我国南北方海岸风成砂丘石英颗粒表面结构的对比研究

本文通过对我国南北方海岸风成砂丘石英颗粒表面结构的对比研究,发现从北到南,石英颗粒表面的机械痕迹由强到弱,而化学痕迹则由弱到强。指出,在使用石英颗粒恢复古沉积环境时,只有相同气候带才能对比,不同气候带是难以对比的。     

南极无冰区古海蚀龛石英颗粒表面结构特征及其环境意义

石英砂表面结构特征组合能指示沉积物的搬运历史和沉积环境。利用电镜扫描方法分析了南极法尔兹半岛上海蚀成因的古海蚀龛沉积物中的石英砂表面结构特征组合。结果表明，在所有的石英砂表面上均表现出冰川和水流共同作用的结构特征组合，龛中沉积物是冰水沉积环境下的产物，在沉积过程中，沉积物先经过较薄的冰川搬运，后经历了不同能量的流水改造作用，但冰川和流水的搬运距离有限。上述研究结果表明，南极法尔兹半岛上的冰盖解体并退出长城站区的时间应早于4600aBP。     

南黄海几种重矿物表面结构特征的初步研究

本文对南黄海浅层沉积物中的电气石、石榴子石、磷灰石和榍石的表面结构特征在扫描电镜下进行分析探讨,从而为该项工作的开展提供了依据。     

Silt heavy-mineral distributions off the Southeastern United States

Until recently heavy-mineral studies of marine sediments were largely restricted to sand fractions. New techniques permitting analysis of decalcified silt fractions have been applied to sediments off the southeastern United States. Our data, which confirm predictions from the basic relationship among grain size, specific gravity, and equivalent hydraulic transport behavior, show that concentrations and average diameters of the silt heavy minerals progressively decrease seaward. Heavy minerals always constitute a substantially greater weight percent of the silt than of the sand fraction. Despite corroded surface textures suggestive of extensive weathering and dissolution, spatial trends in the detrital heavy-mineral populations are predominantly controlled by source and hydraulic factors.     

Late Pliocene to Quaternary sedimentary facies and stratigraphy of shallow-water contourite deposits in the Hupo Basin,East Sea of Korea

Marine Geophysical Research - This study entails the characterization of the depositional environment of the Hupo Basin shelf. By means of sedimentary structure analysis, grain size, textures,...     

交互式VR-Ocean虚拟海洋环境与生命仿真

从底层研究和构建一个虚拟海洋场景快速编辑平台。对平台的整体组成结构、工作流程和用户交互功能进行了设计,使用水面水下分开渲染、以方向确定路线的海洋生命路径规划以及水下刻蚀动态纹理叠加等关键技术和方法,基于VC++、OpenGL和GPU对海洋环境中海上、海面及海下各种可见要素进行3D虚拟,重点在海洋生命行为模拟、行为仿真和海洋特效动态展示。平台的运行满足实时性和交互性的各项要求。最后,还对VR-Ocean平台应用和技术拓展进行了论述和展望。     

渤海南部碎屑石英表面微结构特征等沉积环境

运用扫描电镜研究渤海南部碎屑石英颗粒表面微结构,并根据各种形痕的组合特征,判断沉积物所处的沉积环境,定性分析控制沉积环境的主要因素。     

基于灰度共生矩阵的遥感图像纹理库设计

随着很多高分辨率卫星陆续发射和应用,遥感影像中纹理信息也越来越丰富,图像纹理数据的分析纹理显得十分重要。通过对图像进行纹理分析,并建立纹理数据库,能够进一步提高纹理信息在遥感影像质量分析、影像分类、计算机自动识别等方面的精度和效率。研究了如何对图像的纹理进行有效的提取和统计,通过基于灰度共生矩阵的实验进行纹理分析,得到一系列相关数据,为纹理库的设计提出了相应的思路。     

南海珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的数字影像分析及其环境意义

应用计算机数字影像学原理,建立了对磷质胶结微细纹层研究的数值化方法,研究了西沙东岛珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的胶结结构和微纹层特征,定量地刻画了微条纹的宽度和颜色变化信息。东岛珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的形成以沉淀胶结为主,不同时期形成的胶结物微条纹系列,由于受到气候、生态因素的影响,具有不同的宽度、明暗度组合;对3个层次磷质胶结物的分析表明,在2900~5700 aBP西沙群岛东岛存在至少3次鸟类和植物的繁盛期;不同时期微纹层的气候、生态记录对比发现,相对稳定的气候条件有利于岛屿海鸟数量的扩大;提供了一种新的方法来探索岛屿鸟粪磷质胶结物的结构和生态环境意义。     

Studies on diffusion and profiles of elements in deep-sea manganese nodules

Elemental compositions are measured in manganese nodules collected from the Northern Mid-Pacific floor by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1CP-AES) and their growth rates are determined by radiometric methods. The result shows that depth distributions of elements in nodules vary with depth as follows; (i) increase, (ii) decrease and (iii) fluctuation. These internodule variations in elemental compositions are considered to be caused by diffusion and migration of elements in nodules and heterogeneities in textures of nodules. In the present paper, a diffusive model is used to elucidate the inward-increase profile of some elements in nodules. The effective diffusive coefficients are estimated to be of the order of 10-9 cm2/a for Ni, V and Zn in the nodules, which is less than the value reported for radionuclides.     

马里亚纳弧前区锥形海山岩石学及成因

锥形海山是马里亚纳弧前区非火山成因的海山。它是由俯冲的太平洋板块对仰冲板块的上推作用,地壳下的上地幔物质底辟侵入的结果。海山顶部的岩石是由蛇纹石化超镁铁质方辉橄榄岩组成。其主要矿物成分为斜方辉石、橄榄石、尖晶石、磁铁矿、蛇纹石和碳酸盐。手标本呈显晶质块状构造,薄片中呈粒状、残留状、筛网状及斑状变晶结构。岩石化学特征表现为:低Si和Al,高M/F值,含水,亏损了所有过渡金属。岩石的成因属超基性岩浆直接结晶,后经海水的参入,在热液作用下普遍发生蛇纹石化和碳酸盐化。     

杭州湾的沉积结构与沉积环境分析

漏斗状的地形、强劲的潮流和长江入海泥沙的输入是制约杭州湾沉积作用的主要因素。根据沉积结构特征可将杭州湾划分为五种不同的沉积环境:东部湾底、西部湾底、庵东浅滩、近岸深槽和水下沙脊。杭州湾内潮流脊发育不好的原因在于没有足够的粗屑物质。     

Reef building and carbonate production modes in the west-central Tethys during the Cenozoic

Changing components, rock textures, lithofacies, platform types and architecture throughout time are unique characteristics of carbonate rocks. Characterizing these attributes has been approached by 1) building reference models for specific Phanerozoic intervals, 2) recognizing the climatic impact in modulating carbonate production, and 3) analyzing the influence of changing bio-geochemical conditions. The reference-model approach is mostly based on biological evolution, the climatic-impact approach emphasizes temperature, and the bio-geochemical approach considers the changes in Mg/Ca ratios and Ca⁺⁺ concentrations in the oceans. To date, however, an analysis integrating all of these factors is still missing. The analysis presented here includes all these factors but also CO₂, which is fundamental for both photosynthesis and CaCO₃ precipitation.Here we analyze the waxing and waning of Cenozoic reef limestones from the central Tethys region through several steps: 1) on the basis of rock volume, rock textures, associated sediments and light-dependent skeletal components, as records of light penetration and wave energy (depth); 2) on global environmental conditions (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, pCO₂, temperature); and 3) on the basis of functionality, nutritional requirements and available resources.Through the Cenozoic, water motion, whether induced by surface or internal waves or by currents, increased as the thermal gradients strengthened, both with depth and with latitude. Active water motion is essential for plankton catchers such as corals, but less so for many larger benthic foraminifers (LBF). Pycnoclines in the meso-oligophotic zone would then favor the benthic plankton catchers such as corals, but would be detrimental for many LBF. Warm temperatures favored LBF. The Eocene LBF families predominated during lowering of atmospheric pCO₂ by using respiratory CO₂ to enhance the symbiont production of photosynthates under oligotrophic conditions and limited turbulence, whereas the Miocene families had to adapt to a progressive increase in turbulence. The eurythermal coralline red algae, however, became preponderant producers in the mesophotic zone during times when the δ¹³C was relatively high. This explains two apparent paradoxes: 1) corals thrive best when the Earth's high latitudes cool, and 2) the dominance of corals and LBF is inversely correlated, despite they both require tropical conditions and have similar trophic strategies (mixotrophy).     

多向随机波浪的方向谱分析

针对由多点波面资料进行方向谱分析过程中发现的问题，利用数值模拟的方法研究了互谱分析中光滑点数，光滑次数，采样长度，采样间隔，波浪入射方向，波浪的多向性等因素对方向谱分析结果的影响，得出一些有意义的结论。     

A model for prediction SST in limited region-Ⅱ. The model''s physical equation

-The model's physical equation is used to parameterize some subgrid-scale processes and physical processes in the present numerical model. The transmission and attenuation of the solar energy in the ocean are considered. A simple diagnostic equation for the cloud fractions k proposed on the basis of the humidities at the surface and the mid-troposphere. The parameterized formulae of both entrainment and Ekman pumping are improved.In the numerical integration, the treatment on damping the inertial oscillations is emphasized. The initialization and the objective analysis of the data which are necessary for the operational prediction will be presented in another paper.Results of SST prediction and some numerical experiments are given here. The model is computationally stable and successful in modelling the behaviors of the drift current and the mixed layer physics, and the AMD (absolute mean deviations) ≤1. 2℃ , RC (correlation coefficients ) ≥85% for 3-day forecasting.     

Permeability in Rotliegend gas sandstones to gas and brine as predicted from NMR,mercury injection and image analysis

Permeability characterisation of low permeability, clay-rich gas sandstones is part of production forecasting and reservoir management. The physically based Kozeny (1927) equation linking permeability with porosity and pore size is derived for a porous medium with a homogeneous pore size, whereas the pore sizes in tight sandstones can range from nm to μm. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transverse relaxation was used to estimate a pore size distribution for 63 samples of Rotliegend sandstone. The surface relaxation parameter required to relate NMR to pore size is estimated by combination of NMR and mercury injection data. To estimate which pores control permeability to gas, gas permeability was calculated for each pore size increment by using the Kozeny equation. Permeability to brine is modelled by assuming a bound water layer on the mineral pore interface. The measured brine permeabilities are lower than predicted based on bound water alone for these illite rich samples. Based on the fibrous textures of illite as visible in electron microscopy we speculate that these may contribute to a lower brine permeability.     

关于表层声速对多波束测深影响及改正的探讨

通过分析波束形成的原理与实测数据处理得出结论：表层声速误差将对多波束测量产生不可挽回的错误;而当表层声速正确、声速剖面误差时,在后处理可以通过适当的声速剖面加以改正。     

Variability of organic δC and C/N in the Mersey Estuary, U.K. and its implications for sea-level reconstruction studies

Microfossil analysis (e.g. diatoms, foraminifera and pollen) represents the cornerstone of Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) reconstruction because their distribution in the contemporary inter-tidal zone is principally controlled by ground elevation within the tidal frame. A combination of poor microfossil preservation and a limited range in the sediment record may severely restrict the accuracy of resulting RSL reconstructions. Organic δ¹³C and C/N analysis of inter-tidal sediments have shown some potential as coastal palaeoenvironmental proxies. Here we assess their viability for reconstructing RSL change by examining patterns of organic δ¹³C and C/N values in a modern estuarine environment. δ¹³C and C/N analysis of bulk organic inter-tidal sediments and vegetation, as well as suspended and bedload organic sediments of the Mersey Estuary, U.K., demonstrate that the two main sources of organic carbon to surface saltmarsh sediments (terrestrial vegetation and tidal-derived particulate organic matter) have distinctive δ¹³C and C/N signatures. The resulting relationship between ground elevation within the tidal frame and surface sediment δ¹³C and C/N is unaffected by decompositional changes. The potential of this technique for RSL reconstruction is demonstrated by the analysis of part of an early Holocene sediment core from the Mersey Estuary. Organic δ¹³C and C/N analysis is less time consuming than microfossil analysis and is likely to provide continuous records of RSL change.     

利用NOAA卫星AVHRR图像对渤海表层水温年变化的初步分析

利用ＮＯＡＡ卫星ＡＶＨＲＲ图像（使用１９９２～１９９４年共２２幅图像）选取渤海中的１５个特征区域进行分析。根据其年变化曲线,结合渤海的实际情况,讨论了渤海中相应海区的年变化,并且对大部分区域水温变化特征的形成机制进行一些初步的探讨。文中指出,辽西低温中心的动力机制是绕半岛潮流引起的垂直向环流的作用,而正是由于辽东半岛的特殊的地理特征,才可能产生这一明显的低温中心。冬季的黄海暖流在渤海中的作用是非常显著的,它是使冬季渤海中部及南部水温明显高于北部辽东湾水温的重要原因。上述工作证实,利用卫星图像进行海水温度年变化的分析是切实可行的,由此,应充分发挥卫星遥感技术上的优势,以加快海洋学的发展。     

Bedforms and depositional sedimentary structures of a barred nearshore system, eastern Long Island, New York

The depositional sedimentary structures and textures of a single-barred nearshore system on the Atlantic coast of eastern Long Island, New York, were studied along seven shore-normal transects. Data along these transects consisted of textural analysis of 160 sediment samples, temporal bedform observations, and 42 can cores for the analysis of sedimentary structures.

Six sedimentary subenvironments were observed, based on distinct combinations of sediment color and texture, bedforms, physical, and biogenic sedimentary structures, and benthic infaunal communities. The shoreface environment is divided into the upper shoreface, the longshore trough, and the longshore bar. The divisions of the inner shelf environment are the shoreface-inner shelf transition, the offshore, and the coarse-grained deposit. The first five subenvironments are arranged in bands parallel to the shoreline, whereas the coarse-grained deposit occurs in patches across the inner shelf.

The location of fair-weather wave base, coinciding with a reduction in slope (3.0–0.3°) from the shoreface to the inner shelf, is characterized by the cessation of debris surge in the troughs of ripples, the formation of a “rust layer” of microorganisms over the bedform surface, and a sediment color change caused by an increase in organic detritus. The sequence of bedforms and physical sedimentary structures observed in this system fits well with existing wave-generated (oscillatory) flow regime models. These models explain the observed sequences as a response to the degree of asymmetric flow created by shoaling waves. Distribution of biogenic structures and assemblages of infaunal organisms is influenced by the distance landward or seaward of fair-weather wave base.

The overall relationships of this nearshore system can then be summarized as a hypothetical prograding stratigraphic sequence. The entire sequence is underlain by organic-rich, bioturbated, offshore deposits. Overlying the offshore is the planar-laminated sediments of the transition. Grading upward from the transition are the cleaner, planar-laminated, seaward slope deposits of the longshore bar. Above this, is a distinct erosional surface indicating the base of the massive to cross-laminated coarse sediments of the longshore trough. Capping the sequence are the cross- to planar-laminated, clean sands of the upper shoreface and foreshore.