水温和余氯对黑棘鲷仔鱼存活的影响

采用静水试验法, 模拟研究了电厂温排水排放导致的海水升温和余氯残留对黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)存活的影响。试验水温设4 个梯度: 18、22、26、30℃, 余氯设6 个浓度水平:0.025、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/L, 同时以过滤海水为对照组, 每一个水温条件下的余氯浓度均设3 个平行样本, 取黑棘鲷初孵仔鱼进行试验, 试验共进行96 h 观测。试验结果表明, 当水温升高至30℃时, 对仔鱼的存活会产生显著性影响, 24 h 的死亡率为23.4%, 48 h 的死亡率骤升至98%, 而18、22、26℃ 3 组96 h 时死亡率均未超过10%。24 h 时4 种水温条件下余氯对黑棘鲷仔鱼的LC50 值分别为0.816、0.460、0.433、0.319 mg/L, 可见水温升高会增强余氯对仔鱼的致死效应, 而随着时间延长, 余氯对仔鱼的LC50 值进一步降低, 至96 h, 其值分别为0.242、0.211、0.140、<0.025 mg/L。广义相加模型分析结果显示, 水温由26℃升至30℃时, 或当余氯浓度高于0.2 mg/L 时, 或曝露时间超过48 h, 均会对黑棘鲷初孵仔鱼产生明显致死效应, 双因素方差分析结果显示, 水温、余氯、曝露时间对仔鱼死亡率具有显著性影响(P< 0.05), 且水温-余氯、水温-曝露时间之间具有显著性交互作用(P< 0.05)。     

市政污水厂尾水对文蛤卵黄蛋白原的诱导效应研究

本研究目的是检验市政污水厂尾水排放对海洋双壳类动物文蛤的内分泌干扰效应,判断其血浆中卵黄蛋白原(Vtg)水平作为尾水受纳海域雌激素效应生物标志物可行性。将文蛤在不同浓度的尾水-海水混合液(0%、1%、5%、10%、20%、40%)中持续暴露培养20d,定期测定雄性文蛤血浆中Vtg含量,分析暴露期间Vtg水平随尾水体积比(EVR)和培养时间的变化趋势。结果表明,暴露培养10d后,尾水体积比40%的处理组中雄性文蛤的血浆Vtg含量明显上升(P0.05),随着培养时间延长到15和20d,在较低的EVR(10%、20%)下也能监测到尾水对文蛤Vtg的明显诱导,表明污水处理厂尾水中存在一定数量的内分泌活性物质,对雄性文蛤具有显著类雌激素效应;Vtg最大值出现在EVR20%的尾水暴露15d以及EVR40%的尾水暴露20d,分别比对照组增加45.86%和47.40%。如果采用笼养文蛤监测尾水受纳海域的类雌激素效应,适宜的暴露时间为20d,此时采集的雄性文蛤Vtg可指示较大范围尾水的影响。     

文蛤副溶血弧菌间接 ELISA检测技术的研究

从患病文蛤组织内分离出一株细菌,回归感染试验证明是文蛤的致病菌,经鉴定为副溶血弧菌,灭活后(56 ℃,1 h)制成菌苗,用该菌苗制备兔抗血清,以辣根过氧化酶标记的羊抗兔血清(HRP-IgG)为酶标二抗,对副溶血弧菌进行间接ELISA快速检测.结果表明:应用间接 ELISA 技术检测副溶血弧菌具有较高的灵敏度,其最低检测极限为 1 × 105 cfu / mL.患病文蛤内脏团中副溶血弧菌的检出率为 80 %,无病症带菌文蛤中的检出率为 15 %,海水中副溶血弧菌的浓度低于最低检测极限.表明间接 ELISA检测法不仅可以用于发病文蛤的快速检测,而且能够检测出无病症的带菌的文蛤,为有效预防副溶血弧菌病的暴发提供了检测手段.     

中国海南岛东部海域内波特性观测分析

在海南岛东部海域内波生成区和传播区,采用CTD与温度链实测数据,结合潮流资料,从发生周期、时间与振幅等方面分析了海南岛东部海域内波的特性,发现此处内波与潮汐间存在较强的对应关系,周期表现为不规则全日潮周期,内波多发于高潮时后1~4h内,占总发生次数的75%。2009年观测得到的内波周期范围主要集中在10~29min之间,约占总数的70%,振幅主要集中在6~15m,约占总数的80%;2010年观测得到的内波周期主要集中在10~45min之间,约占总数66.8%,振幅集中在10~29m,约占总数75%。海南岛东部海域潮致内波的周期与振幅的差异性可能是由海水深度与上升流的影响导致的。     

重金属Cd2+、Cu2+对文蛤的急性毒性

用静态急性毒性试验的方法,研究24h、48h和96h内重金属离子Cd2+、Cr+对文蛤的毒性影响.结果表明:Cd2+对文蛤的24h、48h、96h LC50和安全浓度分别为197.35mg/L、40.47mg/L、13.18mg/L和0.13mg/L;Cu2+的24h、48h、96h LC50和安全浓度分别为1.66m...     

一株假单胞菌的亚硝酸盐降解特性及其对鱼池底泥的净化作用

从海水养殖池的底泥中筛选到一株对亚硝酸盐有强降解作用的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)SF1,在实验室条件下研究了SF1 的亚硝酸盐降解特性及其对高污染鱼池底泥的净化作用。研究结果表明,SF1 具有高效降解转化高浓度亚硝酸钠的能力, 其适宜降解条件为: 亚硝酸钠质量浓度范围为1～1 000mg/L; 菌种接种量为10%; 中量充气发酵; 发酵时间为12～36 h;发酵pH 值为6.5～8.0。直接接种SF1发酵液(接种量10%, 菌液A 值0.36)到鱼池底泥, 36 h 后, 底泥的亚硝酸盐去除率达到67%, 显示了SF1对鱼池底泥较强的净化作用。     

臭氧对西施舌胚胎孵化率和幼虫摄食生长与成活的影响

研究了臭氧处理后的海水对西施舌(Coelomactra antiquata)胚胎孵化率、幼虫摄食率、生长率和成活率的影响。结果表明,臭氧处理后的海水的化学耗氧量(COD)及NH 4-N的浓度明显下降。西施舌胚胎在通入臭氧(4.17mg/L)10min的海水中,孵化率最高,为97%,在充入臭氧25min的海水中孵化率最低,为72.7%;西施舌幼虫在充入臭氧10～15min的海水中和未经处理的海水中生长较快;幼虫在充入臭氧5min和10min的海水中成活率有所提高。将幼虫放在多次充入臭氧的海水中培养,再放回未经臭氧处理的海水进行17h和30h恢复,30h后其死亡率达85%,而在充入臭氧时间短的的海水中死亡率较低,为33.3%,表明西施舌幼虫的生理机能受到了臭氧的不可恢复破坏。     

文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)体内氨基脲含量与环境相关性研究

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行了文蛤体内氨基脲含量与环境相关性研究。在(13±1)℃的水温条件下,将文蛤分别浸浴于氨基脲浓度1.0μg/L、5.0μg/L的海水中6天进行吸收试验,第7天起隔天换水进行消除试验,结果表明:文蛤对水体中氨基脲的富集能力较低,蓄积量随时间的延长和给药浓度的增加而增加。氨基脲在不同浓度中具有相似的消除规律:初始阶段均具有较高的消除速率,随后消除趋势趋于平缓,并在一段时间内维持一定质量分数;至试验结束时,低浓度组和高浓度组文蛤体内氨基脲最终降低至低于检出限(0.5μg/kg);本研究所得的药时曲线对贝类氨基脲污染的净化提供了数据支持。     

红壳色文蛤选育子代各壳色的形态分化及养殖效果的比较

以红壳色为目标性状,于2009年进行了文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)的群体选育研究,建立了红壳色选系子一代(Fl),对子一代壳色种类、分布频率及其数量性状进行了统计、测量和分析,并对各壳色的形态、生长速度做了研究.结果表明,文蛤壳色具有多态性,红色、黄色、白双、黄双、波纹的分布频率分别为75.58%、8.55%、0.53%、14.83%、0.50%.红壳色亲本的子代中出现红色∶花色=3∶1,符合孟德尔遗传模式.聚类分析与欧氏距离矩阵结果表明,文蛤波纹与黄色遗传距离最近,白双与黄双遗传距离相近,与红壳色的遗传距离最远.主成分分析显示白双文蛤与黄双文蛤在空间分布上相对重叠,波纹文蛤与黄色文蛤具有较高的重叠率,而红壳色文蛤相对分散,从而进一步说明5种壳色文蛤的遗传距离关系.经过1a同池养殖,子代壳长多数已达到10～30 mm,红壳色文蛤的日生长率为0.20%,花壳色文蛤的日生长率为0.18%,且红壳色文蛤的相对比较生长速度比花壳色文蛤快10.41%.红壳色文蛤选育子代的壳长与壳宽、壳高、粒重存在一定的回归关系.红壳色文蛤壳长对壳宽、壳高、粒重的回归方程分别为:y1=0.502 4x1-0.556 0(R2=0.992 0)、y3=0.8103x3+0.620 0(R2=0.995 6)、y5=0.000 3x25.9029(R2=0.991 9),花壳色文蛤壳长对壳宽、壳高、粒重的回归方程分别为:y2=0.495 3x2-0.419 2(R2=0.990 9)、y4=0.798 5x4+0.793 5(R2=0.995 6)、y6=0.000 4x26.845 8(R2=0.993 4).研究结果为文蛤的红壳色定向选育奠定了理论基础.     

饥饿对3种不同规格文蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响

利用实验生态学的方法研究了饥饿对3种不同规格文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)耗氧率和排氨率的影响.实验饥饿的时间分别为1,3,5,7,10,13,20,27,35 d.实验结果表明,饥饿对3种不同规格的文蛤耗氧率和排氨率都有极其显著的影响(P<0.01).3种不同规格的文蛤在饥饿1～7 d时,耗氧率随着时间的延长而增大;饥饿7 d以后,耗氧率随着时间的延长而下降.3种不同规格的文蛤在饥饿1～10 d时,排氨率随着时间的延长而增大;在饥饿10 d以后,耗氧率随着时间的延长而下降.在实验周期内,大、中、小3种不同规格的文蛤的O/N值分别为15.05～36.12(平均23.69),15.6～37.56(平均24.73),17.44～47.25(平均27.17).     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.