A NEW METHOD FOR THE ADJUSTMENT OF A NETWORK OF TRIANGULATION

Abstract

A problem frequently encountered by surveyors in carrying out a system of triangulation, is the adjustment of a network of lower order triangulation to make it geometrically consistent with an existing triangulation of a higher order. For example, in Fig. 1 it will be assumed that the positions of the stations A, B, and C have already been determined and that it is now required to determine the positions of the stations a, b, c, d, e and f from the measured values of the internal angles of the network of triangulation shown. In practice, several different solutions have been suggested, ranging from rigorous least squares methods to semi-graphical solutions. The method described in this article is believed to be original and may prove of interest to surveyors.     

一种GPS网三维平差的数学模型

本文采用带约束条件的间接平差法，给出了取空间直角坐标（Ｘ，Ｙ，Ｚ）为未知参数的ＧＰＳ网三维平差的数学模型。这种模型既便于将ＧＰＳ网的平面部分与高程部分分别处理，又便于对一些理论和实际问题进行分析和研究，此外，文中还对求解方法作了必要的说明，并且简要地介绍了按这各模型研制的软件系统。     

THE LEVELLING OF A THEODOLITE

Abstract

A Fully equipped theodolite is provided with plate levels, an alidade level, and a striding level. An instrument not so equipped has no title to be considered a “Universal Instrument”, that is to say, an instrument designed for every kind of both terrestrial and celestial measurement. Without a striding level, for example, nothing beyond relatively rough astronomical measures can be expected in general. Modern instruments, capable of giving considerable refinement in terrestrial measures, are frequently not furnished with a striding level; and it is sometimes assumed, with the tacit approval of the makers, that such instruments are equally capable of giving refined astronomical results. On the older type of instrument a striding level—rarely not supplied—could have been, and sometimes was, extemporized; it seems as if ignorance of astronomy of position has led, at least in part, to the construction of theodolites in such a manner as actually to render such extemporization difficult.     

EVALUATING THE DISTORTION INVOLVED IN THE READJUSTMENT OF A NETWORK: THE SCHOLS ADJUSTMENT AS A POSSIBLE CRITERION

Abstract

The object of the present paper is to provide a criterion for assessing the value of a network of surveyed points in the light of a subsequent accurate coordination of control points in the area.     

A TEST FOR THE RELIABILITY OF FIRST-ORDER TRIGONOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS

Abstract

Generally speaking there is a tendency for observations to be judeged by the magnitudes of the triangular errors, although the misclosures of the side equations are equally important. This note explains how to formulate a compehensive criterion covering the two types of misclosure and given in terms of the mean traingular ? _m for which definite limits are usually laid down.     

加密导线网平差程序的设计与实现

现在生产单位对于城市建设控制网的布设，倾向于首先布设GPS控制网，然后再以GPS点作为首级控制点，进行导线网加密，全面介绍了导线加密网的平差计算，据此编写了相关处理软件，并在实际生产应用中进行了验证。     

虚拟权平差在矿山大型贯通近井网设计中的应用

本文将虚拟权平差法引入矿山大型贯通近井网的设计中，解决了相距甚远的两井口近井网精度基准不统一的问题，通过对一矿山大到贯通近井网的重新设计证明：该法具有良好的应用前景．     

测量平差计算的神经网络方法

本文首次将神经网络理论引用到测量平差的计算中，研究了神经网络理论在测量平差计算中应用的可能性和实用性，提出了用Ｈｏｐｆｉｅｌｄ网络和多层结构化前向神经网络解决测量平差中线性方程组解及逆矩阵计算等问题。     

THE HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT OF A SINGLE STRIP

This note represents an extension of some earlier work on the plan adjustment of a fully controlled strip (Thompson, 1967). A similar method was developed for the height adjustment. Unlike other adjustment methods using polynomials, both plan and height adjustment formulae are very simple, so that adjustment can be rapidly carried out by hand computation.     

先验信息在井下控制网平差中的应用研究

分析了井下测角误差与对中误差的关系,利用最小二乘拟合给出了测角误差与边长之间的函数关系,提高了井下控制网平差结果的可靠性。     

关于精密水准测量中因瓦标尺的温度改正问题

标尺误差是精密水准测量的一项重要误差来源。其中由于温度变化而引起因瓦带的长度变化,是使用因瓦标尺带来的误差之一。国内外有关文献曾对此进行过深入的研究。我国过去在精密水准测量时,未测定所用因瓦标尺的综合膨胀系数,故在一等水准网平差中未对观测高差加标尺温度改正。本文主要针对将要开始的精密水准复测,讨论标尺的温度改正问题和我们的试验结果。     

用间隔三差相位模型整体平差GPS网

本文提出用间隔三差相位模型处理ＧＰＳ观测数据，整体平差ＧＰＳ网。阐述了基本模型和数据处理方法。用以此模型和方法为基础编写的软件ＳＯＳＤＳ处理了１９９１年５月至１９９２年４月观测的分布在全国范围的５３个点的ＧＰＳ网数据。结果显示出，基线精度为２×１０－８；基线向量的单弧解算精度为４０ｃｍ（Ｎ）、９３ｃｍ（Ｅ）和１０６ｃｍ（Ｕ）；点位坐标的相对精度为３×１０〔－８〕。     

光电测距三角高程测量在山区代替三,四等水准的可行性探讨

本文作者根据自己在工作实践中的尝试，对在山区用光电测距三角高程测量代替三、四等水准问题，谈了几点体会．     

THE ADJUSTMENT OF TRAVERSE NETS

Abstract

The weakest point in a straight traverse between two fixed points is well known to be in the middle. The uncertainty or p.e. perpendicular to the general direction of the traverse can be shown to be a maximum at the midpoint. Yet subsidiary traverses are usually tied in at or near this point, and consequently may show closing errors which are well in excess of what may be expected. A rigorous least squares solution would overcome this difficulty but only at the cost of a very laborious computation if the network is at all extensive. A compromise between rigour and labour can be achieved, however, which retains the major advantage of a fully rigorous solution, namely that the subsidiary traverses are not tied in at the weakest points of the main traverse system.     

DISTORTING A NETWORK TO FIT CONTROL POINTS: AN ALTERNATIVE EXPRESSION FOR THE SCHOLS ADJUSTMENT

Abstract

Another form of Mr. Lauf's expression for a conformal adjustment of a system of coordinated points may be of interest. These are assumed to be already in harmony with i control points and are to be brought into agreement with j further points. (Mr. Lauf deals explicitly in his paper with the special case i = 2, j = 1, but he adumbrates a general solution.)     

THE CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATION OF A NETWORK OF TRIANGULATION

Abstract

In a recent issue of this Review, an example is given of the conformal transformation of a network of triangulation using Newton's interpolation formula with divided differences. While the application of the method appears to be new, attention should be drawn to the fact that Kruger employed Lagrange's interpolation formula in a discussion and extension of the Schols method in a paper which was published in the Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen in 1896. A reference to this paper was given at the end of the paper, “Adjustment of the Secondary Triangulation of South Africa”, published in a previous issue of the E.S.R. (iv, 30, 480).     

GPS水准测量在高速公路高程控制测量中的应用研究

本文在介绍高程异常确定方法的基础上,着重讨论了几种ＧＰＳ高程几何拟合方法的数学模型,并通过广惠高速公路ＧＰＳ及水准测量数据,分析比较了这几种方法的精度,得出了一些有益的结论。