THE POST-WAR PROGRAMME OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY OF GREAT BRITAIN

Abstract

In 1938 the committee to investigate the activities of the Ordnance Survey, presided over by Lord Davidson, issued its final report. One of the terms of reference of this committee was “to review the scales and styles of Ordnance Survey maps placed on sale to the public and to recommend whether any changes are desirable”.     

VEGETATION DYNAMICS OF THE SOUTHERN SLOPE OF THE GREAT CAUCASUS FROM SPACE IMAGERY

The use of multitemporal space imagery in the study of vegetation change in a mountainous section of the Azerbaijan SSR is described. Maps depicting both the character and intensity of change are presented, and methods of their compilation described. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 4, pp. 174-176.     

SURVEY IN THE GREAT WAR

Abstract

Artillery Survey.—Included in the term “Artillery Survey are two distinct problems, the first that of determining the “line” and “range” at which fire should be opened, and the second that of laying the gun in the required line. To appreciate these problems it. is necessary to know a little about the technique of gunnery, and for the benefit of those who have no acquaintance with the subject the following brief résumé may be given.     

SURVEY IN THE GREAT WAR

Abstract

Hostile Battery Location.—Among the tactical ideas current in 1914 before the outbreak of war was the conception of an artillery duel as the opening phase of a great battle. This was pictured as a “hammer and tongs” sort of business in which the opposing artilleries were drawn up in full view of one another, and the winning assets were speed in coming into action, quicker rate of fire, and superior endurance. Good drill, in short, was thought to be worth much more than preliminary calculation. Actually, in the event, it was soon discovered that no battery could come into action in the open without being immediately destroyed. Far from there being any artillery duel, the opposing artilleries soon found themselves unable to attack one another at all. For a time, in the stress of greater happenings, this unforeseen development passed unnoticed, the reason being that the British artillery, having no shells to speak of, were compelled to keep the few they possessed for helping to repel the German infantry, while the German gunners, though they had plenty of ammunition, saw no reason to expend any of it in subduing an artillery which fired so seldom. Throughout 1915, until the shell shortage had been overcome, the recognized procedure for putting a stop to hostile shelling was to retaliate by a few rounds on some reputedly sensitive spot in the infantry trenches. History does not record the precise nature of the reactions in the hostile organism set up by this procedure nor whether it was invariably effective for the purpose in view. In any case no other procedure was possible because no one knew exactly where the hostile batteries were.     

THE USE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING FOR FORESTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN

The Forestry Commission needs information on the woodland cover of the country, both as general assessment of all ownerships for woodland census purposes and as detailed crop data on its own forest estate for management purposes. These survey requirements are outlined and the methods used for data collection are described, particular attention being given to the role of aerial survey. The development of a digital mapping system is also covered. Finally, the potential role of other remote sensing techniques and the trials currently in progress are discussed.     

SAR与光学影像融合在宁陕地区明长城探测中的应用研究

宁夏和陕西地区的明长城在遭到自然与人为双重破坏后日渐退化,有的区段已消失于地表。本文采用了SAR与光学影像像素 级融合方法——HIS变换融合和PC主成份变换融合,通过比较2种方法的融合效果,最终选定PC主分量变换融合的结果作为自动提取 该区明长城信息的基础。通过“骨架”算法实现了对该区明长城空间位置的自动提取,最终获得了较为清晰的明长城信息。该区明 长城准确而完整的空间位置,可为进一步研究该区明长城沿线环境变化及古环境演变提供精准的研究范围和研究基础。     

不同典型区长城遥感比较研究

以东、西部地区典型地段的长城为研究对象,分别从其光谱、形态、位置及周边环境等特征分析比较了二者在高分辨率遥感影像上的影像差异,并探讨了造成这些差异的原因.     

REPRODUCTION OF THE 1/1,250 AND 1/2,500 SCALE NATIONAL PLANS,OF GREAT BRITAIN

Abstract

Field work for the 1/1,250 scale re-survey of Great Britain was fully described in an article by Brigadier R. P.Wheeler in the April, 1948, issue of this Review (ix, 68, 234–247). The object of this article is to outline the method’ of reproduction of these plans and of the resultant 1/2,500 scale plans of urban areas. The 1/2,500 series covering rural areas is a separate problem, one of revision rather than re-survey. Experiments are in hand now to find out the best ways to provide field material and produce the final plans on National Grid sheet lines. The 1/1,250 scale series will contain about forty thousand plans and the 1/2,500 series of the same areas about nine thousand. It is therefore important that production methods should be straightforward and maintain an economical balance between the use of men and machines.     

大小圆位置线的数学模型及其应用

本文给出了球面上大小圆位置线的各种数学关系式,并重点讨论了a=F_1(φ,λ),s=F_2(φ,λ)形式的大小圆方程式和大小圆位置线的参数方程式φ=f_1(s,a),λ=f_2(s,a),以及这两种数学模型的程序设计问题。本文还讨论了大小圆位置线在专题数学要素图和无线电导航定位中应用的各种情形,并给出了利用PC—1500袖珍计算机自动绘制的位置线图形和算例。     

THE VARIATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC COEFFICIENT OF REFRACTION WITH THE NATURE OF THE SOURCE OF LIGHT

Abstract

In working out vertical heights on the Akuse-Kete Krachi chain of triangulation in the Gold Coast a fairly considerable difference was found between values of the coefficient of refraction obtained from observations taken during the day and those taken at night, the mean values being 0.069 for daylight observations to heliographs and 0.087 for night observations to lamps. This difference no doubt is due mainly to the condition of the atmosphere during the day differing from its condition during the night rather than to any effect due to different sources of light. A new chain has recently been observed in Western Ashanti, and the index of refraction for the daylight observations again gave a lower value than that obtained from the night observations, the figures being 0.073 and 0.099 respectively. For the night work three different sources of light were used, hurricane lamps for short lines, Tilley vapour-pressure lamps for lines of intermediate length, and McCaw acetylene signalling lamps by Watts for long lines. It occurred, therefore, to the writer to examine the results to see if the mean values of the index of refraction showed any variations for the different light sources, since it seemed reasonable to suppose that the constitution of the light emitted from each source would be different and hence that the coefficient of refraction might vary.     

ON THE ESSENCE OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE MAP

The author continues development of his concept of cartography as the “language of the map,” an earlier paper of this subject appearing in translation in M.S.R.S., 1985, No. 1. Although the term language has been widely used to describe cartographic communication, current theory fails to incorporate aspects of the language which provide for a comprehensive understanding of its structure and function. In particular, the language of the map and its symbolic elements cannot be explained reflexively by methods and rules of symbol and map design, since these elements were developed not before but after the existence of the language. The language of the map thus is proposed as the mechanism which provides for replicability or duplication in the way a system of mapmaking-map use functions (under diverse conditions, purposes, historical periods, and levels of training of users) through its different methods, models, and norms. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 3, pp. 142-151.     

THE THEORY OF THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE STEREOGRAM

The theory of the solution of the stereogram is developed from the condition that the vector triangle, formed by the base-line and the two rays from the perspective centre to a common model point, shall be in equilibrium. Using this approach the unique definition of a point in the model follows naturally from the solution of the relative orientation problem.     

THE CALCULATION OF THE HEIGHT OF KILIMANJARO

Abstract

The observations to height Kilimanjaro were made from two ground stations, Domberg (5,081·6 ft.) and Lelatema (5,323.1 ft.) and from a point called Kibo near Kaiser Wilhelm Spitze which is regarded as the highest point on the crater rim. It was originally intended to include a third ground station, Kifaru, but it was discovered that the ice cap obstructed observations between this point and the top.     

试论地图形式美的规律

本文从六个方面阐述了地图形式美的规律性,最后进一步说明了其规律性与增强地图美感的关系。     

THE ADJUSTMENT OF TRIGONOMETRICAL LEVELS AND THE EVALUATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION

Abstract

This paper is written primarily with the object of ascertaining how other Colonies and Dominions deal. with the adjustment of their trigonometricallevels; further, since the greater part of Nigeria is now covered by a framework of levels of primary accuracy it is of interest to examine the results. Moreover, the evaluation of the coefficient of refraction, and from it the temperature lapse-rate, is of some importance in view of the recent publication of the War Office Aneroid Tables. These tables are based on a standard lapse-rate of temperature.