Multiple jobholding farmers in agricultural policy

GeoJournal - The attitudes of public authorities as regards multiple jobholding farmers are various, and sometimes opposite. A study of multiple jobholding in farming, conducted by OECD for...     

Surveillance and state-making through EU agricultural policy in Hungary

This paper explores how the implementation of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and agri-environment measures in particular have been used to increase state oversight into rural affairs and land use in Hungary. The governmentalities of the agricultural sector through Europeanisation include stringent inspections and controls as part and parcel of accountability drives around the disbursement of subsidies. Agricultural surveillance mechanisms and processes are recounted here as holistic, perpetual and immediate, composed of the remote, administrative, as well as embodied physical encounters. Through ethnographic engagement with the Hungarian state’s interactions with its farmers during inspections, the forms and consequences of neoliberal governmentality are given life in a post-socialist context. I elucidate the numerous subjectivities involved in these encounters, and how bureaucratic and administrative requirements underlie the rise of private consultants, where social capital and informal networks are of great importance for the successful navigation of the agricultural system. On the part of farmers, subsidies’ accountability systems were lived as unjust, giving rise to speculation around the ‘real’ intended purposes of agri-environment legislation, which in turn undermines the expert authority of the state and heightens skepticism towards the European ‘project’.     

Towards a policy for sustainable use of groundwater by non-governmental organisations in Afghanistan

A 'first pass' groundwater management policy has been developed for use by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Afghanistan, designed to prevent derogation of existing traditional water sources, aquifer over-abstraction and chemical deterioration of soil and groundwater quality. Key elements include (1) continuing promotion of groundwater as a drinking water source, (2) a presumption against use of motorised pumps to abstract groundwater for irrigation unless other options (surface water, qanats) are not available, (3) the use of groundwater for irrigation as a temporary alternative to surface water (i.e. a strategy for drought survival) rather than as a long-term development policy, (4) limiting groundwater abstraction to a long-term average of 1 l s^–1 km^–2, (5) siting irrigation wells at least 500 m from other groundwater sources and (6) analysing irrigation groundwater for electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, boron and residual sodium carbonate alkalinity. Analyses of these parameters indicate that groundwater from some areas is of dubious suitability for irrigation. In some villages and towns, groundwater contains elevated nitrate and faecal bacteria concentrations, probably derived from latrines, sewage or animal wastes. Electronic Publication     

Water stress index and its implication for agricultural land-use policy in Thailand

Land-use change and expansion for agriculture significantly affect freshwater resource availability which in turn results in different levels of water scarcity and competition among users in different areas and time. The study uses the water stress index as an indicator for determining the potential impact of water use considering water deprivation potential. Considering the case of Thailand, the temporal aspects of water withdrawal and availability have been analyzed and characterized as the monthly water stress index for the 25 watersheds in the country. Wide variations of monthly water stress index are obtained; extreme water stress is observed in the areas of the Chao Phraya and Tha Chin watersheds (the central region) during the dry season because of the large areas cultivating second rice (rice planted in dry season). The target of the Thai government on agricultural land-use change and zoning toward the conversion of about 0.37 M·ha of the upland paddy fields with low productivity to sugarcane was evaluated showing serious implications on the monthly water stress index of the relevant watersheds and the water scarcity footprint potentials of rice and sugarcane production. The results reveal that proper policy can help reduce the amount of water requirement for agriculture in June, July, August and September by about 60–220 M·m³, which in turn results in the decrease in monthly water stress index values. Nevertheless, appropriate measures of water resource management for agriculture still need to be designed to avoid water competition as well as protect the ecosystem.     

Environmental policy reform on north-eastern Brazil’s agricultural frontier

The expansion of modern agriculture in developing countries presents numerous challenges for environmental policy makers. Environmental policies for agriculture in north-eastern Brazil’s soybean belt are analyzed, with emphasis on the role of a non-state actor in leading policy reforms. An organization representing large farmers is leading policy reforms to reduce the environmental impacts of modern agriculture. By contrast, state agencies are relatively weak and ineffective. The analysis situates this question conceptually in literatures stressing the political and structural causes of corporate environmentalism and literatures explaining the increasingly strong role of non-state actors in environmental governance. The case study focuses on the content of reforms, reasons why the non-state actor is so prominent, and the implications of policy reforms. State agencies face major challenges in environment-agriculture policy debates in places where environmental subsidies are unlikely, environmental information is poor, and organized private interests are influential.     

Impact of the new common agricultural policy of the EU on the runoff production and soil moisture content in a Mediterranean agricultural system

Soil moisture variability and the depth of water stored in the arable layer of the soil are important topics in agricultural research and rangeland management. In this study, we use the distributed rainfall-runoff (DR2) model to perform a detailed mapping of topsoil moisture status (SMS) in a mountain Mediterranean catchment. This model, previously tested in the same study area against the Palmer Z-index, is run at monthly scale for the current scenario of land uses and under three scenarios that combine the land abandonment and the application of the new common agricultural policy (CAP) of the European Union. Under the current conditions, runoff yield is scarce and presents a high spatial variability when monthly rainfall intensity and depth are low, and infiltration processes mainly lead to water storage in the soil. When rainfall intensity is high, runoff accumulation along the hillslopes controls the depth of available water in the soil, and SMS is more homogeneous. On average, scrublands and pasture have the wettest values, crops of winter cereal and abandoned fields have intermediate conditions, and areas of bare soil and forest have the driest conditions all the year around. The abandonment and no revegetation of the low productive fields located in steep areas and the collapse of their landscape linear elements (LLEs) produce not only an increase of 2.3 % of the overall SMS in the catchment in comparison with the current scenario but also an increment of the effective runoff that cross the cultivated areas of the lowlands and the runoff depth that reach the wetlands, increasing the soil erosion risk and compromising the conservation of the lakes. When the new green areas of the CAP are installed in the upper part of the fields of the lowlands and around the lakes, the runoff depth and thus siltation risk clearly decreases but also SMS decreases 1.7 and 1.1 % considering the current land uses and adding revegetation practices in the abandoned fields, respectively. Hence, a management scenario where: (1) abandoned fields are covered with a dense cover of shrubs, (2) the LLEs are preserved, (3) the green areas of the PAC are created, and (4) runoff harvesting practices are applied to partially compensate the water deficit, will help to preserve the humidity of the soil and will be of interest to keep the agricultural land use around the protected lakes of the study area.     

Quaternary deposits in southwestern Afghanistan

Geologic evidence in the closed Seistan Basin of southwestern Afghanistan and adjacent parts of Iran and Pakistan indicates that a lake as much as 65,000 sq km in size occupied this closed depression during Pleistocene time. The deposits consist mostly of lacustrine silt and clay and have a maximum observed thickness of about 250 m. A layer of alluvial gravels overlies the sequence. The deposits are probably early or middle Pleistocene in age; they are old enough to have sustained nearly 300 m of erosion over large areas but are not faulted or detectably folded in the central part of the basin although they are upwarped along the west edge of the basin.Sand dunes cover extensive areas of the basin. Dune orientation shows that the strong surface winds enter the basin blowing toward the south-southeast and then are deflected to the east, apparently as a response to mountains bordering the basin on its south side. The Gawdezereh, a large deflation depression, may be a result of an augmented excavation ability of winds that oc urs where turbulence is created along a zone of deflection.     

Intraplate wrench deformation in Iran,Afghanistan and Western Pakistan

The pattern of major wrench faults in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan is shown to result from convergence between the Arabia, India and Eurasia plates. A method is introduced of treating fault movement as rotations about fault poles. The rotations are quantified by assuming fault movement to be proportional to active fault length, and these rotations summed by vector addition. The resultant rotation is considered to act at the geometric centre of the area enclosed by the faults. By equating movement here with plate convergence calculated from the usual circuit of plate spreading velocities the individual fault movements may be quantified. An area of west Pakistan and Afghanistan so treated suggests that the Chaman fault was initiated in the Eocene, a conclusion independently indicated by the geology. The method is of general application in non-rigid plate areas and offers explanations for fault curvature and anomalous fault movement.

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Zusammenfassung Das Muster der größeren Blattverschiebungen im Iran, in Afghanistan und Pakistan ist das Ergebnis einer Konvergenz der Arabischen, Indischen und Eurasischen Platten. Zur Analyse der Verschiebungen wird ihre Bewegung auf Rotationspole bezogen. Die Rotationsbewegungen lassen sich quantifizieren, indem man die Verschiebungsbeträge proportional zur Länge der Störungen setzt und die Rotationen als Vektoren addiert. Die Gesamtrotation soll vom geometrischen Zentrum der Fläche ausgehen, die von den Blattverschiebungen umgrenzt wird. Setzt man für diese Bewegungen die Geschwindigkeiten, die für Plattenbewegungen berechnet wurden, so kann man daraus die einzelnen Verschiebungsgeschwindigkeiten an den Blattverschiebungen ableiten.In West-Pakistan und Afghanistan kann man daraus erschließen, daß die Chaman-Störung seit dem Eozän aktiv gewesen sein muß. Dieser Schluß wird auch durch die geologischen Befunde gestützt. Diese Methode der tektonischen Analyse kann auf alle mobilen Plattenzonen angewandt werden und bietet eine Erklärung für geschwungenen Störungsverlauf und anomale Verschiebungsgeschwindigkeiten.

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Résumé Cet étude démontre que la disposition des principales failles de torsion existant en Iran, en Afghanistan et au Pakistan résultent d'une convergence des plaques d'Arabie, d'Inde et d'Eurasie; elle présente une méthode visant à traiter les mouvements de dislocation en tant que rotations autour des pôles de failles. On quantifie ces rotations en se basant sur l'hypothèse que le mouvement de faille est proportionnel à la longueur de faille active, et on les totalise par somme vectorielle. La rotation en résultant est considérée comme étant le centre géométrique de la région délimitée par les failles. On peut alors quantifier les mouvements de failles individuelles en associant ces mouvements à la convergence de plaques calculée d'après le circuit habituel des vitesses de propagation des plaques. L'application de cette méthode à une région du Pakistan occidental et de l'Afghanistan semblerait démontrer que la faille de Chaman a son origine dans l'Eocène, conclusion qu'indique par ailleurs la géologie. La méthode en question est, en règle générale applicable aux régions de plaques non-rigides, offrant ainsi certaines explications quant à la courbure des failles et aux mouvements de dislocation anormaux.

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A social justice framing of climate change discourse and policy: Adaptation,resilience and vulnerability in a Jamaican agricultural landscape

It is now widely recognized that climate change is likely to have detrimental impacts across the Caribbean region, with the burden likely to fall disproportionately on the most vulnerable segments of society. It is therefore an appropriate time to ask whether the frameworks that lie behind climate change discourse and policy are consistent with the demands of social and environmental justice. In this paper, we use climate justice as a lens for evaluating three prominent frameworks for addressing climate change, those of adaptation, resilience, and vulnerability. Each of these discursive frameworks, we argue, can contribute to our understanding of climate change, but they do not all incorporate justice concerns to the same degree. In order to illustrate this, we examine the justice implications of using each of the three frameworks to assess a case study of agricultural transformation in Southwestern Jamaica. Farmers in this region have adapted to changing climate conditions in a variety of ways, including the use of new agricultural technology. The ability of many farmers to take advantage of such innovations, however, is constrained by the underlying landscape of vulnerability within the region. After interpreting this example from the perspectives of adaptation, resilience and vulnerability, we conclude that all three paradigms are capable of calling attention to climate justice issues, but only in the vulnerability perspective are such issues intrinsic. We believe, therefore, that a greater attention to vulnerability within Caribbean climate policy holds the potential to advance the goals of climate justice within the region.     

Active wrench faults of Iran,Afghanistan and Pakistan

The fault pattern of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan has been mapped from air-photo-mosaics. The Herat, Chaman, Shahrud, Doruneh, and Zagros are the five major active faults and are wrench in character. With the exception of the Chaman fault, which lies to the east, the faults or their extensions spiral out from a centre in the Dasht Lut Depression of eastern Iran, the dextral faults spiralling out clockwise and the sinistral faults anticlockwise. The spiral fault pattern is consistent with that expected from a central force, and from the relation between the sense of horizontal displacement and the direction of outspiralling it is inferred that the crustal blocks west of the Chaman fault are moving in towards the Lut Centre. Similar spiral fault patterns can be recognized at many places in the world, and their centres are probably critical for explaining present day tectonics.-- , , , . — , , , — . , , , .

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Zusammenfassung Auf einer beigegebenen Karte wird der Verlauf von aktiven und von vermutlichen Hauptverwerfungen in Afghanistan, Pakistan und im Iran gezeigt, wie er anhand von Luftbild-Mosaikkarten und Luftaufnahmen bestimmt wurde. Die fünf wichtigsten aktiven Dislokationen sind die Herat-, Chaman-, Sharud-, Doruneh- und die Zagros-Verwerfung.Die deutlich sichtbare Herat-Verwerfung erstreckt sich in ENE-Richtung über 800 km durch den Nordteil Afghanistans zur chinesischen Grenze. Ihre Verschiebung erfolgte rechtsläufig, so daß die nördliche Scholle relativ zur südlichen nach E versetzt wurde.Die etwa 700 km lange nach SSW weisende Chaman-Verwerfung zieht sich in zwei schwach gegensinnig geschwungenen Bögen von der Herat-Verwerfung wenig N Kabul die afghanisch-pakistanische Grenze entlang, um in zahlreiche Zweigverwerfungen aufzuspalten, die in Westpakistan nach W umbiegen. Die Verschiebung erfolgte linksläufig und ist gut sichtbar.Die Sharud-Verwerfung im Iran erstreckt sich nach ENE durch die Achse des Elburs-Gebirges und biegt dann nach SE parallel zur russischen Grenze ab. Die Verwerfung ändert häufig ihre Richtung und ist nur schwer zu verfolgen. Sie hat eine sichere Länge von 800 km und ist linksläufig.Die gut sichtbare Doruneh-Verwerfung verläuft in Kurven 250 km südlich der Sharud-Verwerfung derselben parallel. Nach E spaltet sie sich auf, nach W vereinigt sie sich vermutlich mit der Sharud-Verwerfung. Sie ist 600 km lang und linksläufig.Die Zagros-Verwerfung tritt auf Luftaufnahmen am wenigsten hervor, auf geologischen Karten ist sie jedoch eine Hauptverwerfung. Sie erstreckt sich vom Schnittpunkt der drei Grenzen des Iran, Irak und der Türkei 950 km nach SE bis fast zur pakistanischen Grenze, wo sie wahrscheinlich anfangs nach NW, später nach N umbiegt. Die Verwerfung ist wahrscheinlich rechtsläufig.Die fünf Hauptverwerfungen, zusammen mit vier kleineren Verwerfungen, deren horizontaler Verschiebungssinn bekannt ist, bilden ein relativ einfaches Strukturmuster.Mit Ausnahme der Chaman-Verwerfung, die im E liegt, verlaufen die Verwerfungen oder ihre Ausläufer ausgehend von einem in der Dasht Lut-Senke gelegenen Zentrum in Gestalt einzelner Spiralen sternförmig nach allen Seiten; die in ihrem Verschiebungssinn rechtsläufigen im Uhrzeigersinn gebogen, die linksläufigen in Gegenrichtung gekrümmt. Die übrigen geologischen und morphologischen Hauptlinien zeigen ebenfalls eine derartige Anordnung mit demselbenZentrum. Das damit gegebene Strukturmuster läßt die Einwirkung einer zentralen Kraft vermuten. Aus dem Zusammenhang zwischen horizontalem Verschiebungssinn und der Richtung der einzelnen Spiralen ist zu schließen, daß sich die westlich der Chaman-Verwerfung liegenden Krustenblöcke in Richtung auf das Lut-Zentrum bewegten.Derartige Verwerfungssysteme sternförmig-spiraler Anordnung scheinen kritische Punkte im heutigen tektonischen Bild der Erde zu sein, wobei das Westende der Poebene und die Banda-See zwei der auffallendsten Zentren sind. Ebenso verlaufen die pazifischen Inselbögen in Spiralen, die sich gleichfalls in solchen Zentren treffen könnten.

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Résumé Une carte des failles actives de la Perse, de l'Afghanistan, et de la Pakistan a été dressée d'après des photos-aériennes et des photos-mosaïques. Les ruptures des filets et des rivières montrent que le rejet net est presque horizontal. Cinq failles sont dextrales, et quatre sont sinistrales. Des lignes qui montrent la direction de la maximum contraction horizontale, déterminée par les failles, encerclent la Dasht Lut dépression dans la Perse orientale.

     

Afghanistan: rich resource base and existing environmental despoliation

Because of its climatically stressed dry land and high altitudes, coupled with severe human despoliation amid three decades of war and known rampant corruption, Afghanistan has long had severe environmental problems. Overgrazing, deforestation, ??deshrubification,?? soil erosion, soil salinization, ground and surface water contamination and water overuse beyond natural recharge, climate change, threats to biodiversity, and natural hazards are the background problems already causing strong environmental stress. With the advent of the newly recognized mineral resources that will be exploited, additional environmental stressors are likely. Agencies of the United Nations, in concert with new national environmental laws and programs, offer some potential for remediation of environmental problems in the face of unrelenting societal pressures to ignore them. Whether Afghanistan will rise out of its status as a failed state depends in some large way upon whether the newly recognized mineral resources are exploited in environmentally benign ways.     

Major intrusive stages in Afghanistan: Typology,age and geodynamic setting

Afghanistan straddles the Gondwana-Eurasia boundary. Most of its major structural areas comprise large plutonic belts. Based on some 700 major element analyses, the typology of the eleven main plutonic belts has been determined. These belts differ from each other. On the whole, they display a very broad range of petrographic types (from nepheline-syenites and gabbros to leucocratic muscovite-tourmaline granites) and a wide diversity of magmatic associations (from cafemic or alumino-cafemic associations of various types: tholeiitic, calc-alkaline, subalkaline i.e. monzonitic, alkaline, peralkaline, to various aluminous ones). Taking into account the typology of the belts and chronological data, four major intrusive stages have been recognized and related to the geodynamic evolution of Afghanistan (and Central Asia): (1) aluminous Lower Palaeozoic (ca. 500 Ma) stage, related to linear crustal thinning at the Gondwana scale; (2) cafemic and alumino-cafemic Triassic (ca. 230 Ma) stage, related to southward-dipping subduction of oceanic crust beneath an island arc involving a large continental strip detached from the southern Asia margin; (3) cafemic and alumino-cafemic Cretaceous (ca. 100 Ma) stage, dominantly related to subduction of oceanic crust under marginal Gondwana fragments; (4) Eocene-Oligocene stage (ca. 35 Ma), induced by the India-Eurasia collision, including two quite different groups of intrusives: (a) a cafemic and alumino-cafemic group, related to extensional phenomena dominantly associated with the westward extrusion of Central Afghanistan along the Herat fault; these phenomena occurred on both sides of the Gondwana-Palaeozoic Asia boundary; (b) an aluminous group, resulting from crustal thickening in marginal Gondwana fragments.

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Zusammenfassung Afghanistan liegt beiderseits der Grenze zwischen Gondwana und Eurasien. Die meisten seiner gro\en Strukturgebiete sind mit bedeutenden Plutongürteln verbunden. Die Typologie der elf wichtigsten Plutongürtel ist mit Hilfe von etwa 700 chemischen Analysen vorgelegt. Diese Gürtel unterscheiden sich voneinander. Sie sind insgesamt mit einer gro\en Varietät petrographischer Typen (von Nephelin-Syeniten und Gabbros bis zu Muskovit- und Turmalin-Leukograniten) und magmatischer Assoziationen (von cafemischen oder alumocafemischen Assoziationen verschiedener Natur: tholeiitische, kalkalkalische, subalkalische i.e. monzonitische, alkalische, peralkalische, bis alumische Assoziationen) gebildet. Von der so definierten Typologie sowie von chronologischen Angaben aus wurden vier Phasen von plutonischen Intrusionen klargestellt, die mit der geodynamischen Entwicklung von Afghanistan und Zentral-Asien verbunden sind: (1) Frühpaläozoische alumische Phase (ca. 500 MA), mit linearen Krustenverdünnungen von Gondwana verbunden; (2) Triadische cafemische und alumo-cafemische Phase (ca. 230 MA), einer südlich unter Inselbogen ozeanischen Subduktion verbunden, die einen von dem Asiensüdrand getrennten breiten Kontinentstreifen einschlie\t; (3) cafemische und alumocafemische Kreidephase (ca. 100 MA), hauptsächlich an der unter des Gondwana Randpartien ozeanische Subduktionen gebunden; (4) eine Eozän-Oligozänphase (ca. 35 MA), die-durch die Indien-Eurasien Kollision eingeleitet-zwei ganz verschiedene Plutongruppen einschlie\t: (a) eine cafemische und alumo-cafemische Gruppe, die an Entspannungen beschränkt ist; diese sind meistens der nach Westen und der Heratspaltung entlang Zentral-Afghanistans Extrusion gebunden; sie sind beiderseits der Gondwana-Paläozoischasien Grenze lokalisiert, (b) eine alumische Gruppe, die aus einer Krustenverdickung von mehreren Gondwana Randteilen erfolgt.

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Résumé L'Afghanistan s'étend de part et d'autre de la limite Gondwana-Eurasie. La plupart de ses grands domaines structuraux sont associés à d'importantes ceintures plutoniques. Sur la base de quelque 700 analyses chimiques (éléments majeurs), la typologie des onze principales ceintures plutoniques a été établie. Ces ceintures diffèrent les unes des autres. Globalement, elles montrent une très grande diversité de types pétrographiques (depuis des syénites néphéliniques et des gabbros jusqu'à des leucogranites à muscovite — tourmaline) et d'associations magmatiques (depuis des associations cafémiques ou alumino-cafémiques de nature variée: tholéiitique, calcoalcaline, subalcaline i.e. monzonitique, alcaline, peralcaline, jusqu'à divers types d'associations alumineuses). Partant notamment de la typologie ainsi définie et de données chronologiques, quatre principaux épisodes plutoniques ont été mis en évidence et reliés à l'évolution géodynamique de l'Afghanistan (et de l'Asie Centrale): (1) épisode alumineux d'âge PaléozoÏque inférieur (ca. 500 Ma), lié à des amincissements crustaux linéaires à l'échelle du Gondwana; (2) épisode cafémique et alumino-cafémique d'âge Triasique (ca. 230 Ma), lié à une subduction, vers le Sud, de croûte océanique sous un arc insulaire impliquant une large bande continentale détachée de la marge asiatique méridionale; (3) épisode cafémique et alumino-cafémique d'âge Crétacé (ca. 100 Ma), principalement lié à des subductions de croûtes océaniques sous divers fragments marginaux du Gondwana; (4) épisode Eocène-Oligocène (ca. 35 Ma), induitpar la collision Inde-Eurasie et comprenant deux groupes plutoniques tout à fait différents: (a) un groupe cafémique et alumino-cafémique, lié à des phénomènes distensifs principalement associés à l'extrusion vers l'Ouest, le long de la faille de Hérat, de l'Afghanistan Central; ces phénomènes sont intervenus de part et d'autre de la limite Gondwana-Asie paléozoÏque; (b) un groupe alumineux, résultant d'épaississements crustaux dans divers fragments marginaux du Gondwana.

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Publication of the C.R.P.G., contribution n 665.     

农业地质研究在现代农业领域中的开发应用

在现代农业领域中,农业地质研究及地质信息技术有着广泛的应用需求。本文以地质信息技术及农业地质研究作为现代农业生产和可持续发展的基础理论,对其开发应用的重要意义,以及应用前景等展开初步的分析、讨论。主要阐述农业地质在现代农业领域中开发应用的重要性,拓宽地质理论技术的开发应用及服务范围,更好地推动现代化农业生产的快速发展。     

Zur Stratigraphie und Paläogeographie des Perm in Afghanistan

Zusammenfassung In einem Vorbericht werden acht detailliert aufgenommene Profile aus dem marinen Perm Ost- und Zentralafghanistans durch Fusuliniden grob gegliedert und mit der Permfolge Russisch-Mittelasiens parallelisiert. An Hand eigener Geländeaufnahmen und der Literatur wird versucht, die paläogeographische Entwicklung dieses Gebietes zu skizzieren.Unterperm (Karatschatyr-Stufe, Pseudoschwagerina- Zone) tritt in Nordost-und Zentralafghanistan auf. Unterschiedliche Fazies und Faunenführung erschweren den stratigraphischen Vergleich beider Vorkommen. Das untere Mittelperm (Darwas-Stufe, Parafusulina- Zone) ist in Zentral- und Südostafghanistan weit verbreitet. Die Überflutung des südlichen Hindukusch beginnt und wird im oberen Mittelperm (Murghab-Stufe, Neoschwagerina- Zone) offenkundig, dessen gleichförmige Ablagerungen im Westhindukusch weit nach Norden übergreifen. Die Funde von Oberperm (Pamir-Stufe, Codonofusiella- Reichelina- Zone) beschränken sich auf das östliche Zentralafghanistan sowie Südostafghamstan und deuten einen Rückzug der Tethys nach Südosten an.

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Eight sections of the marine Permian of eastern and central Afghanistan have been studied in detail. Preliminarily these sections have been subdivided by means of fusulinids and correlated with the standard section of Permian in Russian Central Asia. The recent fieldwork and literature are evaluated to trace the paleogeographical evolution of this region.Lower Permian (Karatschatyr-stage,zone of Pseudoschwagerina) is present in northeast and central Afghanistan. Stratigraphic correlation of these two localities, separated by the Hindu-Kush, is difficult because of their different faciès and faunal content. The lower middle Permian (Darwas-stage, zone ofParafusulina) is widely distributed in the central and south-eastern parts of the country. In this era starts inundation of the southern Hindu-Kush, which becomes obvious in the upper middle Permian (Murghab-stage, zone ofNeoschwagerina), when uniform sediments are extending wide northward in the western Hindu-Kush. Deposits of upper Permian (Pamir-stage, zone ofCodonofusiella-Reichielina) are only found in the eastern part of central Afghanistan and in the south-eastern Afghanistan. A retreat of the Tethys towards southeast is indicated.

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Résumé Dans un avant-propos, le Permien marin de l'Afghanistan oriental et central est divisé grossement à l'aide des fusulines dans huit coupes, prises bien en détail. Cette série est mise en parallèle aux coupes du Permien dans l'Asie centrale russe.D'après mes recherches en Afghanistan et dans la littérature il est possible de tracer l'évolution paléogéographique de cette région.Le Permien inférieur (étage de Karatschatyr, zone avecPseudoschwagerina) existe dans la région nord-est et central de l'Afghanistan, il manque dans le Hindou-Kouch, séparant les deux régions. La comparaison stratigraphique est rendue difficile, parce que le faciès et les faunes des deux gisements sont de caractère différent. Le Permien moyen inférieur (étage de Darwas, zone ayecParafusulina) est répandu dans l'Afghanistan central et sud-est. Dans cette époque-là l'inondation commence dans le bord méridional du Hindou-Kouch. Pendant le Permien moyen supérieur (étage de Murghab, zone avecNeoschwagerina) elle s'étend avec des sédiments uniformes jusqu'au nord du Hindou-Kouch occidental. Les gisements du Permien supérieur (étage de Pamir, zone avecCodonofusiella etReichelina) se trouvent seulement en Afghanistan central-oriental et en Afghanistan sud-est et indiquent le retrait de la Tethys vers le sud-est.

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Geosynklinalbecken,Tektonik, Granite und junger Vulkanismus in Afghanistan

Zusammenfassung Mit räumlich und zeitlich differenzierten Unterbrechungen ist Afghanistan vom Paläozoikum bis in das Jungtertiär Sedimentationsgebiet. Sedimentationsunterbrechungen zeigen orogene oder epirogene Phasen an. Im Mesozoikum sind die Hindukusch-Schwelle und das Zentrum konsolidiert. Dieses variszische Kernland wird im Norden und im Süden von jungen Geosynklinalen flankiert, deren Sedimentationsgeschichte und Magmatismus geschildert werden.Im Laufe der Erdgeschichte wird Afghanistan wiederholt Schauplatz epirogener und orogener Bewegungen. Die variszischen Phasen sind die Vorläufer der alpidischen Bewegungen und erst in dieser Ära wird das Orogen konsolidiert. Die mit der Tektonik parallel gehende Metamorphose hat lokalen, meist selektiven Charakter.Basischer und saurer Magmatismus ist mit den tektonischen Hauptzügen genetisch verknüpft.

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Afghanistan is a region where sedimentation predominated besides only some interruptions which were restricted regionally and in time, from Paleozoic to Upper Tertiary.Gaps in the sedimentary record indicate orogenetic or epeirogenetic activities. During Mesozoic time the Hindukush-geanticline and the central region were consolidated. This hercynian center is bordered to the Nord and South by young geosynclines. The history of their sedimentary and magmatic evolution is delineated.Afghanistan has been the field of epeirogenetic and orogenetic movements for several times during its geological history. Hercynian movements preced the alpidic and not until this late period consolidation takes place. Metamorphosis, linked to the structural events is bound to local, generally however selected characters. Basaltic and granitic magmatism is connected with the main structural events.

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Résumé L'Afghanistan a été un domaine de sédimentation depuis le Paléozoïque jusqu'au Néogène, avec toutefois des interruptions distinctes dans l'espace et le temps. Les interruptions dans la sédimentation indiquent des phases orogéniques ou épirogéniques. Au Mésozoïque il s'est produit la consolidation du «Bombement de l'Hindou Kouch» et du «Centre». Ce noyau varisque est ensuite flanqué au Nord et au Sud par des géosynclinaux plus récents dont l'auteur décrit la sédimentation et le magmatisme.Au cours de son évolution géologique, l'Afghanistan a été maintes fois le siège de mouvements orogéniques et épirogéniques. Les phases varisques sont les «épisodes précurseurs» des mouvements alpins, et ce n'est qu'à l'occasion de ceux-ci que l'orogène est consolidé. Le métamorphisme lié aux mouvements tectoniques a un caractère local et le plus souvent sélectif. Un magmatisme basique et acide est génétiquement lié aux structures tectoniques principales.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c.Erich Bederke zum 70. Geburtstage gewidmet.     

Modeling effects of nitrate from non-point sources on groundwater quality in an agricultural watershed in Prince Edward Island, Canada

Intensification of potato farming has contaminated groundwater with nitrate in many cases in Prince Edward Island, Canada, which raises concerns for drinking water quality and associated ecosystem protection. Numerical models were developed to simulate nitrate-N transport in groundwater and enhance understanding of the impacts of farming on water quality in the Wilmot River watershed. Nitrate is assumed non-reactive based on δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O in nitrate and geochemical information. The source functions were reconstructed from tile drain measurements, N budget and historical land-use information. The transport model was calibrated to long-term nitrate-N observations in the Wilmot River and verified against nitrate-N measurements in two rivers from watersheds with similar physical conditions. Simulations show groundwater flow is stratified and vertical flux decreases exponentially with depth. While it would take several years to reduce the nitrate-N in the shallow portion of the aquifer, it would take several decades or even longer to restore water quality in the deeper portions of the aquifer. Elevated nitrate-N concentrations in base flow are positively correlated with potato cropping intensity and significant reductions in nitrate-N loading are required if the nitrate level of surface water is to recover to the standard in the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines.