THE NOMENCLATURE OF MAP PROJECTIONS

Abstract

Map Projections.—A matter that should have been mentioned in the original article under this title (E.S.R., vii, 51, 190) is the definition of a map projection. In the list of carefully worded “Definitions of Terms used in Surveying and Mapping” prepared by the American Society of Photogrammetry (Photogrammetrie Engineering, vol. 8,1942, pp. 247–283), a map projection is defined as “a systematic drawing of lines on a plane surface to represent the parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude of the earth or a section of the earth”, and most other published works in which a definition appears employ a somewhat similar wording. This, however, is an unnecessary limitation of the term. Many projections are (and all projections can be) plotted from rectangular grid co-ordinates, and meridians and parallels need not be drawn at all; but a map is still on a projection even when a graticule is not shown. Objection could be raised also to the limitation to “plane surface”, since we may speak of the projection of the spheroid upon a sphere, or of the sphere upon a hemisphere. Hence, it is suggested that “any systematic method of representing the whole or a part of the curved surface of the Earth upon another (usually plane) surface” is an adequate definition of a map projection.     

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTIONS

Abstract

1. Classes and Varieties. A map projection can be considered from different points of view, each such point of view representing a “class” of projections. The classes, in their turn, are subdivided into “varieties”.     

NOMENCLATURE OF MAP PROJECTIONS

Abstract

I Have read with interest Mr. L. P. Lee's remarkably well-informed article in the January number (vii, 51, 190) on “The Nomenclature and Classification of Map Projections”. I agree with much of what Mr. Lee says, but I cannot think that he has always been happy in his choice of names.     

屏幕地图在地图符号设计中的应用

计算机图形技术的发展,对传统地图设计的设计技术提出了挑战。本文从屏幕地图的特点出发,结合传统的制图学理论,通过设计河南省政区显示系统的初步实践,归纳和总结了屏幕地图在地图符号设计应用中的几个方面,并说明了屏幕地图在制图领域中的应用前景。     

ON THE ESSENCE OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE MAP

The author continues development of his concept of cartography as the “language of the map,” an earlier paper of this subject appearing in translation in M.S.R.S., 1985, No. 1. Although the term language has been widely used to describe cartographic communication, current theory fails to incorporate aspects of the language which provide for a comprehensive understanding of its structure and function. In particular, the language of the map and its symbolic elements cannot be explained reflexively by methods and rules of symbol and map design, since these elements were developed not before but after the existence of the language. The language of the map thus is proposed as the mechanism which provides for replicability or duplication in the way a system of mapmaking-map use functions (under diverse conditions, purposes, historical periods, and levels of training of users) through its different methods, models, and norms. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 3, pp. 142-151.     

A MAP OF THE EMPIRE

Abstract

About sixteen years ago an apparent need of the time led the writer to consider the construction of a small-scale map of the British Empire. It was immediately obvious that such a sheet, prepared in a manner to reduce the errors of scale and bearing to figures approaching the minimum, would have to extend from the Yukon and across the Eastern Hemisphere to New Zealand_ Accordingly, it would involve an oblique projection, cutting the Equator at some angle to be investigated. Moreover, the depth of the map would necessarily be the least possible in order to conform with the desiderata above.     

地图信息度量方法的研究

概率统计方法是最早用于确定地图信息量的方法。但是,由于它的种种不适宜性而受到越来越多的怀疑。本文通过对概率统计方法的分析评价,试图跳出概率统计方法的框框,寻找一种更为有效的测度地图信息量的方法——综合指数法。试验结果表明,这种尝试是十分有效的。     

《系列世界地图》上的专题内容

继“纬线世界地图”于2001年8月在第20届国际制图大会及国际地图展上发表和展出之后,《系列世界地图》于2002年4月在湖北省地图院编制完成。《系列世界地图》不仅可准确和完整地表达中国与东、西、南、北半球的地理关系,一套四种世界地图还可表示若干种不同的专题内容。     

试论地图形式美的规律

本文从六个方面阐述了地图形式美的规律性,最后进一步说明了其规律性与增强地图美感的关系。     

THE READABILITY OF THE MAP: THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES

An effort is made at developing a theory of map readability, defined as the process of the user's representation of the information of the map in his/her own mind. This can be estimated quantitatively by surrogate measures, which include the speed of map comprehension and accuracy of map interpretation. Levels of psychological representation of map information are incorporated to determine at what stage particular aspects of map knowledge are understood. Thus what readability entails, and the approaches used to measure it (what types of things are comprehended, how fast, and how accurately) will depend upon the level of representation. Translated from: Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, seriya 7 [geologiya, geografiya], 1988, No. 1, pp. 32-37.     

A MAP OF THE AVERAGED RELIEF OF THE RUSSIAN PLAIN

The authors outline a methodology for the small-scale hypsometric mapping of plains areas based on the averaging of relief—this for the purpose of portraying the most important details of local relief (small erosional landforms) without obscuring larger, major relief forms or compromising the readability of the map. An example map (25-m contour interval) of the Soviet portion of the East European Plain at a scale of 1:5,000,000 is included. The elevations portrayed on this map were averaged, according to a multi-stage procedure, from grid cells on a 1:2,500,000 map before transference onto the smaller-scale map base. The new map makes possible a revised estimate of the average elevation of the Russian Plain and depicts well the effects of both endogenous and exogenous factors on relief formation. Translated from: Geomorfologiya, 1987, No. 1, pp. 22-29.     

计算机辅助"地图学"教学

本文通过对地图学和计算机辅助教学的介绍,提出了在地图学各课程的教学过程中应用计算机进行辅助教学的必要性,并在地图的数学基础这一部分进行试验研究,证明了地图学计算机辅助教学的可行性,构筑了地图学计算机辅助教学的框架。     

用专家系统技术确定地图要素的地图符号类型

地图要素与地图符号类型之间的关系长期被人们忽略。但它确是专题地图设计专家系统中不可缺少的重要环节,是地图符号设计的基础。本文给出了地图要素类型和地图符号类型的定义,详细阐述了两者之间的关系;作者用Turbo Prolog2.0语言在COMPAQ 386微机上建立的地图要素的地图符号类型确定专家系统模块,可以对一幅地图上各种类型的地图要素确定其地图符号类型,为下一步具体的符号设计工作打下了良好的基础。     

星载雷达Radarsat数据产品选择及在地质探测中的应用

结合生产科研实践,在论述星载雷达成像方式及Radarsat 数据产品主要特点的基础上,针对以岩性识别和构造分析为主要研究内容的地质探测领域,着重讨论分析了波束模式、视角范围、卫星姿态、时相、数据处理级别等影响数据产品选择的主要因素,并提出地质探测领域Radarsat 数据产品的选择原则及参考意见,供广大遥感地质工作者在充分利用这一新型遥感数据源时参考。     

实现彩色地图扫描数据自动分层的途径与方法

彩色地图扫描数据自动分层是全自动地图数字化的关键技术之一。作者在研究了彩色地图扫描数据中客观存在的颜色误差后,指出仅用颜色这一单一判据很难实现彩色地图扫描数据的分层;同时研究出了顾及彩色地图颜色特点、利用地图知识辅助的彩色地图扫描数据的自动分层。此外,本文还提出了一种适用于彩色地图扫描数据的按颜色分类的快速算法。     

地图符号的信息传播研究

本文利用传播学的原理,阐述了地图符号的信息传播过程。地图是符号化的传播载体,地图符号承担了信息传播的重要责任。地图符号的信息传播由多个因素制约,传播者本身、信息接收者、传播渠道、传播环境等都是影响传播效果的重要因素。