珊瑚砂高压力下一维蠕变分形破碎及颗粒形状分析

珊瑚砂是一种含钙极高的海洋生物成因材料,具有高棱角性、形状不规则、易破碎等特点。通过珊瑚砂的高压一维蠕变试验,研究颗粒破碎引起颗粒分布曲线和形状因子的演化规律。借助于高速动态图像的激光粒度粒形仪器,从统计学的角度分析试验前后颗粒形状随压力演化的关系,发现颗粒的形状因子,如长宽比、球形度和凹凸度等,随压力增加而逐渐增加。不同粒径的颗粒形状因子均向一个窄幅范围趋近,说明颗粒破碎具有无尺度性和自相似性的分形特性,分形维数随压力增加而逐渐增大,且趋近分形破碎极限。采用Hardin和Einav的方法计算相对破碎量,发现在两种计算方法下相对破碎量与压力呈幂函数关系,且幂指数相同。相对破碎量随时间增加的现象并不明显,说明在高压力下颗粒破碎主要为压缩破碎,且颗粒细化滑移填充孔隙引起的变形是造成蠕变的主要原因。     

Measurement of sand creep on a flat sand bed using a high‐speed digital camera: Mesoscopic features of creeping grains

The characterization of aeolian sand creep motion remains incomplete. In this study, a top‐view imaging system was constructed in a wind tunnel experiment to record sand creep motion on a flat sand bed. In addition, a set of ‘mesoscopic’ parameters was defined based on the creep trajectory that was reconstructed by a particle tracking algorithm. Statistical results show that the parameters representing the lifespan of the creep motion follow a lognormal distribution, whereas those representing the sideways grain motion deviate from the lognormal distribution. As the wind velocity increases, the sideways motion is strengthened and the lifespan of the creep motion is shortened, indicating a stronger transition from creep to saltation. Furthermore, under a ‘pure rolling’ hypothesis, the creep trajectory can be transformed into two numbers of rolling cycles from the perspectives of space and time. The ratio of the two numbers is useful in identifying the specific mode of the creep motion.     

砂土颗粒形状量化及其对力学指标的影响分析

砂作为一种特殊的散体材料,其宏观物理力学性质,如密实度、剪切特性（临界状态角,剪胀角）、压缩性及颗粒破碎特征等均受到颗粒形状的影响,目前为止,对于砂粒土颗粒形状的量化工作,未到达成熟阶段。试验采用普通光学显微镜获取3种不同砂颗粒及一种相似材料（玻璃球）数字图像,利用ImageJ图形软件对其进行黑白二值化处理,获取颗粒形状轮廓边界;从3个层次定义颗粒形状参数,并利用java语言编制形状量化插件程序,计算砂粒各形状参数值,最后通过相对密度试验、直剪试验测试不同砂样的极限孔隙比、剪切强度指标。试验结果表明：整体轮廓系数、球形度、棱角度3项形状参数可作为不同砂粒形状鉴别和量化的关键参数,且与剪胀角、临界状态摩擦角均具有良好的相关性,试验提供了一种量化砂颗粒形状的有效方法,并可将得到的关键量化参数应用到宏观力学性质分析与数值模拟工作中     

Statistical analysis of sand grain/bed collision process recorded by high-speed digital camera

A high‐speed digital camera was employed to record the sand grain/bed collision process. With image processing and a statistical method, a series of parameters of the collision process were obtained. The results show that the collision process of a grain with rebounding can be represented by two parameters: the kinetic energy restitution coefficient and the collision angle. Both parameters satisfy a normal distribution, and they are dependent on one another. With an increase of the collision angle, the distribution of the kinetic energy restitution gradually reduces from a broad to a narrow range with low values. The percentage of vertical velocity restitution coefficients greater than 1 can reach 70% or more, which ensures that the settling time of the sand grains in the air increases and that they receive more energy from the air to progress the saltation movement.     

钙质砂一维蠕变分形破碎特性宏微观试验研究

钙质砂是远洋地区港口、机场和民用建筑等构筑物的天然地基材料。通过钙质砂一维压缩蠕变试验和微观结构测试,发现了蠕变前后表面孔隙面积减小且呈分散分布的规律以及试验过程中试样瞬时变形、快速变形和衰减变形特征与粒径的高度相关性;利用基于分形理论改进的相对颗粒破碎率和质量分形维数描述了蠕变前后颗粒破碎程度,得到了分形维数和蠕变与时间的衰减形态曲线关系以及宏观质量分形维数和微观表面分形维数的线性关系,并在此基础上对单一粒径组钙质砂蠕变过程中的分形破碎行为进行了多尺度分析和宏微观跨尺度关联性研究,获得了蠕变过程中颗粒破碎发展以及微观孔隙变化规律,证明了钙质砂蠕变过程中的颗粒重组排列、破碎和研磨行为,揭示了钙质砂蠕变机制。     

砂土颗粒三维形态的定量表征方法

颗粒形态是影响砂土力学特性的重要因素,特别是影响砂土在低应力状态下的抗剪强度、剪胀效应和临界状态行为,以及高应力状态下的颗粒破碎行为。因此,准确地重构砂粒的三维形态,并量化计算其形态表征参数是研究砂粒形态效应的前提工作。借助于高精度的CT扫描技术和图像处理技术,获得近海石英砂和风化花岗岩残积砂这两类砂土颗粒的三维形态信息。采用球谐函数序列实现两种砂颗粒三维形态的准确重构,并通过球谐函数分析计算砂土颗粒的体积来验证该方法的有效性。基于球谐重构的三维砂粒表面,提出了实用性的方法来计算砂粒的表面积、表面曲率和三维尺寸等,进而计算砂粒的三维球度、圆度和伸长率等形态表征参数。结果表明,当球谐函数阶达到15时,其重构的砂粒基本形状和表面纹理均与真实砂粒非常接近;近海石英砂在水流搬运和磨蚀的作用下颗粒形态较为规则和圆滑,球度和圆度较大,而风化花岗岩残积砂则在物理风化和剥蚀作用下颗粒形态较为复杂和粗糙,球度和圆度较小;而这两种地质作用对砂土颗粒的伸长率则没有明显的影响。     

中国南海钙质砂蠕变-应力-时间四参数数学模型

钙质砂是一种海洋生物沉积形成的具有特殊结构和力学性质的岩土材料,是我国南海岛礁吹填工程的物源材料。为进一步了解其蠕变特性,采用三轴流变仪对取自中国南海某岛礁的钙质砂进行不同围压条件下的长期蠕变试验研究。试验结果表明,在小于其破坏强度的恒定应力作用下,饱和钙质砂发生衰减蠕变,随时间增加,变形不断增加,但变形速率不断减小,直至变形稳定,所受应力越大则达到变形稳定所需时间越长,且蠕变变形量与所受偏应力正相关、与有效围压反相关。应力-应变与应变-时间均为非线性关系。试验研究发现,可采用幂函数对钙质砂蠕变应变-时间进行数学描述,基于试验结果,提出了一种蠕变应变与时间、偏应力和有效围压相关的四参数新的蠕变模型,可以对钙质砂的蠕变过程进行较好的数学描述;与经典的Mesri蠕变模型相比,所提出的数学蠕变模型不需要开展常规三轴压缩试验确定破坏时的峰值偏应力,减少了试验工作,具有一定的优势。     

Measurements of sand transport by wind on a natural beach

Bagnold's (1954) and Kawamura's (1951) formulae may be used for the calculation of the sand movement on a natural beach, provided the shear stress velocity U_* > 0·D4 m/s. Great discrepancies have been found between calculated and measured sand transport rates for U_* < 0·D4 m/s, mainly because of the capillary forces acting on a wet beach. The measured critical shear velocity U_*c at the beginning of sand movement on a clean dry beach agrees very well with that predicted by Bagnold's formula. On a dry beach where the sand grains are stuck together, U_*c was found to be about 10% higher. On a wet beach U_*c appeared to depend on the moisture content of the surface layer. Grain size is a determining parameter in the U_*c-moisture content relation. When the angle a between the wind direction at sea and the dune face is between 15° and 85° the streamlines of the wind will bend in the vicinity of the dune face. In consequence this may influence the direction of sediment movement.     

Aerodynamic grain‐size distribution of blown sand

Aeolian sand entrainment, saltation and deposition are important and closely related near surface processes. Determining how grains are sorted by wind requires a detailed understanding of how aerodynamic sand transport processes vary within the saltating layer with height above the bed. Grain‐size distribution of sand throughout the saltation layer and, in particular, how the associated flux of different grain size changes with variation in wind velocity, remain unclear. In the present study, a blowdown wind tunnel with a 50 cm thick boundary layer was used to investigate saltating sand grains by analyzing the weight percentage and transport flux of different grain‐size fractions and the mean grain size at different wind velocities. It was found that mean grain size decreases with height above the sand bed before undergoing a reversal. The height of the reversal point ranges from 4 to 40 cm, and increases with wind velocity following a non‐linear relationship. The content of the finer fractions (very fine and fine sand) initially increases above the sand bed and then decreases slightly with height, whereas that of the coarser fractions (medium and coarse sand) exhibits the opposite trend. The content of coarser grains and the mean grain size of sand in the saltation layer increase with wind velocity, indicating erosional selectivity with respect to grains in multi‐sized sand beds; but this size selectivity decreases with increasing wind velocity. The vertical mass flux structure of fine sand and very fine sand does not obey a general exponential decay pattern under strong wind conditions; and the coarser the sand grain, the greater the decrease rate of their transport mass with height. The results of these experiments suggest that the grain‐size distribution of a saltating sand cloud is governed by both wind velocity and height within the near‐surface boundary layer.     

四川盆地白垩纪沙漠石英沙颗粒表面特征

石英具有较大的硬度和较高的化学稳定性，因而其颗粒表面特征能很好地反映沉积环境。而通过扫描电镜研究石英颗粒表面微细特征是分析沉积环境行之有效的方法。虽然多数人认为四川盆地白垩纪地层存在沙漠沉积(打儿凼组和夹关组)，但仍有人对沙漠沉积的存在持怀疑态度，并认为是河流成三角洲沉积。过去关于其沉积环境的判别主要是根据沉积结构和构造，并未对其石英沙颗粒表面特征进行过系统分析。笔者对采自四川盆地白垩系不同层位地层的样品进行了石英沙颗粒表面特征系统分析。结果表明，石英沙颗粒表面特征分析可以成功地将石英沙区分为风成和水成沉积。因此，本文从石英沙颗粒表面特征方面进一步肯定了四川盆地白垩纪古沙漠的存在。     

Creep and rate of loading effects on geogrid- reinforced sand

This paper presents the results of studies of creep and rate of loading effects on geogrid-reinforced dune sand. Model plate load tests were conducted on reinforced sand beds under displacement and load controls. Displacement controlled set of plate load tests were carried out in the range 1–0.001 mm/min. Load controlled set of plate load tests were carried out in which the staged pressure was held constant for 6000 min. Results indicate that rate of displacement (strain rate) is very significant for potential improvement of geogrid-reinforced sand. Both stiffness and bearing capacity of geogrid-reinforced sand increases logarithmically with rate of displacement. Geogrid reduces the creep of sand especially in the working pressure range. A simple stiffness degradation and creep relationships were obtained for geogrid-reinforced dune sand. The results of the tests are reported, and the significance of each control variable is assessed.     

Characteristics of particle size for creeping and saltating sand grains in aeolian transport

Creep and saltation are the primary modes of surface transport involved in the fluid‐like movement of aeolian sands. Although numerous studies have focused on saltation, few studies have focused on creep, primarily because of the experimental difficulty and the limited amount of theoretical information available on this process. Grain size and its distribution characteristics are key controls on the modes of sand movement and their transport masses. Based on a series of wind tunnel experiments, this paper presents new data regarding the saltation flux, obtained using a flat sampler, and on the creeping mass, obtained using a specifically designed bed trap, associated with four friction velocities (0·41, 0·47, 0·55 and 0·61 m sec^?1). These data yielded information regarding creeping and saltating sand grains and their particle size characteristics at various heights, which led to the following conclusions: (i) the creeping masses increased as a power function (q = ?1·02 + 14·19u_*³) of friction wind velocities, with a correlation (R²) of 0·95; (ii) the flux of aeolian sand flow decreases exponentially with increasing height (q = a exp(–z/b)) and increases as a power function (q = ?26·30 + 428·40 u_*³) of the friction wind velocity; (iii) the particle size of creeping sand grains is ca 1·15 times of the mean diameter of salting sand grains at a height of 0 to 2 cm, which is 1·14 times of the mean diameter of sand grains in a bed; and (iv) the mean diameter of saltating sand grains decreases rapidly with increasing height whereas, while at a given height, the mean diameter of saltating sand grains is positively correlated with the friction wind velocity. Although these results require additional experimental validation, they provide new information for modelling of aeolian sand transport processes.     

对《西藏高原雅鲁藏布江北岸蛇绿岩带的发现及其地质意义》一文的商榷

综合1：5万区调成果，系统阐述了赣西北地区双桥山群的沉积学特征，认为是一套形成于滨海－半深海环境的重力流沉积体系，基本发育－系列重力流沉积相单元，即块状混杂砾岩相，正递变砾岩相，经典浊积岩相等，对各单元基本层序特征进行了总结论述，并结合地球化学特征及粒度分析成果探讨了沉积环境。     

云南西北部丽江—剑川地区古近纪宝相寺组石英砂颗粒表面特征

石英砂具有丰富的颗粒表面特征,是判别沉积环境的重要标志。利用扫描电镜对云南丽江—剑川地区宝相寺组（E2b）的石英砂颗粒表面特征进行了系统分析：下部样品具水成特征,中部样品具风成特征,上部样品则具经水流改造后的风成特征。结合野外观察结果,从宝相寺组石英砂颗粒表面特征的变化规律可以看出,下部为近源洪积环境、中部为风成沙丘环境、上部为湖泊环境。其中中部样品的石英砂磨圆、分选极好,普遍具有标准的碟形、新月形撞击坑和毛玻璃化表面,是典型的沙漠砂沉积。     

云南西北部丽江—剑川地区古近纪宝相寺组 石英砂颗粒表面特征

石英砂具有丰富的颗粒表面特征,是判别沉积环境的重要标志。利用扫描电镜对云南丽江—剑川地区宝相寺组(E2b)的石英砂颗粒表面特征进行了系统分析:下部样品具水成特征,中部样品具风成特征,上部样品则具经水流改造后的风成特征。结合野外观察结果,从宝相寺组石英砂颗粒表面特征的变化规律可以看出,下部为近源洪积环境、中部为风成沙丘环境、上部为湖泊环境。其中中部样品的石英砂磨圆、分选极好,普遍具有标准的碟形、新月形撞击坑和毛玻璃化表面,是典型的沙漠砂沉积。     

A wind tunnel study of the parameters for aeolian sand transport above a wetted sand surface using sands from a tropical humid coastal region of southern China

In this study, wind tunnel tests were performed to determine the relationships between sediment transport, the surface moisture content, and wind velocity using beach sands from a tropical humid coastal area of China. The variation in the properties of the creep proportion, relative decay rate as a function of height, and average saltation height in the flux profile were determined. Sand transport was measured using a standard vertical sand trap. The creep proportion (i.e., the proportion of the particles that move along the surface rather than undergoing saltation) and relative decay rate decreased and more particles were ejected to higher positions as moisture content and wind velocity increased. The creep proportion ranged between 0.12 and 0.33, and averaged 0.22. The creep proportion and relative decay rate decreased abruptly at moisture contents between 0.587 and 1.448%; the latter value was close to 1.591%, the moisture content at a matric potential of ?1.5 MPa. This moisture content limit may indicate a change in the form of soil water from adsorbed films on particle surfaces to capillary forces created by inter-particle water bridges. The surface moisture content therefore appears to decisively determine the degree of the restraint on particle entrainment by the wind. The average heights, below which 25, 50, 75, and 90% of sand transport occurred, increased with increasing moisture content (except at 0.231% moisture content) and wind velocity. The mean saltation height at various wind velocities increased linearly with increasing moisture content.     

Characteristics of wind-blown sand on Gobi/mobile sand surface

The characteristics of wind-blown sand on Gobi/mobile sand surface have been investigated through field observation and wind tunnel experiments. On moving sand surface, the pattern of wind speed profile in sand flow follows the power function and its power exponent is about 0.20. While on Gobi surface, due to collision of sand grains with gravels, the structure of sand flow differs from that on moving sand surface, which decreases exponentially with height. The height of blown sand activities on Gobi surface is mainly concentrated below 20 cm. In addition, the structure of sand flow can reach a peak at a certain height and increases with inlet wind velocity.     

The spatial and temporal variability of sand erosion across a stabilizing coastal dune field

This study aimed at quantifying the temporal and spatial variability in sand erosion and deposition over a coastal dune field in Israel. These were measured monthly over 2 years using 315 erosion pins over four transects that were placed perpendicular to the coastline. Vegetation cover was estimated based on aerial photographs and Landsat satellite images, whereas the relative height was based on a digital elevation model. These variables were calculated for the area upwind (south west) of the erosion pins, at various lengths, ranging from 15 to 400 m. Nine geomorphologic units were defined, five related to active units, and four to stabilized units. In active units at least 65% of the temporal variance in the annual absolute changes in sand level was explained by the index of Resultant Drift Potential, with most of the sand movement occurring during winter storms. Local rainfall had no apparent impact on sand mobility, due to the low coincidence of sand carrying winds and rainfall in Israel during the passage of frontal cyclones. As for the spatial variables, only a weak correlation was found between sand mobility with the distance from the coastline (R² = 18%). Rather, sand erosion and deposition were influenced by vegetation cover and the relative height of an area of 100–200 m upwind. The values of Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index were significantly negatively correlated with annual absolute changes (R² = 40%), whereas the relative height was significantly positively correlated (R² = 36%). Applying a multiple regression model, 68% of the spatial variability in sand mobility was explained. The resulting map of sand activity clearly shows that at this stage of the stabilization process, most of the dunes are now disconnected, and movement of sand grains from the beach or between the dunes, is very limited. These methods can be applied into spatial and temporal models of sand mobility, thus assessing the impact of different management practices on coastal dunes.     

用Monte Carlo方法模拟砂土的自然堆积过程

用MonteCarlo随机模拟方法模拟砂土颗粒在重力作用下,在圆柱与长方体容器中的自然堆积过程。首先用参考网格法生成一个砂土颗粒的松散结构,松散结构中粒子与粒子、粒子与边界间不存在任何接触;然后启动MonteCarlo随机模拟算法,即给处于松散结构中的每个粒子施加随机位移,得到新构形,如果新构形中粒子间或粒子与边界间发生重叠,则放弃这个构形;如果没有重叠存在,则判别粒子体系的势能变化,运用Metropolis准则来判别这个构形是否被接受,重复这个过程可以得到砂土的密集堆积结构。采用Schinner建议的接触发现算法判别粒子间是否存在重叠,同时详细介绍了粒子与边界间的接触发现算法。模拟结果表明,用MonteCarlo方法模拟砂土的自然堆积结构是非常有效的,可以为砂土的流动、压实等的数值模拟工作提供初始构形。     

Fatigue effects in quartz sand grains

Particles of quartz sand from a stream draining granite were found to exhibit noteworthy effects of fatigue. Both repeated static loading and collective movement in water weakened the particles markedly. This weakening must have significance in nature, where repeated stressing occurs in many environments, particularly in soils and during bed-load motion in both air and water. Tectonic movements may also create fatigue effects in sand grains. Fatigue effects appear also to be sufficiently pronounced to be significant in some industrial processes involving the use of sand.