EXPANSION OF PAPER AS AFFECTING BEARING

Abstract

In the last issue of this Quarterly the commonplace statement was repeated that coming of age brought its own troubles. One trouble, however, was forgotten: the tendency of the increasing age to devote itself to swords and spears rather than ploughshares and pruning hooks. While the peaceful partisans of the plough would look to maps to show the true acreage of their lands, the heavers of the hurtling bolt prefer a map which facilitates their deadly aims. How does expansion of paper affect the sights of those who would steal the thunder of Zeus?     

EXPANSION OF PAPER AS AFFECTING AREA

Abstract

For the sake of the junior reader we may repeat an old and simple investigation. Let us suppose that the paper on which a map is printed undergoes a regular expansion p in one direction, say the X direction, and another regular expansion q in the Y direction, perpendicular to the former; it is required to know the effect of these expansions on the area of any parcel on the map. Note that, so far as the mathematics are affected, X and Y are not necessarily parallel to the margins of the sheet; we shall take them here as axes of any rectangular coordinate system. The symbols p and q are regarded as ratios, so that 100p and 100p represent the percentage expansions; if the paper contracts instead of expanding, no more is necessary than to change the sign.     

CORRECTION TO BEARING FOR HEIGHT OF SIGNAL

Abstract

When a beacon B _h stands on a mountain of height h, the bearing of B _h as seen from another station A is in general affected by its elevation. The correction never exceeds one second of arc, but in primary triangulation it is not always negligible.     

A NOVEL METHOD OF MEASURING THE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF INVAR

Abstract

In a letter published in a recent issue of Nature, Prof. L. F. Bates and Mr J. C. Wilson, of University College, Nottingham, have described a new and novel method of determining the coefficient of thermal expansion of invar. Although this method is hardly likely to be applied to the measurement of the coefficient of expansion of long invar tapes, such as are used by surveyors, yet it is so novel and ingenious in itself that a short reference to it may not be out of place in this Review. One extremely interesting thing about it is that no measurements of a length, or of changes of length, are involved.     

地壳形变干扰因素有效性的判别

建立地壳形变模型时需要考虑外界因素的影响，为此必须判断外界干扰因素显著性，常用的经典方差分析判别法要求干扰因素之间是相互独立的，而实际上干扰因素之间经常产苤满足这一条件，本文提出基于加权最小二乘准则下的方差分析理论，它容许干扰因素之间互相相关，从理论上较好地解决这一问题，文中导出和论证了相应的公式，并以实例讨论了它的应用。     

运用多尺度图像纹理进行城市扩展变化检测

 应用遥感数据检测城市扩展变化时，单纯基于光谱信息的变化检测法很难取得理想效果。本文将多尺度的纹理与光谱信息结合应用于变化检测，并评价其在检测城市扩展变化中的性能。变化检测采用分类后比较法。研究表明，如果纹理尺度与数据组合合适，与单纯基于光谱信息的检测结果相比，纹理特征与光谱特征结合的变化检测精度显著提高，而多尺度纹理辅助变化检测得到的检测精度最高。研究还发现，纹理辅助变化检测在某些地物类别的边缘会产生假变化信息。     

郑州城市空间扩展特征及其驱动因素分析

以遥感与GIS为技术支撑,对郑州市1976-2004年城市建成区面积进行了动态监测,并对郑州28 a来城市空间扩展特征和驱动因素进行了分析。结果表明,郑州市建成区从1976-2004年面积增加了5.81倍,平均每年扩展10.75 km^2。其扩展占用的土地利用类型主要是耕地,其次为农村居民点和其他建设用地,还有一些林地、水库和沼泽地。社会经济因素是建成区扩展的内在推动力,经济发展、政策和规划等是建成区扩展的主要驱动力。通过郑州建成区遥感监测,了解城市空间扩展规律,对正确处理城市扩展与占用土地的关系具有重要意义。     

多时相遥感数据在矿山扩展动态监测中的应用

矿山开采会造成植被生态破坏，植被覆盖的变化间接反映矿区扩展变化。以攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿矿区为例，首先采用土壤调 节大气耐抗植被指数差值模型提取矿区扩展变化，然后用最大似然监督分类得到矿区扩展信息，接着在ArcView 9.1下将二者结果 进行叠加“与”分析，得到矿山扩展动态信息，最后将结果与2005年专家解译分类结果进行比较，精度达到95.3%。     

A MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE DEFORMATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC PAPER IN A DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO ITS SURFACE

The mathematical basis for analyzing the dimensional stability of cartographic drafting surfaces, and more specifically paper, is presented in the form of a simple mechanical model. Deduction from a universal equation incorporating such factors as elasticity, viscosity, and relaxation time yields less general but more applicable equations once assumptions are made about which factors are dominant and, on the other hand, insignificant. Translated from: Izvestiya vysshykh uchebnykh zavedeniy, Geodeziya i aerofotos” yemka, 1986, No. 4, pp. 106-111.     

A PLEA FOR THE EXPANSION OF THE SCOPE OF THE DOMINION AND COLONIAL SURVEY DEPARTMENTS

Abstract

In the remarks which follow, the word “scope” will have the meaning given in the Concise Oxford Dictionary—“Sweep or reach or sphere of observation or action, extent to which it is permissible or possible to range, opportunity, outlet, vent”. Another good definition is “field of action”. The object of the paper is to show that greater efficiency will be obtained if all types of survey work in a country, except possibly railway surveys, are done under the supervision of, or by the staff of, a Survey Department of wider scope than is normal.     

COMPENSATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF TWO KINDS OF ROCK STRUCTURE

Abstract

The following points occurred to me when reading the interesting paper on crustal equilibrium in E.S.R. No. 23. The principle of compensation or isostasy necessarily involves the idea of two different kinds of rock structure—one strong, the other weak or in extreme cases fluid; for example, there is the familiar case of the strong iceberg resisting change of shape in the liquid sea. In dealing with crustal problems of the earth then, we should make up our minds which part is to be considered as strong, e.g. the granite crust, and which part as weak or fluid, e.g. material at a depth x km. (say roo km.); by weak or fluid I mean that a possibility exists of horizontal movement.     

砒砂岩区沟边线变迁遥感调查及影响因素分析

纳林川布尔洞流域位于黄河中游砒砂岩分布区,由于砒砂岩抗侵蚀能力差,而且当地夏季降雨集中,导致砒砂岩发生严重的水土流失,侵蚀沟边线持续不断地后退.本文运用高分辨遥感及GIS方法对当地砒砂岩侵蚀沟边线的蚀退距离进行了计算,并对蚀退影响因素进行了综合分析.     

基于多时相Landsat数据的城市扩张及其驱动力分析

 以长沙市为例，在多时相Landsat遥感数据支持下，采用监督分类、非监督分类和归一化裸露指数(NDBI)等方法提取城市用地信息。通过对比多期城市用地的熵值变化，定量分析城市扩张的时空特性； 运用叠加、缓冲区分析等方法，分析城市扩张和中心城区的关系，绘制城市扩张速度玫瑰图。研究结果表明，长沙市建成区总面积不断扩展，其中，1973~1986年扩张主要表现在东南方向，1987~1993年为西部方向，1994~2001年南和东南方向成为快速扩张方向； 对长沙城市扩张驱动力进行分析，认为人口迅速增加是城市扩张的最主要驱动力。     

TM、SAR、放射性能谱资料在砂岩铀矿成矿地质条件分析及找矿中的应用

在铀成矿理论指导下,运用彩色空间变换和比值合成方法对LandsatTM、JERS-1SAR及航放数据进行综合处理,有效地提取了与砂岩型铀矿成矿有关的各种地质信息,如铀源条件、补给-径流-排泄等水文地质条件及矿化蚀变信息等,在此基础上,对本区成矿远景进行了评价,并预测了远景地段。     

IMAGE INTERPRETATION AS A SYSTEM OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

The article provides insights derived from conceptualization of the totality of elements (subsystems) of image interpretation as part of a larger system of scientific research. Among the elements discussed in some detail in terms of their impacts on the appearance of features interpreted on remote sensing imagery include solar radiation, the atmosphere, distinctive characteristics of the surface of the area being imaged, the remote sensors employed for image recording, processing techniques, the image medium, and the “human” element (interpreter). It then describes an evolutionary process in image interpretation by which knowledge gained in early stages represents an input leading to refinement of approaches employed in later stages. A final section describes factors contributing to dynamics (“scintillation” or “flickering”) of features on imagery of the same area but recorded at different times or under different imaging conditions. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1993, No. 3, pp. 102-109.     

西藏色林错湖面增长遥感信息动态分析

根据1972年陆地卫星MSS,1992年TM与1999年ETM⁺3个时相的遥感数据信息,对西藏色林错湖面增长进行动态分析后,发现近30a来湖面逐渐扩大,从1707km²增大到了1823km².本文分别从气象学、构造地质学及高原隆升等方面分析了湖面扩大的原因.认为很有可能是由于温室效应,使得气温上升,冰雪、冰川融化和冻土软化释放水注入色林错,进而引起湖面增长.并就其所揭示的环境信息进行了初步探讨.     

COMMENTS ON PROF. SALISHCHEV'S PAPER

The results of measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) in a large hydrological test area are discussed. Data recorded by the AVHRR radiometer, an instrument for measuring surface temperature towed by a scientific research ship, an STD sounder, and two LOBAN-TM drifting buoys are used. Data measurement and processing methods are described. Maps of the spatial distributions of sea surface temperature are compared. Accuracy in retrieving the sea surface temperature field from satellite data is evaluated.     

泉州市城市扩展的遥感监测及其城市化核分析

以泉州市为研究区,采用仿归一化植被指数(NDBI)和监督分类法对1989年和2000年的TM/ETM⁺图像进行城市空间信息提取,分析了城市空间扩展的趋势,探索出泉州市是以乡镇企业为城市化核来进行城市化过程的     

SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS OF LAND PARAMETERS AS PART OF AN INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM OF CLIMATE RESEARCH

The role of remote sensing in one aspect of the World Climate Research Program is summarized. More specifically, unresolved theoretical and methodological problems are outlined for the use of remote sensing imagery (in conjunction with the International Land Surface Climatology Project) to derive quantitative parameters of land (and ice) surface characteristics. These parameters are raw data for models of the overall circulation of the atmosphere, which can be used to generate maps of albedo, surface roughness, hydrology, etc. A list of preliminary standards for satellite monitoring of land surface characteristics is included. Translated from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1988, No. 2, pp. 161-165.