limestones were deposited by perennial to intermittent alluvial systems. Carbonaceous mudrocks contain abundant wood fragments, cuticle and cortical debris, and other vascular plant remains representing deposition in oxbow lakes, abandoned channels, and on floodplains under humid to seasonal conditions. Intraformational conglomerates, sandstones, bioturbated and blocky mudrocks with caliche nodules, and bioturbated limestones characterize deposition in intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems. Bioturbated limestones are encased in bioturbated mudrocks with abundant pseudo-slickensides. The presence of caliche nodules in some of the blocky to bioturbated mudrocks is consistent with supersaturation and precipitation of calcium carbonate from groundwater under semi-arid conditions. Caliche nodules, pseudo-slickensides, and carbonate-rich floodplain sediments are interpreted to have been deposited by intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems under seasonal to semi-arid climatic conditions. Laminated mudrocks, siltstones, vuggy carbonates, bedded to nodular evaporites, pebbly mudrocks, and diamictites were deposited in evaporative alkaline lakes or playas. Pebbly mudrocks and diamictites are interpreted to represent deposition from channelized and unchannelized hyperconcentrated flows on a playa, resulting from intense rain events within the basin.The areal abundance and distribution of these depositional systems change systematically across the overfilled portion of the Early Cretaceous Cordilleran foreland basin in Wyoming. The lower part (A-interval) of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations is characterized by deposits of perennial to intermittent rivers that existed 300 to 1000 km east of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt. Proximal to the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt, the A-interval of the Cloverly Formation and upper Ephraim Formation of the Gannett Group are typified by deposits of intermittent to ephemeral rivers and their associated floodplains. In the middle part (B-interval) of the Cloverly Formation, intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems expand to 600 km into the basin. The upper part (C-interval) of the Cloverly Formation is characterized by playa deposits in the Bighorn and Wind River Basins and intermittent to ephemeral alluvial deposits along the front of the ancestral Sevier Mountains. Deposits of perennial to intermittent alluvial systems in the C-interval of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations are restricted to the Black Hills region, almost 900 km to the east of the Sevier Mountains. The change in the areal distribution of depositional systems through time within this continental foreland basin may be attributed to the development of a rain shadow associated with the uplift of the Sevier Mountains in the Early Cretaceous.     

Metallogenesis of Porphyry Cu Deposits of the Western Luzon Arc, Philippines: K-Ar ages, SO3 Contents of Microphenocrystic Apatite and Significance of Intrusive Rocks

Abstract: K–Ar ages of the following porphyry Cu deposits in the western Luzon arc are determined: Lobo-Boneng (10.50.4 Ma), Santo Niño (9.50.3 Ma), Black Mountain (2.10.1 Ma), Dizon (2.50.2 Ma) and Taysan (7.30.2 Ma). Microphenocrys-tic apatite in the late Cenozoic intermediate to silicic intrusions associated with porphyry Cu deposits in the western Luzon arc contains sulfur as SO₃ detectable by electron probe microanalyzer. Sulfur is supposed to have been accommodated dominantly as oxidized species in oxidizing hydrous magmas that generated porphyry Cu deposits. Likewise, such high SO₃ contents in microphenocrystic apatite are common characteristics of the intermediate to silicic magmatism of the western Luzon arc, from tonalitic rocks of the Luzon Central Cordillera of about 15 Ma to an active magmatism at Mount Pinatubo. Thus, the western Luzon arc has been generating porphyry Cu mineralization associated with oxidizing hydrous intermediate to silicic magmatism related to eastward subduction, since Miocene to the present day. Intermediate to silicic rocks since 15 Ma to present-day western Luzon arc generally show high whole-rock Sr/Y ratio ranging from 20 to 184. However, porphyry Cu deposit is not necessarily related to the rocks that show higher Sr/Y ratios compared to the other barren rocks in the western Luzon arc. The characteristics of the intermediate to silicic magma associated with porphyry Cu deposit are not attributed to the composition of the source material of the magma, but to the properties defined by the high activity of oxidized species of sulfur in the fluid phase that is encountered during the generation of intermediate to silicic magmas.     

伊通盆地岔路河断陷粘土矿物特征及其对储层物性的影响

粘土矿物的类型和含量对储层的物性有着较大的影响。伊通盆地岔路河断陷储层属于中低孔、低渗储层。据粘土矿物X射线衍射分析,结合电镜扫描等资料分析研究,得出了储层的孔隙度、渗透率随粘土矿物的含量、成分、产状的变化关系。研究表明,粘土矿物的绝对含量与孔隙度和渗透率呈现负相关性,且其对渗透率的影响明显要比对孔隙度的影响大。随着伊利石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率有减小的趋势;而随着高岭石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率有增大的趋势,孔隙度随粘土矿物相对含量的变化不显著。     

八卦庙金矿床石英脉与金矿化关系再研究

八卦庙特大型金矿床是近年发现的产于秦岭地区泥盆系浅变质细碎屑岩中规模最大的微细浸染型金矿,金矿化与石英脉关系非常密切,经过大量分析数据统计表明,金矿石品位与其石英脉带的发育规律,脉体内外硫化物的含量成正比,与脉体的规整程度成反比,与脉体的厚度具有一定的关系。一般说,产于节理中的石英细脉的含金量比顺层产出的石英大脉的含金量高;石英脉的含金量高于脉旁围岩的含金量数倍甚至几十倍,含金石英脉与脉旁蚀变岩石     

What can adaptation to climate-related hazards tell us about the politics of time making? Exploring durations and temporal disjunctures through the 2013 London heat wave

Temporalities seem to have made a comeback as an object of geographical enquiries. Drawing on a set of in-depth interviews conducted with elderly residents of London during the heat wave of 2013, this paper explores temporal awareness through the concept of duration and its wider relevance to the geography of risk and the social studies of disasters. It argues that the overwhelming attention given to the logics of speed and urgency that underpin adaptation to climate change has restricted the capacity for geographers interested in risk and disasters to recognise distinct temporal perspectives and logics of action situated outside the open futures promoted by the concept of adaptation. The paper concludes by emphasising that a better comprehension of what temporal durations entail could also help to find different ways to understand and experience the inherent movements and changes that are intrinsic to time and to life more generally.     

Rainfall patterns and related landslide incidence in the Porretta-Vergato region,Italy

An analysis of landslide occurrence in the low permeability terrain of Porretta-Vergato, Italy, related to prolonged rainfall patterns is presented. Data sets collected over nearly a century are statistically analysed. The pattern of the landslide hazard is considered and related to precipitation at the basin scale in order to enhance the understanding between the two parameters and assess their temporal changes, as well as interrelationships. Landslide incidence generally follows the periodic pattern of precipitation with a lag of approximately six months, which is believed to relate to the time necessary for the ground water to reach a critical level to initiate slope failure. There also appears to be a two-stage pattern of precipitation which induces most landslides: a preparatory period, where the landslide is destabilized and conditioned for slope failure, followed by a more intense period of rainfall that triggers or provokes the event. These initial findings point to the need for further studies to verify such unstable situations.     

Profitability and the poor: Corporate strategies, innovation and sustainability

Based on empirical evidence, the article looks at the implications of private sector participation (PSP) for the delivery of water supply and sanitation to the urban and peri-urban poor in developing countries, with particular reference to Africa and Latin America. More precisely, the article addresses the impact produced by multinational companies’ (MNCs) strategies, in light of the pursuit of profitability, on the extension of connections to the pipeline network. It does so by questioning the assumptions that greater private sector efficiency and innovation, together with contract design, will enable the sustainable extension of service coverage to low income dwellers. The strategies of the major water MNCs are considered both in relation to the global expansion of their operations and the adjustment of local strategies to commercial considerations. The latter might result in identifying profitable markets, modifying contractual provisions, attempting to reduce costs and increase income, reducing risks and exiting from non-performing contracts. The evidence reviewed allows for re-assessing the relative roles of the public and private sectors in extending and delivering water services to the poor. First, the most far reaching innovative approaches to extending connections are more likely to come from communities, public authorities and political activity than from MNCs. Secondly, whenever MNCs are liable to exit from non-profitable contracts, the public sector has no other option than to deal with external risks affecting continuity of provision. Finally, market limitations affecting MNCs’ ability to serve marginal populations and access cheap capital do not apply to well-organised, politically led public sector undertakings.