塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季地面反射光谱特征初探

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区冬季453个光谱观测数据,进行了初步的分析探讨,得到了一些新认识,主要有:①碧空条件下,塔中地区沙漠的地面可见光通道反射率约为25.8%,近红外通道反射率约为28.6%;②碧空条件下,沙丘可见光及近红外通道的反射率具有在沙丘各部位,近红外通道的反射率大于可见光通道的反射率,而在沙丘的不同部位间,可见光通道的反射率变化较小,沙丘朝阳坡的可见光及近红外通道的反射率略大于背阴坡;③碧空、昙天、阴天中,可见光与近红外通道的反射率,均是以阴天为最大;④在较晴朗的天气条件下,沙丘的可见光及近红外通道的反射率均随着太阳高度角的增大而减小;⑤霜对沙面可见光及近红外通道的反射率起增加的作用,与无霜时比,可见光通道反射率增大约2.6%,近红外通道的反射率增大约3.5%。     

Towards a theory of the discordant border

Borders are often portrayed in stark terms, perhaps as national‐scale threats, or as sites of suffering, or conversely as hosts to socio‐cultural symbiosis. Yet borders are many things all at once. In this paper, we use the comparative context of the US–Mexico border and the Mexico‐Guatemala border to critique what we call the ‘border as hegemony’, a borderscape constructed through obstructions, punitive policing and reinforcing the limits of state control. Instead, we propose a model of the ‘border as discord’. In our heuristic framework, diverse mobilities are embraced, interests of borderlanders are acknowledged and prioritized, and borders are interpreted not as a security threat but as a resource for change.     

人文地理学视域下中国边境地区研究进展与展望

边境地区是重要的国家安全屏障和多重权力空间影响下的特殊脆弱地带。科学总结边境研究发展历程有助于厘清边境研究脉络,为实现边境长治久安与可持续发展提供科学支撑。论文以中国知网(CNKI)和科学引文索引(Web of Science)中人文地理学相关视域下的中国边境研究学术论文为依据,借助科学知识图谱方法,分析了1990年以来中国边境研究历程、趋势及热点等基本特征。研究发现：中国边境研究经历了“开放探索—社会建构—战略引领”的发展历程,研究热点区域逐渐由东北地区转向西南地区,“边境贸易”“边境旅游”“边境口岸”“一带一路”是4个核心关键词聚类。边境研究主要内容包括边境贸易与开发开放、边境旅游资源开发、社会建构与和谐发展、边境口岸与城市功能,以及地缘环境与边境安全。当前,中国边境研究在规律探索、定量总结等方面仍然不足,论文在构建多要素—多主体—多尺度集成的边境地理研究框架基础上,提出未来应加强边境风险与安全、跨境合作机制、边境效应理论、边境可持续发展等研究,为后续边境研究提供参考,支撑中国边境安全与现代化治理。     

Cities on edge: Smuggling and neoliberal policies at the Iguazú triangle

The vision of a borderless world, of people, ideas and products freely circulating within a self‐regulating market, is one that clashes with the emerging legal regime based on the punitive force of the state. After a period of liberalization, seen in the opening of national economies and the promotion of regional trade projects and free‐trade zones, the ambivalence of neoliberalism is manifest in a borderless capitalism that ambiguously depends on the securitization of national borders. Such a changing regime of state intervention is clearly seen at the Iguazú triangle – the tri‐border urban conglomerate that straddles Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina – where the illegality of informal cross‐border trading has been tolerated for decades. Recently stepped up police raids and controls hinder the passage of people and goods, while a new fiscal regime introduced in 2009 in Brazil attempts to regularize cross‐border trafficking by turning petty smugglers into micro entrepreneurs. Petty smugglers – dubbed sacoleiros– can hardly be defined as entrepreneurs and do not constitute an identifiable category of entrepreneurship but, as typical in the informal sector, act on opportunity and need. Drawing on ethnographic research, this paper contextualizes the programmes for border controls and regularizing smuggling inspired by neoliberal ideology in South America.     

领域陷阱与中国在缅甸北部的跨国禁毒实践

非法毒品不仅给国家安全和社会稳定带来新的挑战,也促使地理学者深入研究并揭示毒品贸易背后的地缘政治因素和经济社会问题。目前,中国已经成为缅甸北部“金三角”核心区域毒品的主要市场之一,基于中国政府恪守和平共处五项基本原则,无法对盘踞在“金三角”的毒贩进行有效的打击和根除。面对跨国毒贩,中国政府陷入了John Agnew提出的“领域陷阱”。如何在尊重缅甸国家主权的前提下实施有效的跨国禁毒,以维护中缅边境的安全和云南的社会稳定?本文借助政策报告和深度访谈资料,揭示毒品贸易的非传统安全属性,并且分析中国在缅甸北部的禁毒实践——采取武装威慑与替代种植。前者针对毒贩和跨国毒品集团,后者主要面向缅北依赖罂粟种植的农民。两种实践策略针对不同群体,相辅相成,标本兼治,不仅在缅甸领土主权和中缅边境安全之间找到了平衡,也为中国政府克服“领域陷阱”,建构了有效的跨国管制机制。本文丰富了地理学者对于领土主权、地缘政治以及边境安全的探讨,可为中国西南边境共建“一带一路”提供有益借鉴。     

Black gold to green gold: regional energy policy and the rehabilitation of coal in response to climate change

Energy production has come under increasing scrutiny as concerns about energy security and climate change have risen. In the UK changes in government structure and privatisation of the electricity industry have led to the emergence of multi-level governance. This means that decisions on how to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the electricity-generating sector should no longer be solely a national policy decision. Previous studies have sought to explore how renewable energy may develop under multi-level governance, but this paper pays attention to a traditional fossil fuel source, coal, which is still an important means of electricity generation. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel and advocates argue that carbon capture and storage techniques could make coal 'clean', paving the way for a long-term, secure and low emission way to produce energy. This study focuses on the Yorkshire and Humber Region, which has had a long association with coal mining and looks at the implications of this as the region seeks to develop a climate change action plan and an energy strategy within the new regional governance structures. The paper argues that the regional networks developed to address climate change are influenced by existing social power structures and alliances. The region as a territorial structure becomes a useful device in promoting national priorities.     

边境城镇的产业演化及其机制研究

边境地区是我国的安全屏障和对外交流的门户,其产业演化深受地缘政治、国家和区域政策、当地发展条件等多元要素影响,嵌套于多尺度的社会经济发展框架中。在“一带一路”建设的背景下,边境地区的产业演化研究有着重要意义。本文将“一带一路”的重要节点边境城镇——云南省勐腊县作为案例区域,在进行实地调研和深入访谈的基础上,利用演化图谱、相关分析等方法,剖析了勐腊县的典型产业演化过程及多尺度要素作用下的产业结构演化机制。研究表明：勐腊县的橡胶、制糖和旅游三大典型产业均经历了萌芽、快速发展到成熟的过程;勐腊县作为边境县,产业发展大致可以分为起步、集聚和整合三个阶段;产业的演化受到了全球化进程、国家间关系、地缘政治博弈、国家开发政策、区域发展政策等多尺度因素的影响。随着“一带一路”中国—中南半岛经济走廊建设进一步提速,勐腊县获得了边境合作区、国家重点开发开放试验区等众多跨境合作发展新动能,迸发出新的活力。     

Managing migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Regulation,extra‐legal relation and extortion

One major aim of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) integration programme, supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), is to foster regional ‘community’ for sharing resources, people and financial flows. This ‘community’ is the target of both economic growth and poverty reduction. The emphasis on ‘community’ in the ADB's mushrooming quantity of documents raises important questions about what kinds of people are included, in what roles and with what kinds of support and protection. This paper explores these questions in relation to the political economy of regulating ethnic migrants from Myanmar working in Thailand. This paper argues that extra‐legal relations between migrants and state/para‐state agents constitute a crucial part of regulation. In transferring the regulation of migration to the national scale, the ADB inadvertently reinforces national differences between Thais and cross‐border people. Additionally, the complicated and fluctuating implementation of national regulations in both countries leaves migrants subject to violence and extortion from state and quasi‐state agents in Thailand. This paper shows that the dynamics of global capitalism require ‘deportable labour’ supplied by ethnic migrants who are included in the GMS community as the most invisible, vulnerable and exploited members.     

青藏高原城镇化发展的特殊思路与绿色发展路径

青藏高原城镇化肩负着捍卫国家安全屏障与护卫国家生态安全屏障及“亚洲水塔”的特殊使命,对守护好世界上最后一方净土、确保“地球第三极”同全国一道基本实现现代化、让青藏高原各族人民生活更幸福、使青藏高原生态安全屏障更牢固、使国家安全屏障更坚固都发挥着不可替代的重要作用。本文详细论述了青藏高原新型城镇化与内地截然不同的特殊驱动过程、特殊发展道路、特殊发展目标、特殊发展格局、绿色发展模式与路径,认为青藏高原城镇化是一个在高寒缺氧环境下,由单一投资拉动、游客带动、服务驱动、对口支援等特殊驱动形成的低度开发型、文化传承型、守土固边型、护卫水塔型、小聚大散型、社会包容型、生态富民型城镇化过程。未来发展思路是：以守土固边为先导,保障国家安全,快稳有度,确保边境和农村地区有足量人口,到2035年高原常住人口将达到1600万人,城镇化率宜为52.5%左右,将长期稳定在城镇化发展的中期阶段,全面提升城镇化发展质量;以绿色发展为主导,不断提高生态产品和生态服务能力及水平,突出特色,彰显民风,弘扬文化,住在镇里,牧在乡里,就近就地镇民化,建设高原美丽城市与城镇;以小聚大散为布局原则,聚散有度,在散聚中形成由“三圈四带多节点”构成“星星点灯”式固边型城镇空间格局,突出“三圈”（西宁都市圈、拉萨城市圈和柴达木城镇圈）、“四带”（青藏铁路沿线城镇带、川藏铁路沿线城镇带、唐蕃古道沿线城镇带、边境地区固边城镇带）和“多节点”（多个重要城市节点和重要固边城镇）的集聚效应;以通道建设为保障,超前建设青藏高铁等基础设施,筑牢国家安全保障线,加快引进“新基建”上高原,建设高原智慧城市;加快边境城市土地制度改革,建设边境土地改革试验特区,以国土安全为重,在国家重大战略布局和国土空间规划中优先考虑边境城市。     

国家能源、矿产资源安全的功能区划与西部地区定位

资源安全是国家安全的重要组成部分。国家资源安全须建立在地区间合理分工与协作的基础之上 ,是对地区资源安全的整合。我国东、中、西三大地带的资源赋存状况和社会经济条件差异显著 ,在保障国家资源安全方面承担的职能也应有所区别。能源和矿产资源是非原位性资源 ,地区间的合理配置是保障国家资源安全的基础 ;为此 ,本文在综合考虑资源条件、交通运输条件以及生态条件等因素的前提下 ,进行了国家能矿资源安全的功能区域划分 ,提出应将全国的能矿资源富集区划分为开发区、接替区和储备区三种类型 ,并将这一划分方案具体运用到西部地区 ,针对各能矿资源集中区的实际情况 ,提出了相应的对策和建议。最后 ,在客观评价西部能矿资源特点及开发现状的基础上 ,展望了西部在国家资源安全格局中所应具有的地位以及为此需要做出的努力。     

Enclaves and ethnic ties: The local impacts of Singaporean cross‐border tourism in Malaysia and Indonesia

Cross‐border tourism is often proposed by governments as an incentive for economic growth, but critics have suggested that its impacts are, in fact, overplayed. This paper presents research in the Indonesia‐Malaysia‐Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS‐GT). It examines the broad economic impacts of Singaporean cross‐border tourism on local host communities in two locations: Kukup, a traditional Malaysian fishing village in Johor, southern Peninsular Malaysia, and Bintan in Riau Islands Province in western Indonesia. The study found that cross‐border tourism generated income, employment and some local economic linkages. In Kukup clear economic benefits with increased income and employment were unevenly distributed between ethnic groups. The Bintan enclave development had some linkages to the island economy but was reliant on immigrant labour. Cross‐border ethnic ties, particularly Chinese, also played an important role in the growth of tourism in the IMS‐GT. The paper shows that cross‐border tourism can be a useful addition to more conventional forms of international tourism within national tourism planning and could lead to significant economic benefits for local communities.     

当前国外政治地理学边境安全研究进展

如何在边境地区最大限度地实现人流、物流和资金流等自由、快速的有效流动,从而促进国家经济快速发展的同时,防止国际犯罪集团、恐怖主义、非法移民、毒品和大量破坏性武器通过边境地区进入本国,以保证边境和国家的安全,已经成为各国对边境安全研究的核心。当前围绕这一主题国外政治地理学对边境安全的研究主要集中在：对边境安全研究的基本理论探讨、自由贸易与边境安全、恐怖主义与边境安全和先进技术应用与边境安全等4个方面。文章在梳理这4个专题已有研究的基础上,总结了今后边境安全需要进一步深入探讨的基本问题：1）边境安全的理论与实践之间的不一致性;2）高新技术在边境安全管理中的应用;3）边境安全管理中的双边合作;4）边境安全预警体系构建。最后,提出了国外边境安全研究对中国边境安全的一些启示。     

Fiji,rugby and the geopolitics of soft power. Shaping national and international identity

In this century, sport has steadily become a more visible and marketable part of everyday life and of global political significance. States have consequently used sport as a means of soft power in order to develop a positive international presence and, usually to a lesser extent, affirm national identity. Sport diplomacy is usually associated with mega‐events and large states, but Fiji has used its prowess in rugby, and its Sevens victory in the 2016 Olympic Games, to promote itself globally, strengthen its national image and support government claims to legitimacy. The government emphasised Fijian values to construct a banal nationalism, in the face of ethnic divisions, and external concerns over repression of civil society. At least ephemerally, Fiji acquired new international recognition, and the government gained national legitimacy, indicating the expanding role of sport in geopolitics.     

Macroregional economic integration in Southeast Asia: AFTA and the automobile industry from a Thai perspective

Cross‐border automobile production and trade is still subject to regulations and restrictions in developed as well as developing political economic spaces. Although global production networks are within this industrial sector are significantly underpinned by political economies at national scales, macro‐scale regulation increasingly influences how and where lead firms operate within the global economy. Within this changing context, this paper outlines the recent regulatory changes in the regional political economy of Southeast Asia with the introduction of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). Drawing on empirical evidence from the Thai industry, and how macroregional automobile production networks are established, the paper focuses on the changes of this free trade policy for component as well as vehicle trade.     

Spatial difference and mechanisms of influence of geo-economy in the border areas of China

Border areas are both important territorial security barriers and portals to the outside world. Considering the complicated geopolitical environment of China’s inland borders, analysis of the current status and mechanisms of influence of geo-economy in border areas is of great significance. Namely, this analysis is important towards leveraging traditional advantages to accelerate China’s development in border and minority areas. Based on a comprehensive analysis, our study constructed a framework to analyze the geo-economy in border areas, and also introduced three indexes: local economy, export-oriented economy and local development. In addition, our study systematically described geo-economic evolution in the border areas of China. We also analyzed the mechanism of geo-economic spatial differentiation in these border areas by using geographical detectors. Our results indicated that the level of geo-economic influence in border areas has grown steadily with significant spatial differentiation. The absolute geo-economic dominance of Northeast China gradually declines over time. Areas with geo-economic advantages are highly dispersed, showing a spatial polarization pattern with several polar nuclei including Mudanjiang city (Northeast China), Baotou city (Inner Mongolia), Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture (Xinjiang), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and the city of Chongzuo (Yunnan-Guangxi area). Geo-economics in border area is mainly influenced by national policies, the development level of neighboring countries, as well as the desire of these countries to cooperate with China in bilateral trade. Favorable policies, traffic, cultural proximity and other factors also impact the geo-economics of border areas significantly. The Inner Mongolia and Tibet areas are mainly influenced by neighboring countries, while Northeast China and Xinjiang are mainly affected by Chinese policies; the Yunnan-Guangxi area is influenced by a combination of these factors. At the end of the study, we provide our recommendations for developing policies that further geo-economic advantages in complex geopolitical environments and in areas with varied development.     

滇桂边境地区跨境婚姻的现状、特征与原因

利用宏观县区政府统计资料和定性个案访谈资料,对滇桂边境地区跨境通婚进行调查分析,结果发现：滇桂边境地区跨境通婚数量在不断增长,地理通婚圈由边境向内地延伸,通婚辐射范围越来越广,一部分跨境婚姻即将演变为内地跨国婚姻;婚入人口性别结构严重失衡,边境国家女性嫁入中国的数量远远多于中国边境女性嫁到邻国;跨境婚姻中夫妇双方整体教育文化素质偏低,多以小学和初中为主,呈现出教育资源的弱弱结合;跨境通婚的结婚登记率较低,大多以“事实婚姻”的方式在中国组成家庭,并且这些家庭早婚多育现象比较严重,不利于中国计划生育的有序执行;夫妇年龄差偏大以及跨境通婚具有代际传承等特征。进一步分析发现：导致滇桂边境地区的跨境通婚不断增长的原因与地理空间的邻近性、跨境民族文化圈子的同源性、等级通婚圈的封闭性、边境邻国→中国边境→中国内地的二级经济阶梯推动性、中越两国人口性别结构的互补性、不同国家婚姻制度“错位性”和边境地区政治形势的不稳定性存在密切的关系。     

国外对地缘视野下边境地区的研究进展及其启示

边境地区是国家重要的国土安全屏障和对外开放门户。在全球化、信息化的背景下,边境地区成为地理学、政治学和政治经济学的研究热点。科学认识和总结国际边境研究是推进学科发展的前提。本文以科学引文索引(Web of Science)中边境研究的学术论文为依据,借助于Citespace科学计量工具,系统回顾了国外1990-2015年边境研究的发展脉络、研究领域重点和研究趋势。从文献计量统计分析来看,1990年以来刊文量最大的期刊包括《政治地理学》(Political Geography)、《地缘政治学》(Geopolitics)等。国外边境研究的领域集中于政治地理、环境生态、商业经济、公共管治、人文艺术等方面。地缘政治视角下的领土、国家权力始终是边境研究的重要内容。新世纪以来,边境研究在汲取了批判性地缘政治学、人本主义地缘政治的精髓后,逐渐增强了对边境环境、社会治理等方面的反思。在文献计量分析的基础上,重点阐述了边境的地理涵义和政治属性、经济商贸交流、边境一体化、边境冲突与安全、文化与社会建构、跨境合作制度等领域的研究趋势。最后提出,未来中国边境研究应增强边境地区的综合性发展战略研究,搭建适应于中国特色发展的跨境合作平台与机制,融入国际政治学、民族学、自然地理学等多学科视角。     

Geographies of Displacement: The Karenni and The Shan Across The Myanmar-Thailand Border

First, central to our analysis is the argument that human movement within and across borders fundamentally challenges the view of geopolitics based upon fixed territorial states, inter-state relations, national identities and citizenship; indeed the whole idea of "national geographic". Using the examples of the Karen and Shan peoples, we explore the processes and patterns of forced relocation, displacement and migration in the border regions of Myanmar and Thailand. Our main concern is with forced displacement as a result of political and ethnic conflict; specifically, how the Burmese military regime's desire for "national unity" within Myanmar's "national space" has influenced the militarily inspired displacements of hundreds of thousands of villagers and civilians within the border zones inhabited mostly by so-called "national minorities". We examine the particular problems of the so-called "internally displaced persons" within "national" boundaries compared with the "refugees" and "undocumented migrants" who make it across "international" space into Thailand. We illustrate the ways displaced people are represented by state agencies and the media as "threats" and "transgressors". We consider some of the "long term" aspects of the displacement problem along the Myanmar-Thai border and the vital contribution geographers can make to the study of displacement.     

中国边境地缘经济的空间差异及影响机制

边境地区是国家重要的国土安全屏障和对外开放门户,深刻分析复杂地缘环境下,中国内陆边境地区的地缘经济合作现状及其影响机制,对于挖掘利用边境传统优势,促进中国边境、民族地区加速发展意义重大。在综合分析边境地缘经济理论的基础之上,搭建地缘经济分析框架,纳入本地经济、外向型经济、本地综合发展三大类指标后,系统刻画了中国边境地区的地缘经济发展及演化。并通过地理探测器剖析了中国边境地区地缘经济空间分异的机制。研究结果发现,边境地区的地缘经济综合发展水平总体平稳增长,空间分异明显。东北地区地缘经济的绝对优势地位逐渐下降。优势地区在空间上高度分散,呈现以东北地区的牡丹江市、内蒙古地区的包头市、新疆地区的博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、云南广西地区的德宏傣族景颇族自治州、崇左市为增长极核的空间极化格局。边境地区的地缘经济主要受国家政策的影响,以及邻国发展水平、与中国展开双边贸易的合作意愿等。政策优惠指数、交通通达度、文化接近度等因素对边境地缘经济影响显著。其中,内蒙古地区、西藏地区以邻国影响为主;东北地区、新疆地区以中国政策影响为主;云南广西地区为综合因素影响。最后,文章提出复杂地缘环境下,差异化边境地区地缘经济发展的政策建议及启示。     

边界效应概念再议及其在旅游研究中的应用与发展

在当今“全球化”与“逆全球化”并行的背景下,边界被赋予了“去边界化”与“再边界化”的特征,由此形成的边界效应理论备受关注。旅游的跨边界活动,在促进地区发展与区域合作的同时,也带来了边界渗透、旅游流动、空间失衡、安全防范等系列问题,这些现实问题都迫使边界效应理论与内涵不断发展。论文通过梳理国内外相关文献,对边界效应概念差异、共识、产生原因及其在旅游研究中的应用与发展进行了归纳。结果显示,边界效应在旅游中是普遍且独特存在的,具体表现为边缘旅游地、旅游一体化、边境旅游社区等实践;虽然在旅游研究中,边界效应在评价、干预、利用方面存在新的发展,但目前仍存在适用性不强、解释性不足等问题,边界的阻碍力、吸引力、渗透力和扩散力的综合作用常常被忽略;边界效应在旅游研究中的应用更应充分考虑边界与旅游的特殊互动关系;文章深度解析并构建了旅游中边界效应的研究框架,认为可以充分利用边界效应的动态演化特征,通过主动干预、转换利用等手段实现对边界问题的管控。