The carbon accumulation and dissipation features of sub—alpine woodland in Mt.Gongga

Based on biomass investigations,soil respiration and plant photosynthesis measurement of dominant trees in Hailuogou valley of Mt.Gongga,Southwest China,the carbon(C) storage,absorption and release for several typical woodlands in sub-alpine zones have been discussed.For Abies fahri forest of 3,000 m above sea level,the Cstorage amount is 177.4t/ha for above-ground biomass and 143.2 t/ha for soil below-ground biomass. The annual gross C fixed by vegetation photosynthesis is 20-24 t/ha. The C release by canopy respiration is 3.0-5.5 t/ha for arbors and 10-19 t/ha for surface soil and roots.The annual net C fixed of forest ecosystem is about 6.0-7.1 t/ha.At lower elevations,the amount of C released by woodlands is higher than that of woods at higher elevations.The C fixed capacity of renewed forest with middle-aged trees is higher than that of mature forest.Before becoming over-matured forest,woodland is an important sink of C whereas bareland in woods is the source of atmospheric C.     

贡嘎山亚高山林地碳的累积和消散

Based on biomass investigations, soil respiration and plant photosynthesis measurement ofdominant trees in Hailuogou valley of Mt. Gongga, Southwest China, the carbon (C) storage,absorption and release for several typical woodlands in sub-alpine zones have been discussed. ForAbies fabri forest of 3,000 m above sea level, the C storage amount is 177.4 t/ha for above-groundbiomass and 143.2 t/ha for soil below-ground biomass. The annual gross C fixed by vegetationphotosynthesis is 20-24 t/ha. The C release by canopy respiration is 3.0-5.5 t/ha for arbors and 10-19t/ha for surface soil and roots. The annual net C fixed of forest ecosystem is about 6.0-7.1 t/ha. Atlower elevations, the amount of C released by woodlands is higher than that of woods at higherelevations. The C fixed capacity of renewed forest with middle-aged trees is higher than that of matureforest. Before becoming over-matured forest, woodland is an important sink of C whereas bareland inwoods is the source of atmospheric C.     

贡嘎山亚高山林地碳的积累与耗散特征

根据贡嘎山海螺沟内5种主要林地上的生物量调查、土壤呼吸和光合作用测定,研究亚高山地区典型林带上C的存贮、吸收和排放关系。对于海拔3000 m附近的峨眉冷杉林,其地上和地下C贮量分别为177.4 t/hm²和143.2 t/hm²,森林光合作用吸收的C量在22～24 t/hm²·a之间,通过呼吸释放C量为3～5.5 t/hm²·a (乔木冠层) 和10～19 t/hm²·a (地面土壤及根系),年光合作用净固定的C为7.05 t/hm²。低海拔处生态系统C的呼吸量较大,100a以内的中幼龄树木固C能力高于成熟林的固C作用。林地在成为过熟林之前主要还是C的汇,林间裸地是大气的C源。     

近20年海南岛森林生态系统碳储量变化

热带森林在碳循环研究中有重要作用。根据目前森林碳储量的计算方法和海南森林资源二类调查数据 ,估算了不同时段的碳储量 ,并分析其动态变化特点。结果表明 :海南森林碳储量从 1979年的 30 4 5TgC增加到 1998年的 37 74TgC ,年均增加 0 36 4 5TgC ,增长率为1 19% ,是全国平均增长率的 2 5倍 ;海南森林在碳循环中起不断增强的碳汇作用 ;森林碳密度呈加速减少趋势 ,储碳潜力将很大 ;随着海南全面禁止采伐和封育等林业措施的实施 ,森林面积扩大 ,林龄结构改善 ,储碳能力将进一步提高 ,海南森林在全国或全球碳循环中的作用和社会价值与意义将日渐突出。通过对碳储量计算不确定性的分析和讨论 ,提出应加强对森林群落各层次生物量的实测与实地监测研究 ,统一计算方法 ,以提高碳储量计算的精度     

新疆3种主要森林类型根系生物量变化特征研究

根系生物量是准确评估森林生态系统碳储量及碳汇功能的一个重要数据。采用标准木全收获法研究了新疆3种主要森林树种根系生物量,并分析了其在垂直梯度上的分配规律和随年龄的变化特点。结果表明：（1）新疆杨、西伯利亚落叶松和阿勒泰冷杉根系总生物量分别为43.409、42.152 t/hm²和16.19 t/hm²;（2）根系生物量随土壤深度增加迅速减少,约88.37%以上的根系生物量集中分布在0～40 cm土层中,在超过40 cm土层中,根系生物量降至较低水平（约为8.3%）;（3）随林分年龄的增长,各林分根系总生物量呈递增趋势,在中龄林根系生物量增长速率达到最大。各级根系中粗根、中根及细根生物量随年龄的增长所占比例呈现递减规律,而其根桩和毛细根生物量差异较大,所占比例随年龄的增大基本呈增大趋势;（4）在表层土壤中各林分在林木的幼龄及中龄阶段根系生物量都处于较高比例,之后呈下降趋势后维持在一定水平基本不变,而深层土壤中各林分在幼龄阶段都处于一个较低的水平,后以一定比例逐渐增长;（5）新疆杨、西伯利亚落叶松和阿勒泰冷杉根系年平均生产力分别为：1.070 8 t·hm^-2·a^-1、1.014 4 t·hm^-2·a^-1和0.910 7 t·hm^-2·a^-1。     

干旱区油蒿生物量凋落分解与土壤呼吸

生物量的凋落分解与土壤呼吸影响流沙基质中CaCO3的淋溶和淀积。为研究腾格里沙漠油蒿群落中土壤CaCO3的形成,对油蒿当年生物量的凋落分解与土壤呼吸进行了探讨。结果表明：在腾格里沙漠,固定沙地上油蒿当年生物量[（41.51±1.76）g·m-2]显著高于半固定沙地[（32.31±0.92)g·m-2],固定沙地上油蒿叶量籽量和[（32.89±1.34)g·m-2]也显著高于半固定沙地[（19.32±0.64)g·m-2];但不同立地油蒿叶量和籽量的分解速率均大于0.6692 g·g-1·a-1,且油蒿的凋落物需要4.48 a才能达到分解最大值。另一方面,油蒿半固定沙地、油蒿固定沙地和油蒿+冷蒿固定沙地的土壤呼吸速率均存在显著差异;统计分析表明,油蒿+冷蒿固定沙地土壤呼吸速率最低[（7.37±1.07)mg CO2·m-2·h-1]可能与油蒿+冷蒿固定沙地土壤中较高的pH值和较低的土壤呼吸脱氢酶活性有关。可见,干旱区油蒿群落越到固定阶段,凋落量越大,释放的Ca2＋越多,土壤呼吸速率越低,土壤中的pH值越高,而这越有利于土壤中CaCO3的形成。     

Preliminary Estimation of Soil Carbon Sequestration of China’s Forests during 1999-2008

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is an important resource for estimating the national carbon balance (These data were unpublished data, and we could only obtain the data before 2008 through data search by now). Based on the data from sample plots, the literature, and NFI, as well as the relationships between volume, biomass, annual litterfall and soil respiration of different forest types, the net ecosystem production (NEP), changes in forest biomass carbon storage (△Cbiomass) and non-respiratory losses (NR) of China’s forests during 1999-2008 were estimated, and the forest soil carbon sequestration (△Csoil) was assessed according to the carbon balance principle of the forest ecosystem (△Csoil = NEP - NR - △Cbiomass). The results showed that the total NEP, △Cbiomass, NR and △Csoil values for China’s forests were 157.530, 48.704, 31.033 and 77.793 Tg C yr^-1 respectively, and average NEP, △Cbiomass, NR, and △Csoil values were 101.247, 31.303, 19.945 and 49.999 g C m^-2 yr^-1 respectively. There were large spatial differences in forest soil carbon sequestration in different parts of China. The forest soil in Jiangxi, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangxi and Liaoning served as carbon sources and the carbon released was about 25.507 Tg C yr^-1. The other 22 provinces served as carbon sinks and the average carbon sequestration by forest soil came to 103.300 Tg C yr^-1. This research established a method for evaluating soil carbon sequestration by China’s forests based on the NFI, which is a useful supplement to current statistical data-based studies on the forest ecosystem carbon cycle, and can promote comparable studies on forest soil carbon sequestration with consistent research methods at the regional scale.     

宁南县城后山泥石流生物治理

后山属泥石流活跃区,需加以治理。治理区面积8.39平方公里,县城面积2.00平方公里。1985—1989年开展治理。后山泥石流生物治理总投资10.09万元。其完成的工程有:造林面积2077亩,栽桑面积50亩,栽油桐面积450亩。生物治理后,创产值48.74万元。因而投入与产出比1.0∶4.8。森林覆盖率从1985年的27.3％增加到1989年的43.8％。生物治理在后山泥石流综合治理中起着举足轻重的作用。     

北京森林碳储量海拔梯度上的变化趋势(英文)

像北京这样的中国城市化地区的快速人口和GDP增长已经导致了来自化石燃料的大量CO2排放。森林被认为是最重要的碳汇,可以中和碳排放。本研究基于2009年森林清查数据和森林植被碳含量,采用生物量扩展因子(BEFs)方法评价了北京森林植被碳储量,利用森林凋落物与森林生物量的比例以及凋落物碳含量计算了凋落物碳储量,利用土壤厚度、容重和SOM含量计算了土壤碳储量。我们总结得出,阔叶林是北京森林主要碳库,森林碳储量主要分布在海拔60m的平原地区和60-600m的低山地区。北京森林碳密度几乎随着海拔增加而增加,但是在海拔200-400m地区略有下降,其中植被碳密度在60m的平原地区相对较高,这主要是由于碳密度较高的杨树和落叶松人工林的比例较高以及灌溉、施肥等促进植物碳累积的人工管理措施较多;森林土壤碳密度几乎随着海拔增加而增加,这主要是由于土壤碳输出随着海拔增加而逐渐下降,因为林下种植、灌溉和施肥加速了低海拔地区的土壤异氧呼吸但随着海拔增加而下降,同时海拔200-800m的低山地区常见的土壤侵蚀也会随着林下种植等干扰措施的减少而下降。本研究可以为区域森林生态系统管理者提供保护森林生态系统和改善森林碳储量提供科学知识。     

2005-2013年中国新增造林植被生物量碳库固碳潜力分析

本文利用2005-2013年林业统计年鉴中每个省市新造林面积和遥感分类提取得到的2010年土地覆被类型,结合公开发表的各类森林生长方程和各个时期的森林存活率,估算了中国新造林在2005-2100年生物量碳库变化及其固碳潜力。结果表明：2005-2013年中国新造林面积达到4394×10⁴ hm²,在自然生长状况下,到2020年新造林蓄积量增加16.8亿m³,生物量增加1.6 Pg,生物量碳库0.76 Pg C;新造林生物量碳库在2005-2100年中将增加2.11 Pg C,相当于目前现有森林生物量碳库的25%,约是过去20年森林总碳汇的1.5倍;新造林生物量碳密度逐年增加,最高达到48.1 Mg/hm²。整合林业统计年鉴以及遥感解译的森林类型对新造林生物量固碳潜力分析,研究表明新造林具有较大的碳汇潜力,对中国现有森林碳汇平衡有重要贡献。     

Divergent responses of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) to recent warming along elevational gradients in the central Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Understanding the radial growth trends of trees and their response to recent warming along elevation gradients is crucial for assessing how forests will be impacted by future climate change. Here, we collected 242 tree-ring cores from five plots across the Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) forest belt (2600-3350 m a.s.l.) in the central Qilian Mountains, Northwest China, to study trends in the radial growth of trees and their response to climate factors with variable elevation. All the sampled P. crassifolia chronologies showed an increasing trend in the radial growth of trees at higher altitudes (3000-3350 m), whereas the radial growth of trees at lower altitudes (2600-2800 m) has decreased in recent decades. The radial growth of trees was limited by precipitation at lower elevations (L, ML), but mainly by temperature at higher elevation sites (MH, H, TL). Climate warming has caused an unprecedented increase in the radial growth of P. crassifolia at higher elevations. Our results suggest that ongoing climate warming is beneficial to forest ecosystems at high elevations but restricts the growth of forest ecosystems at low elevations.     

黑河上游山地青海云杉林土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素

以黑河上游祁连山中段青海云杉林为研究对象,分析了不同林区云杉林表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳的分布特征及其与气候因子、植被特征和土壤特性的关系。结果表明：祁连山中段3个林区青海云杉林表层土壤有机碳含量为寺大隆林区[(9.38±0.72)%]>西水林区[(7.81±0.43)%]>大河口林区[(6.06±0.30)%],土壤有机碳含量平均值为(7.41±0.28)%,变异系数为37.9%。土壤有机碳含量与海拔、土壤含水量、土壤全氮呈显著正相关关系,而与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系。经主成分分析表明,海拔和土壤pH值是影响土壤有机碳含量的第一主成分,土壤全氮是第二主成分,云杉林密度是第三主成分,累计解释率为72.47%。     

Simulation of soil erosion dynamics in grassland ecosystem of semi-arid China using the CENTURY model

1 IntroductionAmong the natural disasters frequently occur in local and regional scales, soil erosion causes a serious impact on global natural resources and eco-environment. In China, the soil eroded area covers 38.26% of the total country's area, of which water erosion is 48.77%, wind erosion accounts for 51.22% and annual soil erosion amount totals five billion tons, accounting for 10 % of the whole world. Of the factors cause soil erosion and disasters such as floods, windstorms, landform,…     

皖江自然湿地土壤碳密度及其开垦为农田后的变化

于2005年分别采集了安徽沿江4个淡水湖泊的自然湿地及其周边围垦农田的代表性土壤剖面样品,测定了总有机碳含量,讨论了天然淡水湿地有机碳密度与深度分布特征及其开垦为农田后的变化。结果显示,湿地表层（0～30cm）和全剖面（0～100cm）中的碳密度分别为42．5～57．4t／hm^2和81．5～91．6t／hm^2;而农田则分别为22．4～48．4t／hm^2和41．4～76．5t／hm^2。湿地开垦为农田后,土壤表层和全剖面的土壤有机碳含量明显降低,且有机碳含量的变异性增大。表明湿地开垦为农田后,其碳库失去稳定性。但是,开垦的旱地土壤的有机碳含量和碳密度显著低于开垦的稻田,故湿地开垦为旱地更不利于湿地碳库保护。因而,将湿地垦殖为水田是相对较有利于湿地碳库保护的人为土地利用方式。湿地开垦的碳库损失可能是土壤的大气CO2源效应的主要途径。     

武夷山甜槠天然林含碳率与碳贮量研究

选取武夷山甜槠天然林为研究对象,对其乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯枝落叶层、土壤层进行了碳贮量研究．结果表明：乔木层不同器官的含碳率表现为：C皮〉C叶〉C干〉C枝〉根,灌木层不同器官的含碳率表现为：C干〉C枝〉C根〉C叶,草本层是地上部分含碳率大于地下部分,枯枝落叶层的含碳率表现为：C叶〉C枝〉C果,土壤层的含碳率随着土壤...     

Are There Differences in the Response of Natural Stand and Plantation Biomass to Changes in Temperature and Precipitation? A Case for Two-needled Pines in Eurasia

A comparative discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of natural stands and plantations, including in terms of their productivity and stability, began from the moment of the first forest plantings and continues to this day. In the context of the progressive replacement of natural forests by plantations due to deforestation, the question of how will change the carbon storage capacity of forest cover when replacing natural forests with artificial ones in a changing climate becomes extremely relevant. This article presents the first attempt to answer this question at the transcontinental level on a special case for two-needled pine trees (subgenus Pinus L.). The research was carried out using the database compiled by the authors on the single-tree biomass structure of forest-forming species of Eurasia, in particular, data of 1880 and 1967 of natural and plantation trees, respectively. Multi-factor regression models are calculated after combining the matrix of initial data on the structure of tree biomass with the mean January temperature and mean annual precipitation, and their adequacy indices allow us to consider them reproducible. It is found that the aboveground and stem biomass of equal-sized and equal-aged natural and plantation trees increases as the January temperature and precipitation rise. This pattern is only partially valid for the branches biomass, and it has a specific character for the foliage one. The biomass of all components of plantation trees is higher than that of natural trees, but the percent of this excess varies among different components and depends on the level of January temperatures, but does not depend at all on the level of annual precipitation. A number of uncertainties that arose during the modeling process, as well as the preliminary nature of the obtained regularities, are noted.     

Wood productivity of Prosopis flexuosa D.C. woodlands in the central Monte: Influence of population structure and tree-growth habit

A balance between forest production and protection is hard to achieve in arid zones due to their low potential for wood production. Prosopis flexuosa woodlands are the major woody formations in the Monte desert and are currently in a degraded state due to intense use. The main degradation factors in the study area are overgrazing and firewood extraction. We developed allometric models to estimate the aerial biomass of P. flexuosa, compared annual growth rates of one- and multi-stemmed individuals through dendrochronological methods, and estimated the productivity of four structurally different woodlands in the central Monte. Total dry weight was best estimated by power equations. Annual increments in basal area and dry weight were initially larger for multi- than one-stemmed individuals. However, whereas multi-stemmed individuals rapidly decreased their growth rates after 60 years of age, one-stemmed trees maintained steady growth rates during the first 100 years. Depending on woodland density and tree size, total woodland biomass varied between 4000 and 15 000 kg ha⁻¹. Wood productivity was similar in all four woodlands studied (121.6-173.7 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Our results reveal the importance of tree growth habit to productivity, and suggest that regulated extraction of firewood and poles from old multi-stemmed individuals could optimize wood productivity and contribute to the sustainable use and conservation of these woodlands.     

放牧对内蒙古羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响

采用静态暗箱法,比较测定了放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响以及水热等相关环境因子与土壤呼吸的关系。结果表明:放牧没有改变羊草群落土壤呼吸的季节性变化特征,但降低了土壤呼吸速率的年幅度;生长季放牧样地土壤呼吸速率显著低于封育样地,非生长季两样地土壤呼吸强度均处于较低水平,而且出现负通量的现象,放牧使羊草群落土壤呼吸年总量下降了约33.95％;从全年来看,无论是围栏还是放牧样地,封育样地和放牧样地土壤呼吸与温度因子均显著正相关(p<0.01,n=15),其中与10cm处地温相关性最好,但放牧降低了土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感性;生长季水分影响作用高于温度,围栏封育样地0~10cm土壤含水量的变化可以解释土壤呼吸变异的87.4％,放牧样地10~20cm和20~30cm土壤含水量的变化共同可以解释土壤呼吸变异的74.9％。     

伏牛山地区森林生态系统服务权衡/协同效应多尺度分析

森林生态系统服务权衡与协同研究已成为当前相关学科的研究热点和前沿,对服务权衡与协同关系的多尺度分析有助于更加有效地实施森林资源管理。综合森林类型图、NDVI、气象和土壤等多源数据,借助CASA模型、InVEST 3.2模型和ArcGIS 10.2软件,开展伏牛山地区森林生态系统服务评估,运用空间叠置方法从多个空间尺度（区域、南北坡、垂直带）探讨服务权衡与协同效应。结果表明：① 研究区森林生态系统平均蓄积量为49.26 m ³/hm ²,碳密度为156.94 t/hm ²,供水深度为494.46 mm,土壤保持量为955.4 t/hm ²,生境质量指数为0.79。② 区域尺度上,28.79%的森林服务之间存在高协同效应,10.15%的森林存在低协同效应,61.06%的森林存在强权衡和弱权衡效应。③ 南北坡尺度上,南坡服务之间的协同关系优于北坡。垂直带尺度上,南坡中山落叶阔叶林带（SIII）服务之间协同关系最好,北坡低山落叶阔叶林带（NI）协同关系最差。     

免灌人工梭梭林生长与土壤水分变化的耦合关系

为了研究古尔班通古特沙漠荒漠-绿洲过渡带区域龟裂土立地条件下免灌人工梭梭林生态特征,探讨林分的最佳建植密度,对莫索湾1983—2021年38 a集水造林地初始种植梭梭、梭梭自然更新苗及不同坡位的土壤水分进行了调查,研究了梭梭生长对密度差异的响应,同时分析了各林地土壤水分的变化特征,探讨了梭梭生长与土壤水分的关系,以期为人工梭梭林的营建与可持续性提供科学依据。结果表明：（1） 当梭梭造林密度为6 m×3.5 m时（480 株·hm^-2）,母树存活率最高。随造林密度增大,母树保存率与梭梭自然更新比逐渐下降;母树保留密度越大的林地,其长势越差、生物量越低;盖度、郁闭度越高的林地,阻碍浅层土壤水分的补给,导致梭梭更新苗长势及生物量越差。（2） 梭梭母树的林木生长与其根部140~280 cm深度土壤含水量之间均呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,且主要利用根部140~240 cm土壤水分,对比3个林地可知该层土壤水分含量越高的林地,其母树的长势越好、生物量越高。（3） 当母树保留密度为360株·hm^-2（株行距4 m×7 m）时,梭梭长势较好、整体生物量最高,林下植被更为丰富,林地土壤水分条件相对较好。综上所述,在该地区进行集水造林时,保持该密度更有利于免灌人工梭梭林结构稳定、持续发挥防风固沙效益。