THE CLARKE FORMULÆ FOR LATITUDE,LONGITUDE AND REVERSE AZIMUTH,WITH CORRECTIVE TERMS FOR USE ON VERY LONG LINES

Abstract

25. A very complete exposition of the Clarke formulæ has been made in a paper entitled “Latitudes, Longitudes and Azimuths—Clarke's Method”, by G. T. McCaw, which was cyclostyled by the G.S.G.S. in 1922. In the present article the writer carries the theme a step further by indicating more fully the maximum possible values of the various small errors, tabulating them when possible, and also giving examples of the computation of long lines which require the inclusion of the various corrective terms. The formulæ for these corrective terms have been expanded to include higher power terms for investigational purposes. References are given to the page and formula number from McCaw's paper: his notation has been slightly altered, but this is fully explained in the present text. The azimuth used in the Clarke formulæ is that of the geodesic and not that of the plane curve.     

A GIS FOR THE ANTARCTIC SPECIALLY MANAGED AREA OF ADMIRALTY BAY,KING GEORGE ISLAND,ANTARCTICA

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ’ｓ (ＫＧＩ)ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｅｄｔｏｖａｒｉｏｕｓｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｅｘｐｌｏｉｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｏｂｊｅｃｔｏｆｓｅｖｅｒａｌｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｅｘｐｅｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ,ｓｉｎｃｅｉｔｗａｓｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｊｕｓｔａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｓｉｇｈｔｉｎｇｏｆＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｌａｎｄｂｙＷｉｌｌｉａｍＳｍｉｔｈｉｎ1 81 9.ＫＧＩｗａｓｎａｍｅｄａｆ ｔｅｒｔｈｅＢｒｉｔｉｓｈｋｉｎｇｏｆｔｈａｔｔｉｍｅ …     

“NOT FOR US TO FORESEE…,” OR ABOUT FUTURE MAPS

A second paper from a national conference on the status of cartography on the eve of a new millennium (see the preceding paper by A. A. Lyutyy in this issue for the first) examines the relationship between cartography's future development and geographic information technologies. The author argues that prediction of the future of cartography, and of the properties of future maps, will prove a difficult exercise at best, inasmuch as it cannot be based on the simple extrapolation of present trends. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1998, No. 1, pp. 116-121.     

REGULATIONS FOR CORRESPONDING MEMBERS OF CHINESE SOCIETY OF GEODESY,PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND CARTOGRAPHY

（Provisional）Ⅰ.Chinese Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography (CSGPC) is an academicmass organization which may be joined voluntarily by scientists and experts at accepting geodesists,photogrammetrists, cartographers and on surveying and mapping. The establishment of correspondingmembership in the society aims surveyors of great attainments in the world as members in order todiscuss and exchange views on academic issues in surveying and mapping, to promote friendship andcooperation between surveyors and to make contributions to the four modernizations in China andto the welfare of mankind.     

REGULATIONS FOR CORRESPONDING MEMBERS OF CHINESE SOCIETY OF GEODESY,PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND CARTOGRAPHY

（Provisional）Ⅰ.Chinese Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography (CSGPC) is an academicmass organization which may be joined voluntarily by scientists and experts at accepting geodesists,photogrammetrists, cartographers and on sureying and mapping. The establishment of correspondingmembership in the society aims surveyors of great attainments in the world as members in orderto discuss and exchange views on academic issues in surveying and mapping, to promote friendshipand cooperation between surveyors and to make contributions to the four modernizations in Chinaand to the welfare of mankind.     

A FRAMEWORK FOR AUTOMATED CHANGE DETECTION SYSTEM

1Ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｃｈａｎｇｅｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈ ｎｉｑｕｅｓＡｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃｃｈａｎｇｅｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｉｍａｇｅｓｏｆａｇｉｖｅｎｓｃｅｎｅａｃｑｕｉｒｅｄａｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｔｉｍｅｓｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇｔｏｐｉｃｓｏｆｉｍａｇｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ .Ｉｔｆｉｎｄｓｉｍ ｐｏｒｔａｎｔａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｓ,ｒａｎｇ ｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｖｉｓｕａｌｓｕｒｖｅｉｌｌａｎｃｅａｎｄｖｉｄｅｏｃｏｄｉｎｇｔｏｔ…     

THE COMPILATION OF A DTM AND A NEW SATELLITE IMAGE MAP FOR KING GEORGE ISLAND,ANTARCTICA

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ,ＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ (ＫＧＩ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｅｄｓｉｔｅｓｉｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ .Ｉｎｔｏｔａｌ,9ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｉｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｅｖｅｒａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｃａｂｉｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄ .ＤｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｅａｓｙａｃｃｅｓｓｖｉａｔｈｅＣｈｉｌｅａｎａｉｒｓｔｒｉｐｔｈｅｎｕｍ ｂｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｉｓｌａｎｄ’ｓｉｎｈａｂｉｔａｎｔｓｒ…     

A HYBRID THINNING ALGORITHM FOR BINARY TOPOGRAPHY MAP

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｔｈｉｎｎｉｎｇｏｆｂｉｎａｒｙｉｍａｇｅｓｉｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｉｎｉｍａｇｅｓｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ .Ｉｔｉｓｏｆｔｅｎｕｓｅｄｔｏｅｘｔｒａｃｔｔｈｅｓｋｅｌｅｔｏｎｓｏｆｂｉｎａｒｙｉｍａｇｅｓｆｏｒｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚ ｉｎｇｂｉｎａｒｙｏｂｊｅｃｔｓ .Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｗｉｄｅｌｙａｐｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｍａｐｄｉｇｉｔｉｚｉｎｇ ,ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ ,ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｉｍａｇｅｓａｎｄｓｏｏｎ .Ｔ…     

STABILITY OF SOLUTION FOR DYNAMIC GEODETIC NETWORK ADJUSTMENT

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＵｓｕａｌｌｙ ,ｔｈｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｎ＿ｌｉｎｅａｒｉｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｒｅｌｉｅｓｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙｏｎｉｎｉｔｉａｌｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｐａ ｒａｍｅｔｅｒｖｅｃｔｏｒ ,ａｎｄａｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ,ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｇｅｎｅｒａｌｒｕｌｅｆｏｒｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｎｉｔｉａｌｖａｌｕｅｓｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｎｏｎ＿ｌｉｎｅａｒｉｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ .Ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｐｏｉｎｔｏｆｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ ,ａｌｌｍｅ…     

COMBINED GPS/GLONASS PRECISE POSITIONING FOR LONG-DISTANCE BASELINES

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄＧＰＳ/ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳｏｆｆｅｒｓｍａｎｙａｄ ｖａｎｔａｇｅｓｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈＧＰＳ＿ｏｎｌｙｕｓｅｆｏｒｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ ｉｎｇａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｉｎａｒｅａｓｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｎｕｍ ｂｅｒｏｆｖｉｓｉｂｌｅｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅｓｉｓｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ .ＴｈｅｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＧＬＯＮＡＳＳｓｉｇｎａｌｓｃａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｔｈｅａｃｃｕｒａｃｙｏｆｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅａｖａｉｌａｂ…     

GIS-ILA:THE GIS FOR ITALIAN LOGISTICS IN ANTARCTICA

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＧＩＳｆｏｒｔｈｅＩｔａｌｉａｎＬｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｓｉｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ(ＧＩＳ＿ＩＬＡ)ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｓｔｈｅｄａｔａｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＩｔａｌ ｉａｎｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｅｘｐｅｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｉｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ ,ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｙｅａｒｌｙＥｘｐｅｄｉｔｉｏｎＲｅｐｏｒｔｓ.Ａｌｌｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅｕｐｔｏｎｏｗｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｉｎｓｅｒｔｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｄａｔａｂａｓｅ ,ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｆ…     

DEVELOPMENT OF A DATA MINING METHOD FOR LAND CONTROL

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＬａｎｄｉｓａｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｆｏｒｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇ ,ａｎｄｉｔｉｓｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｆｏｒｌａｎｄｔｏｂｅｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄａｎｄｒｅｖｅｒｓｅ＿ｕｓｅｄ (Ｓｅｎ ,Ｗａｎｇ ,1 997) .Ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ ,ｔｈｅｂａｌ ａｎｃｅｏｆｌａｎｄｉｓｂｅｉｎｇｄｅｓｔｒｏｙｅｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｌａｎｄｄｅ ｓｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ,ｌａｎｄｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ ,ｓａｌｉｎｅ＿ａｌｋａｌｉｓｏｉｌｒｉｓｉｎｇ ,ｅｔｃ .(Ｊｉｎ ,1 997) .Ａｎｄｌａｎｄｉｓ…     

FOXPRO FOR WINDOWS中的OLE和DDE的应用

介绍了ＦｏｘｐｒｏｆｏｒＷｉｎｄｏｗｓ中的对象的链接与嵌入和动态数据交换的原理和方法，并以实例说明，对使用ＯＬＥ和ＤＤＥ技术具有较好的参考价值。     

3D COMPUTER SIMULATION FOR LIGNIFICATION OF ANCIENT CHINESE TIMBER BUILDINGS

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅａｒｔｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔＣｈｉｎｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅｉｓｔｈｅｅｓｓｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｈｅｒｉｔａｇｅｓ .Ｉｔｈａｓｉｍ ｐｏｒｔａｎｔｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｆｏｒｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇａｎｄｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇＣｈｉ ｎｅｓｅｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｃｉｖｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ .Ｉｔｉｓｏｆｇｒｅａｔｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌ ｔｙ ,ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｔｏｌｅａｒｎｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅｄｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔＣｈｉｎｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉ…     

DEALING WITH SPATIAL RELATIONS FOR SPATIAL OBJECTS WITH RANDOMNESS IN GIS

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｐａｔｉａｌｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｑｕｅｒｙｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｂａｓｉｃｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｎＧＩＳ’ｓａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ .ＭｏｓｔｏｆｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌＧＩＳｓｃａｎｏｎｌｙｑｕｅｒｙｓｐａｔｉａｌｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｓｐａｔｉａｌｏｂ ｊｅｃｔｓｗｉｔｈｏｕｔａｎｙｅｒｒｏｒｏｒｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎｔｙ ,ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ ,ｔｏｕｓｅｃｏｍｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎ ｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｙａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｔｏｄｅｔｅｒ ｍｉｎｅｗｈｅｔｈｅｒａｐｏｉｎｔｆａｌｌｓ…     

DATABASE STRUCTURE FOR THE INTEGRATION OF RS WITH GIS BASED ON SEMANTIC NETWORK

1　ＴｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＲＳｗｉｔｈＧＩＳＴｈｅｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｒｅｍｏｔｅｓｅｎｓｉｎｇ (ＲＳ)ｗｉｔｈｇｅｏ ｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍ (ＧＩＳ)ｉｓａｈｏｔｓｐｏｔｉｎｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ .ＴｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＲＳｗｉｔｈＧＩＳ ,ｉｎｔｈｅｖｉｅｗｏｆＰｒｏｆ.ＬｉＤｅｒｅｎ ,ｉｓｔｈａｔＲＳｉｓｔｈｅｗａｙｔｏｏｂｔａｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｆｏｒｍａ ｔｉ…     

FRAMEWORKS FOR GENERALIZATION CONSTRAINTS AND OPERATIONS BASED ON OBJECT-ORIENTED DATA STRUCTURE IN DATABASE GENERALIZATION

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤａｔａｂａｓｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆａｓｐａｔｉａｌｄａｔａｂａｓｅｆｒｏｍｈｉｇｈｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ (ｗｉｔｈｍｏｒｅｄｅｔａｉｌ)ｔｏａｌｏｗｅｒｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ (ｗｉｔｈｌｅｓｓｄｅｔａｉｌ)ｔｅｒｒａｉｎｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ(Ｍｏｌｅｎａａｒ ,1 996 ) .Ｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｗｏｒｄｓ ,ｔｈｉｓｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａ ｔｉｏｎｉｓｄｅｅｍｅｄａｓｃｈａｎｇｉｎ…     

THE SCHEME FOR THE DATABASE BUILDING AND UPDATING OF 1∶10 000 DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＳｕｒｖｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＭａｐｐｉｎｇｏｆＣｈｉｎａ ,ａｓｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｉｎｃｈａｒｇｅｏｆｔｈｅａｃｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｇｅｏｄｅｔｉｃａｎｄｃａｒｔｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｄａｔａｏｎｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｙ ,ａｉｍｅｄａｔｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＧＩＳａｎｄｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｓｏ＿ｃａｌｌｅｄ“4Ｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ”ｂｅｙｏ…     

鼓足干劲,提高工效,保证质量

1959年我处在党委和处党总支的直接领导下,全体同志们通过了反右倾鼓干劲的整风学习,思想解放,干劲冲天,大搞群众运动,大闹技术革命,出现了一个高产优质的大跃进局面。这一年完成的工作量如以1958年为基础,则三角测量为194％,水准测量为103％,地形测量为221％,三者平均为203％,为我处1957年工作量的7.1倍。